Download or read book Studies on the Toxicity of Hydrocyanic Acid written by James B. Allison and published by . This book was released on 1928 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-10-07 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews toxicity documents on five chemicals that can be released in the air from accidents at chemical plants, storage sites, or during transportation. The documents were prepared by the National Advisory Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances and were evaluated for their scientific validity, comprehensives, internal consistency, and conformance to the 1993 guidelines report.
Download or read book Studies on the Toxicity of Hydrogen Cyanide written by James Boyd Allison and published by . This book was released on 1927 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Determination of Molecular Hydrocyanic Acid in Water and Studies of the Chemistry and Toxicity to Fish of the Nickelocyanide Complex written by Steven James Broderius and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to a request from the U.S. Army, a committee convened by the National Research Council (NRC) conducted the first in a sequence of studies evaluating the combined health effects of low-level exposure to two chemicals Army personnel are likely to be exposed to in firing tank weapons. The Army sought information on whether the two chemicals, hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, result in similar health impacts and should be assessed together when establishing exposure limits. Based on a review of the scientific literature, the report finds that the biochemical health impacts of the chemicals are similar and that the Army's proposed approach to setting exposure limits is appropriate. Because previous research has focused on high exposures, this initial NRC report recommends that futher neurological studies at low concentrations of exposure to the chemicals be conducted.
Download or read book Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanides written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Determination of Molecular Hydrocyanic Acid in Water and Studies of the Chemistry and Toxicity to Fish of Metal cyanide Complexes written by Steven James Broderius and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A reliable, easy, and inexpensive method for determination of molecular hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in solutions of simple and complex metal cyanides is described. The method was used to determine molecular HCN concentrations as low as 0.005 milligram per liter, and can be used for determination of even lower levels. It is a modification of a previously published method. A concentration column of glass beads coated with NaOH is employed, on which HCN displaced by air that has been bubbled through solutions under examination is trapped and concentrated for measurement of cyanide by a conventional analytical method. The apparatus could easily be modified for use in both field and laboratory situations where only limited facilities are available. Time periods required for attainment of equilibria upon dilution of solutions of metal-cyanide complexes, and also when metal salts and free cyanide are combined, were quite variable and ranged from several hours for the silver-cyanide complex to many months for iron-cyanide complexes kept in the dark. In solutions in which CuCN and NaCN were combined so that the molar ratio of CN to Cu was either 2.5 to 1 or 3 to 1, constancy of the HCN concentration usually was not attained even 110 days after preparation. The time to attainment of equilibrium through dissociation of the nickelocyanide complex ions generally was longer than that required for equilibrium to be attained in comparable experiments on complex formation, and it increased as the pH or the total cyanide concentration decreased; it is directly related to the percentage of total cyanide present as HCN at equilibrium. Results obtained at high total cyanide concentrations in nickelocyanide formation experiments were anomalous but verifiable by bioassay with fish. The HCN concentrations were at first unexpectedly low and then increased very slowly to the higher equilibrium levels. Cumulative dissociation constants (K[subscript D]) at 20°C for the Ag(CN)2−, Cu(CN)2−, Ni(CN)4−2, Fe(CN)6−4, and Fe(CN)6−3 complex ions, calculated from equilibrium levels of HCN, are 1.94 ± 2.82 x 10−19, 3.94 ± 1.75 x 10−24, 1.00 ± 0.37 x 10−31, approximately 10−47, and 10−52, respectively. The calculated constants for the tetracyanonickelate (II) and dicyanoargentate (I) complex ions inexplicably varied somewhat, increasing slightly with increase in total cyanide concentration and pH. Those for the tetracyanonickelate (II) and dicyanocuprate (I) complex ions showed close agreement with values recently reported in the literature, whereas the constants for the dicyanoargentate (I) and hexacyanoferrate (II) and (III) complex ions were materially different from presently accepted values. Possible unreliability of presently accepted stepwise constants for the cuprocyanide complex ions also was indicated. The acute toxicity of solutions of the different metal-cyanide complexes was generally found to be a function of the molecular HCN level, which increases with increase of total cyanide concentration and with decrease of pH. In some solutions however, a metal-cyanide complex ion per se was shown to be the major toxic component. The 48-hour median tolerance limits for bluegills of the dicyanoargentate (I) and dicyanocuprate (I) ions at 20°C were found to be approximately 9 and 4 mg/l as CN, respectively. The metallocyanide complex ions studied can be arranged in order of decreasing toxicity as follows: Cu(CN)2−, Ag(CN)2−, Ni(CN)4−2, and Fe(CN)6−3 or Fe(CN)6−4. A published empirical relationship between pH and 48-hour median tolerance limits of the nickelocyanide complex for a fish, determined without assurance that equilibria had been attained in test solutions, was compared with a calculated, theoretical relationship. Considerable divergence of the empirical and theoretical curves at pH values less than about 7.2 is ascribable mostly to the introduction of fish into test solutions long before equilibria had been attained in the solutions of low pH. Divergence at pH values greater than about 7.8 is attributable largely to moderate toxicity of the Ni(CN)4−2 complex ion itself. Slightly alkaline solutions of the silver cyanide complex, Ag(CN)2−, become more toxic to sticklebacks with increase of chlorinity. The high toxicity in saline solutions, as compared with the toxicity in fresh water, is clearly attributable, at least in part or in some instances, to a molecular HCN content of the saline solutions much greater than that of comparable solutions prepared with fresh water. The two ligands CN− and Cl− compete for the silver ion, with which both ligands form complexes, and dissociation of the Ag(CN)2− ion, with production of HCN, consequently increases as the Cl− ion concentration increases. Additional reasons for the observed increase of toxicity of solutions of the complex with increase of chlorinity can be an observed increase of the toxicity of HCN and a possible, similar increase of the toxicity of the complex ion. Experiments with 14C-labeled cyanide complexed with nickel showed that the complex does not penetrate readily into the body of a bluegill. The 14C accumulated in gill tissues much more markedly than it did in the blood and in tissues of internal organs sampled. When bluegills were exposed to solutions of the cyanide complexes of copper (I) and silver (I), considerable amounts of the metals accumulated in the blood and in tissues of internal organs, but little accumulation in gill tissues was observed. These results indicate that the cuprocyanide and silver-cyanide complexes enter the body of a bluegill much more readily than does the much less toxic nickelocyanide complex. The silver cation, however, apparently enters even more readily than does the silver-cyanide complex anion, the silver accumulating most markedly in the gill tissues of bluegills exposed to silver nitrate solutions, but also in their internal organ tissues.
Download or read book Occupational Exposure to Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts NaCN KCN and Ca CN 2 written by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cyanide in Water and Soil written by David A. Dzombak and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-12-09 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The presence of cyanide is a significant issue in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment and management, in remediation of former manufactured gas plant sites and aluminum production waste disposal sites, in treatment and management of residuals from hydrometallurgical gold mining, and in other industrial operations in which cyanide-bearing
Download or read book Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-02-04 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On-board fires can occur on submarines after events such as collision or explosion. These fires expose crew members to toxic concentrations of combustion products such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen sulfide. Exposure to these substances at high concentrations may cause toxic effects to the respiratory and central nervous system; leading possible to death. T protect crew members on disabled submarines, scientists at the U.S. Navy Health Research Center's Toxicology Detachment have proposed two exposure levels, called submarine escape action level (SEAL) 1 and SEAL 2, for each substance. SEAL 1 is the maximum concentration of a gas in a disabled submarine below which healthy submariners can be exposed for up to 10 days without encountering irreversible health effects while SEAL 2 the maximum concentration of a gas in below which healthy submariners can be exposed for up to 24 hours without experiencing irreversible health effects. SEAL 1 and SEAL 2 will not impair the functions of the respiratory system and central nervous system to the extent of impairing the ability of crew members in a disabled submarine to escape, be rescued, or perform specific tasks. Hoping to better protect the safety of submariners, the chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery requested that the National Research Council (NRC) review the available toxicologic and epidemiologic data on eight gases that are likely to be produced in a disabled submarine and to evaluate independently the scientific validity of the Navy's proposed SEALs for those gases. The NRC assigned the task to the Committee on Toxicology's (COT's) Subcommittee on Submarine Escape Action Levels. The specific task of the subcommittee was to review the toxicologic, epidemiologic, and related data on ammonia, carbon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide in order to validate the Navy's proposed SEALs. The subcommittee also considered the implications of exposures at hyperbaric conditions and potential interactions between the eight gases. Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals presents the subcommittee's findings after evaluation human data from experimental, occupational, and epidemiologic studies; data from accident reports; and experimental-animal data. The evaluations focused primarily on high-concentration inhalation exposure studies. The subcommittee's recommended SEALs are based solely on scientific data relevant to health effects. The report includes the recommendations for each gas as determined by the subcommittee as well as the Navy's original instructions for these substances.
Download or read book Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand written by Rosalind Dalefield and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-06-23 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Veterinary Toxicology for Australia and New Zealand is a reference suited to the unique challenges of veterinary practice in Australia and New Zealand. Both streamlined and thorough in its coverage of poisons and treatments for those locations, this focused approach allows readers to quickly find relevant information that is presented in a concise and logical manner that is useful to clinicians. The authors draw upon a wealth of knowledge of the particularities of toxicology in Australia and New Zealand to present readers with the up-to-date information required to efficiently and effectively diagnose and treat their patients. Highlights toxins of specific concern in Australia and New Zealand Structures information in a logical way so that it can be located quickly Offers up-to-date information on current and emerging risks
Download or read book Re evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide written by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Clinical Neurotoxicology E Book written by Michael R. Dobbs and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2009-07-22 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Neurotoxicology offers accurate, relevant, and comprehensive coverage of a field that has grown tremendously in the last 20 years. You’ll get a current symptomatic approach to treating disorders caused by neurotoxic agents, environmental factors—such as heavy metals and pesticides—and more. Apply discussions of cellular and molecular processes and pathology to clinical neurology. Leading authorities and up-and-coming clinical neurotoxicologists present their expertise on wide-ranging, global subjects and debate controversies in the specialty, including Gulf War Syndrome. Provides a complete listing of neurotoxic agents—from manufactured to environmental—so you get comprehensive, clinical coverage. Covers how toxins manifest themselves according to age and co-morbidity so that you can address the needs of all your patients. Offers broad and in-depth coverage of toxins from all over the world through contributions by leading authorities and up-and-coming clinical neurotoxicologists. Features discussion of controversial and unusual topics such as Gulf War Syndrome, Parkinson’s Disease, motor neuron disease, as well as other issues that are still in question.
Download or read book Toxicology of Pesticides written by Lucio G. Costa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The protection of human health and food and fiber resources against the ravages of pests of many sorts is a continuous struggle by all people in the world. The use of chemical pesticides as an aid in this struggle is now also global. These chemicals are deliberately added to the environment for the purpose of killing or injuring some form of life. Because pesticides are generally less selectively toxic than would be desired, non-target species, including humans, must be protected from injury by these chemicals. This can only be achieved by thorough understanding of the comparative toxicology of these compounds, and by minimizing human (and other desirable species) exposure. The latter can only be achieved by sound regulatory policies that utilize scientific principles and data, properly tempered by both gaps in that data and sociologic and economic considerations. This book contains the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Toxicology of Pesticides: Experimental, Clinical and Regulatory Perspectives" held in Riva del Garda on October 6-15, 1986. This NATO-ASI has been promoted by the School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington at Seattle, by the Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milano and by the Giovanni Lorenzini Foundation, and has been sponsored by both the Society of Toxicology (USA) and the Italian Society of Toxicology.
Download or read book Emergency Response Guidebook written by U.S. Department of Transportation and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-06-03 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does the identification number 60 indicate a toxic substance or a flammable solid, in the molten state at an elevated temperature? Does the identification number 1035 indicate ethane or butane? What is the difference between natural gas transmission pipelines and natural gas distribution pipelines? If you came upon an overturned truck on the highway that was leaking, would you be able to identify if it was hazardous and know what steps to take? Questions like these and more are answered in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Learn how to identify symbols for and vehicles carrying toxic, flammable, explosive, radioactive, or otherwise harmful substances and how to respond once an incident involving those substances has been identified. Always be prepared in situations that are unfamiliar and dangerous and know how to rectify them. Keeping this guide around at all times will ensure that, if you were to come upon a transportation situation involving hazardous substances or dangerous goods, you will be able to help keep others and yourself out of danger. With color-coded pages for quick and easy reference, this is the official manual used by first responders in the United States and Canada for transportation incidents involving dangerous goods or hazardous materials.
Download or read book EPA 560 6 written by and published by . This book was released on 1976-02 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Prudent Practices in the Laboratory written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-09-16 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume updates and combines two National Academy Press bestsellers--Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories and Prudent Practices for Disposal of Chemicals from Laboratories--which have served for more than a decade as leading sources of chemical safety guidelines for the laboratory. Developed by experts from academia and industry, with specialties in such areas as chemical sciences, pollution prevention, and laboratory safety, Prudent Practices for Safety in Laboratories provides step-by-step planning procedures for handling, storage, and disposal of chemicals. The volume explores the current culture of laboratory safety and provides an updated guide to federal regulations. Organized around a recommended workflow protocol for experiments, the book offers prudent practices designed to promote safety and it includes practical information on assessing hazards, managing chemicals, disposing of wastes, and more. Prudent Practices for Safety in Laboratories is essential reading for people working with laboratory chemicals: research chemists, technicians, safety officers, chemistry educators, and students.
