Download or read book Study of Health Related Responses to Air Pollution of Persons with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Houston Texas written by Donald E. Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Air Pollution Exposure Studies in Smokers and People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease written by WS. Linn and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are often thought to be especially at risk from air pollution and thus are prime candidates for clinical exposure studies. However, scientific, ethical, legal, and practical problems must be faced in studying individuals with COPD. To deal with these problems, the following priorities of concern are suggested: (1) the safety and welfare of subjects, (2) scientific rigor of the experiment, (3) relevance of the experimental results to "real-world" health concerns, that is, to air quality regulatory decisions, and (4) improved general understanding of physiology or toxicology. Smoking often complicates interpretation of the results of clinical exposure studies; in many cases, smokers should be excluded to maximize scientific rigor. However, smokers may be viewed as a group with early or mild COPD: most have at least slight chronic bronchitis. Thus, in some investigations, smokers might be appropriate surrogates for diseased population groups. Care should be taken to distinguish between the effects of the experimental pollutant and the effects of recent smoking on smokers' experimental responses. Only a few of many potential ambient-air hazards have been investigated in people with COPD; no clear differences in responses from healthy people have been found. Only a few studies have attempted rigorous comparisons between smoking and nonsmoking subjects, either healthy or with lung disease. Their results have been inconclusive.
Download or read book Human Health Damages from Mobile Source Air Pollution written by Steve Leung and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Controlled Human Inhalation Exposure Studies at EPA written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-05-10 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a mission and regulatory responsibility to protect human health and the environment. EPA's pursuit of that goal includes a variety of research activities involving human subjects, such as epidemiologic studies and surveys. Those research activities also involve studies of individuals who volunteer to be exposed to air pollutants intentionally in controlled laboratory settings so that measurements can be made of transient and reversible biomarker or physiologic responses to those exposures that can indicate pathways of toxicity and mechanisms of air-pollution responses. The results of those controlled human inhalation exposure (CHIE) studies, also referred to as human clinical studies or human challenge studies, are used to inform policy decisions and help establish or revise standards to protect public health and improve air quality. Controlled Human Inhalation-Exposure Studies at EPA addresses scientific issues and provides guidance on the conduct of CHIE studies. This report assesses the utility of CHIE studies to inform and reduce uncertainties in setting air-pollution standards to protect public health and assess whether continuation of such studies is warranted. It also evaluates the potential health risks to test subjects who participated in recent studies of air pollutants at EPA's clinical research facility.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evaluation of the Relationship Between Ambient Air Pollution and Hospitalization for Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at Temple University Hospital written by Susan Lorraine Krug-Gourley and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: Air pollution has been associated with adverse health effects for all-cause and specific respiratory morbidity and mortality outcomes. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AE-COPD) accelerate the decline in pulmonary function and are associated with greater mortality, morbidity, health care utilization, and reduced quality of life. Since the 1970 Clean Air Act was implemented, important reductions in air pollution have been achieved, but no safe threshold has been identified. Objectives: The study was planned to evaluate associations between exposure to ambient concentrations of five criteria air pollutants (CO, SO2/, NO2/, ozone, PM2.5/) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and visits to Temple University Hospital for AE-COPD, from January 1, 2005 through March 31, 2007. To identify subgroups with greater susceptibility to air pollution, associations were examined according to age, gender, race, residence, and antibiotic prescription. Methods: Average daily air pollutant concentrations were obtained from the EPA's Air Quality Services Data Mart. Air pollutant exposures were evaluated for the day of the visit (lag0), one and two days preceding the visit (lag1 and lag2), and the average concentration over three days (lag012). Poisson regression provided rate ratios (RRs) to estimate associations between air pollution exposures and AE-COPD hospital visits. Results: Of 1546 hospital visits for AE-COPD, 43% were from persons 65 years or older, 50% of each gender, and 90% from Philadelphia. In single pollutant models, increased RRs were present at all lags for NO2/ (e.g., RR = 2.27 [95%CI: 1.52, 3.38] at lag012) and SO2/ (e.g., RR = 1.70 [95%CI: 1.38, 2.08] at lag012). For PM2.5/, the direct effect was present only during the winter at lag1, lag2, and lag012 (RR = 1.79 [95%CI: 1.08, 2.96]). Inverse associations were present for ozone at all lags (e.g., RR = 0.64 [95%CI: 0.53, 0.76] at lag012). Compared to the cohort as a whole, those ≥ 65 years of age were at greater risk of an AE-COPD hospital visit associated with PM2.5/ and CO at lag012, with NO2/ and SO2/ at lag0 and lag012, but there was no difference in ozone effect. Conclusions: Primary gaseous air pollution exposures (SO2/, CO, NO2/) were associated with increased AE-COPD hospital visits among COPD patients at Temple University Hospital. The effects of SO2/, CO, NO2/, and PM2.5 were greater for the subgroup ≥ 65 years of age compared to the cohort as a whole. Inverse associations with ozone were consistent across subgroups. These results suggest that air quality during the study period was insufficient to protect the health of COPD patients, especially those ≥ 65 years old. Further study is needed to understand generalizability to other populations and to evaluate lower ranges of exposure from current levels of air pollution.
Download or read book Tropospheric Ozone written by David McKee and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1993-10-25 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropospheric ozone has long been recognized as a major environmental concern. Levels of ozone concentration have grown dramatically and the effects of ozone exposure have been examined in virtually thousands of studies worldwide. This timely new reference presents the state of the art in ozone regulation, human health effects, agricultural implications, and the economics of ozone reduction. Tropospheric Ozone guides you through the history of air pollution legislation and cites government initiatives to reduce ozone emissions. Ozone concentration data is supplied for a variety of geographic regions in examining the causes of ozone concentration and its potential effects on human populations, crops, and forests. Important issues such as crop yield, plant growth, and crop losses due to exposure are addressed, which will help develop an understanding of the economic implications of agricultural damage. New information is presented regarding risk assessment and human monitoring studies. EPA guidelines are reviewed, and potential health problems associated with ozone exposure are discussed in a practical, informative format. This valuable reference will benefit air pollution engineers, environmental consultants, government agency employees, regulators, industry professionals, health professionals, crop and soil scientists, environmental health and safety professionals, risk assessment professionals, and students in the environmental sciences.
Download or read book Air Pollution the Automobile and Public Health written by Sponsored by The Health Effects Institute and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-01-01 with total page 703 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking." â€"William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is knownâ€"and not knownâ€"about the human health risks of automotive emissions.
Download or read book Measuring the Short Term Effect of Ambient Air Pollution on Acute Health Service Use in Ontarians Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease written by Richard George Foty and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Short-term air pollution exposure has been associated with increased morbidity, especially amongst vulnerable populations like those with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is an aggregate measure of overall ambient air pollution. It was designed to communicate to the public in an understandable way air quality levels, associated health risks, and strategies to reduce exposure. Its formulation was based on relative mortality and little is known about the association between the AQHI and morbidity amongst individuals with COPD. The objective of my dissertation is to determine the association between ambient air pollution and acute health service use (HSU - hospitalization and emergency department [ED] visits) amongst individuals with COPD. My first original research study determined the perception and knowledge of individuals with COPD, regarding air pollution health risks, assessment, and exposure reduction strategies. The second quantified the association between the AQHI and acute HSU, and the final study examined whether temperature modifies this association. While Canadians with COPD believed that air pollution affects health, their level of knowledge regarding air quality assessment, health risks, and strategies to reduce exposure was lacking. The AQHI was associated with increased risk of acute HSU for non-accidental, COPD and cardiovascular (CVD) causes. A statistically significant association between the AQHI and CVD hospitalization was observed at all temperatures, whereas the association with COPD hospitalization was only significant at higher temperatures. Results also suggested individuals with prior history of hospitalization for COPD, lower respiratory tract infection, or acute myocardial infarction may be more vulnerable. These findings provide important insights for policy and public health strategy. Reducing the negative health effects of air pollution amongst individuals with COPD requires patient and health care provider education, real-time dissemination of air quality levels regardless of temperature, and specific recommendations on how to reduce exposure.
Download or read book Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Measuring the Effects of Air Pollution Among Persons with Severe Emphysema written by Mbabazi M. Kariisa and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Background: Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that affects approximately 5 million people in the US. For subjects with severe emphysema, few effective treatment options exist; however, the recent adoption of lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is considered as a promising alternative to traditional therapy. The National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) was a randomized controlled trial designed to assess the efficacy of LVRS and medical therapy versus standard medical management among participants with severe emphysema. Results from the trial demonstrated less morbidity and mortality among participants receiving LVRS. We evaluated the effects of air pollution on the health of NETT participants. Methods: Data from the NETT study (1998-2003) included 1218 subjects, men and women ages 39-84. We also obtained data from the US Environmental Protection Agency Air Quality Systems database, which included daily values of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone. ZIP code specific exposures were spatially interpolated with the use of log-normal kriged models. This methodology was employed in order to assign exposures in areas with few nearby air pollution monitors. We investigated whether there was evidence of differential air pollution exposure by individual and area-level measures of socioeconomic status (SES). We assessed both the short- and long-term health effects of air pollution on the respiratory morbidity of NETT participants using mixed linear and Poisson models, which accounted for the daily (repeated) measures of air pollution data. In addition, we constructed survival models to investigate the impact of air pollutant exposures on post-LVRS mortality. Results: NETT participants experienced varying levels of exposure to ozone and PM2.5 and increasing cumulative pollutant exposures were associated with decreasing values of area-level SES. We found that PM2.5 and ozone significantly worsened respiratory function in these subjects. There also appeared to be evidence of a differential effect of ambient air pollutants on pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms according to their randomization arm. Mean ozone concentrations were significantly associated with increased post-LVRS mortality risk. The benefits reported for participants who received LVRS surgery did not persist in the presence of ambient air pollutants, suggesting that the surgery may not have conferred a protective survival effect for those participants who underwent the procedure. Conclusion: There were significant adverse impacts of ambient ozone and PM2.5 on the respiratory health and survival of NETT participants. LVRS subjects were more likely to experience worsened air pollution-related lung function outcomes. Implications from our analyses could lead to the recommendation of lowered acceptable PM2.5 and ozone limits for individuals with existing respiratory disease.
Download or read book Research Demonstration Training and Fellowship Awards written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Grants Administration Division and published by . This book was released on with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Study of the Relationship Between Respiratory Morbidity Air Pollution and Occupational Exposure in Southeast Texas written by Carolyn Dyson McClimans and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Demonstration Training and Fellowship Awards Apr September FY 1979 written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Grants Administration Division and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Pollution Control written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 1354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Dyspnea written by Donald A. Mahler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-01-20 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the high prevalence of chronic pulmonary diseases, including asthma, COPD, and interstitial lung disease, physicians need to recognize the cause of dyspnea and know how to treat it so that patients can cope effectively with this distressing symptom. Detailing recent developments and treatment methods, this revised and updated third edition of
