Download or read book Studies on the Sensitivity of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Method for Detecting Bacterial Endotoxins written by Robert Allen Ricketts and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Endotoxins written by Kevin L. Williams and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-02-23 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This source expertly examines the discovery, biological structure, control, and continued clarification of endotoxin from a parenteral manufacturing perspective, with in-depth discussion of state-of-the-art technologies involving Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) such as assay development, automation, depyrogenation. Completely revised and exp

Download or read book Growing and Handling of Bacterial Cultures written by Madhusmita Mishra and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-04 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Detection of Bacterial Endotoxins with the Limulus Amebocyte Test written by Jack Levin and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Endotoxins and Their Detection with the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test written by Stanley W. Watson and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Pyrogens written by Frederick C. Pearson and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test for Determination of Endotoxin in the Chicken Plasma written by Chen-Chi Wu and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endotoxin is a part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, consisting of serotype-specific polysaccharide, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Lipid A is responsible for an array of pathophysiologic reactions in animal hosts. Amebocyte lysate originated from Limulus polyphemus (horseshoe crab) has been used extensively in various assay systems to detect endotoxin. One of the assays, a chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate (CLAL) test was developed in 1978 and has been used extensively in human clinical fields for its high sensitivity and ease in quantitation. The use of the CLAL test in veterinary fields has been limited to dogs, horses and cattle. The objective of the thesis research was to determine the level of endotoxin by the CLAL assay in broiler chickens. Since gram-negative septicemia is common in broiler chickens, the detection of endotoxemia would help in understanding the pathogenesis and in developing a new treatment or prophylactic mean. By the use of a kinetic method, the CLAL assay detected the standard endotoxin (phenol-water extract from Escherichia coli, 055:B5 strain) in the range between 100 ng and 10 pg/ml. The intra-assay variation was 1.2% and interassay variation was 18.8% based on 1.0 ng standard. The control showed spontaneous release of the chromophore starting around 40 min. after the start of the reaction. This spontaneous release was found not due to contamination of pyrogen-free water (PFW) or substrate by endotoxin. With chicken plasma, various non-specific reactions were detected. Plasma alone released the chromophore in a slow, steady manner, but this reaction was virtually eliminated by heating at 100 C. Chicken plasma contained both inhibitor(s) and enhancer(s) for the test. Endotoxin-free plasma samples were prepared by absorption and reconstituted with 1.0 ng/ml of endotoxin. After 1:10 dilution in PFW, heating (10 min.) at 100 C was found most adequate to inactivate these factors as compared with heating to 70 or 85 C. With plasma samples which had been diluted and heated at 100 C, however, still some nonspecific reaction was detected; the lysate, in the absence of substrate, caused some precipitates with chicken plasma in a nonspecific manner, making it difficult to interpret the OD readings. Because of these nonspecific reactions largely inherent to the state of lysate, sensitivity was judged only to 100 pg endotoxin/ml of chicken plasma. A commercial test kit also showed 100 pg/ml sensitivity with the end point method, but found unreliable since proper controls cannot be evaluated in a similar manner as the kinetic method. Thirty chicken plasma were collected from 3 local broiler farms and was judged to contain less than 100 pg/ml in 29 birds, while one bird showed 12.0 ng/ml of endotoxin. Twenty-three per cent of the chickens showed gram-negative bacteremia without detectable endotoxemia, and the bird with endotoxemia did not have bacteremia. One microgram of the standard endotoxin was injected intravenously to 20 broiler chickens raised in the laboratory, and 5 were sacrificed at 2, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the injection. The endotoxin was found to be cleared from the blood at the rate of 152 pg/min. To increase the sensitivity and to decrease the cost of the CLAL test, future efforts should be made; 1) to significantly decrease the nonspecific reaction between the lysate and substrate; and 2) to block the precipitation or clotting reaction between the lysate and chicken plasma. If these nonspecific reactions be controlled, the CLAL test could be run in a simple end-point method and/or in an automated manner with chicken plasma.

Download or read book Bacterial Endotoxins written by Jan Wouter ten Cate and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sterility Sterilisation and Sterility Assurance for Pharmaceuticals written by Tim Sandle and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-31 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Failure to adequately control any microbial challenge associated within process or product by robust sterilisation will result in a contaminated marketed product, with potential harm to the patient. Sterilisation is therefore of great importance to healthcare and the manufacturers of medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Sterility, sterilisation and sterility assurance for pharmaceuticals examines different means of rendering a product sterile by providing an overview of sterilisation methods including heat, radiation and filtration. The book outlines and discusses sterilisation technology and the biopharmaceutical manufacturing process, including aseptic filling, as well as aspects of the design of containers and packaging, as well as addressing the cleanroom environments in which products are prepared. Consisting of 18 chapters, the book comprehensively covers sterility, sterilisation and microorganisms; pyrogenicity and bacterial endotoxins; regulatory requirements and good manufacturing practices; and gamma radiation. Later chapters discuss e-beam; dry heat sterilisation; steam sterilisation; sterilisation by gas; vapour sterilisation; and sterile filtration, before final chapters analyse depyrogenation; cleanrooms; aseptic processing; media simulation; biological indicators; sterility testing; auditing; and new sterilisation techniques. Covers the main sterilisation methods of physical removal, physical alteration and inactivation Includes discussion of medical devices, aseptically filled products and terminally sterilised products Describes bacterial, pyrogenic, and endotoxin risks to devices and products

Download or read book Endotoxin Detection and Control in Pharma Limulus and Mammalian Systems written by Kevin L. Williams and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-24 with total page 869 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endotoxin detection and control is a dynamic area of applied science that touches a vast number of complex subjects. The intersection of test activities includes the use of an ancient blood system from an odd “living fossil” (Limulus). It is used to detect remnants of the most primitive and destructive forms of life (prokaryotes) as contaminants of complex modern systems (mammalian and Pharma). Recent challenges in the field include those associated with the application of traditional methods to new types of molecules and manufacturing processes. The advent of “at will” production of biologics in lieu of harvesting animal proteins has revolutionized the treatment of disease. While the fruits of the biotechnology revolution are widely acknowledged, the realization of the differences in the means of production and changes in the manner of control of potential impurities and contaminants in regard to the new versus the old are less widely appreciated. Endotoxin as an ancient, dynamic interface between lifeforms, provides a singular perspective from which to view the parallel development of ancient and modern organisms as well as the progress of man in deciphering the complexity of their interactions in his efforts to overcome disease.

Download or read book Microbial Toxins written by Otto Holst and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2011-05-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in the field of microbial toxins is ever growing and spreading across a broad spectrum of scientific disciplines. In an effort to supplement the available reference texts on toxins, Microbial Toxins: Methods and Protocols includes protocols on mold fungus toxins, with some focus on aflatoxins. Intended to support a wide variety of researchers, Microbial Toxins: Methods and Protocols presents the reader with biological, chemical, physical, and medical approaches, as well as state-of-the-art research techniques. Divided into three convenient sections, this detailed volume covers bacterial protein toxins, endotoxins, and mold fungus toxins. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters contain introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and accessible, Microbial Toxins: Methods and Protocols seeks to serve both professionals and novices with its well-honed methodologies in an effort to further our knowledge of this essential field.

Download or read book Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows written by Burim N. Ametaj and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the results achieved so far by application of various biological systems (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) involved in the pathomechanisms and early diagnosis of periparturient diseases as specific biomarkers of disease in cattle. These emerging technologies help to extensively enhance our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of periparturient diseases of transition dairy cows. The book includes a chapter dedicated to ‘omics’ sciences and one that discusses the myths established in animal and veterinary sciences in recent decades and emerging, new paradigms. The diseases discussed include metritis, mastitis, laminitis, ketosis, rumen acidosis, periparturient immunosuppression, gastrointestinal microbiota and their involvement in disease, infertility, fatty liver, milk fever, and retained placenta. This book is intended for academics, veterinarians, animal nutritionists, researchers, and graduate students working in the field of ‘omics sciences’ with a special interest in dairy cattle health.

Download or read book Endotoxin in Health and Disease written by Helmut Brade and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-28 with total page 968 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering a basis for further research into the interactions of hosts and pathogens, this work gathers up-to-date findings, and details basic structures, functions and immunology. It provides descriptions of a variety of experimental endotoxin neutralizing agents, as well as a guide to clinical research initiatives and the latest treatments.

Download or read book Detection of Bacterial Endotoxins with the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology written by Carl A. Batt and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-04-02 with total page 3243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the world's leading scientists and spanning over 400 articles in three volumes, the Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Second Edition is a complete, highly structured guide to current knowledge in the field. Fully revised and updated, this encyclopedia reflects the key advances in the field since the first edition was published in 1999 The articles in this key work, heavily illustrated and fully revised since the first edition in 1999, highlight advances in areas such as genomics and food safety to bring users up-to-date on microorganisms in foods. Topics such as DNA sequencing and E. coli are particularly well covered. With lists of further reading to help users explore topics in depth, this resource will enrich scientists at every level in academia and industry, providing fundamental information as well as explaining state-of-the-art scientific discoveries. This book is designed to allow disparate approaches (from farmers to processors to food handlers and consumers) and interests to access accurate and objective information about the microbiology of foods Microbiology impacts the safe presentation of food. From harvest and storage to determination of shelf-life, to presentation and consumption. This work highlights the risks of microbial contamination and is an invaluable go-to guide for anyone working in Food Health and Safety Has a two-fold industry appeal (1) those developing new functional food products and (2) to all corporations concerned about the potential hazards of microbes in their food products

Download or read book Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines written by Virgil Schijns and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-12-19 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines provides an in-depth insight and overview of a number of most promising immunopotentiators in modern vaccines. In contrast to existing books on the subject it provides recent data on the critical mechanisms governing the activity of vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems. Knowledge of immunological pathways and scenarios of the cells and molecules involved is described and depicted in comprehensive illustrations. Contributions from leading international authorities in the field Well-illustrated, informative figures present the interactions between immunopotentiators and the host immune system Each chapter lists advantages and potential hurdles for achieving a practical application for the specific immunopentiator

Download or read book Septic Shock Methods and Protocols written by Thomas J. Evans and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Septic shock remains a serious medical condition with high mortality. Despite many advances in intensive care medicine and antibiotic devel- ment, this has not changed appreciably in the last 20 years. Frustratingly, over the same period of time, enormous advances have been made in understa- ing the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of this condition. This has resulted in the development of several novel therapies for septic shock, which, despite excellent theoretical grounds for their efficacy, have failed in altering mort- ity attributable to sepsis. The reasons for these failures are multiple, but it is clear that further research is required aimed at increasing our understanding of the basic pat- physiological processes that occur following infection. Research into septic shock draws upon a number of different disciplines, ranging from molecular and cellular biology to physiological measurements on whole animals. Septic Shock Methods and Protocols is an attempt to draw together into one volume a number of protocols that are of use in the investigation of the mechanisms of septic shock. I have divided the book into five sections. The first deals with endotoxin, the lipopolysaccharide component of the Gram-negative cell m- brane that can mimic many of the features of septic shock. Gram-positive organisms are found increasingly as causes of septic shock, and several - pects of toxins produced from these bacteria are considered in the second s- tion.