Download or read book Studies on Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystals in Nematic and Biphasic Regions written by Xuxia Yao and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chromonic liquid crystals are a relatively new class of lyotropic liquid crystals. In an effort to understand this lyotropic phase better, studies on the phase behavior, defects formed in these systems and characterization of the order were performed. We studied three chromonic liquid crystal materials in nematic and biphasic regions: Sunset Yellow FCF (SSY, a food dye), a cationic perylene diimide derivative (PDI, a conducting dye) and cromolyn sodium (DSCG, a drug). For SSY chromonics in the nematic region, order parameters (and) were obtained by polarized Raman measurements. Using the order parameters the flow behavior was predicted and was found to be non-flow aligning. A comprehensive viscoelastic property set of SSY chromonics was obtained by studying the statics and dynamics of defects during the formation of planar aligned monodomain. Applications of PDI thin films as vapor sensors were explored; anisotropic electronic properties of oriented PDI films show good conductivity along the columns presumably arising from the overlap between the? systems. In the biphasic region, growth and fluctuation of SSY tactoids and interesting patterns of biphasic DSCG under capillary geometry were observed; elastic properties and surface tension were estimated based on the shape of DSCG tactoids. Polymer dispersed lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals with different drop shapes and director configurations were also fabricated using various water-soluble polymers.
Download or read book Lyotropic Liquid Crystals written by Ingo Dierking and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-07-16 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to review the field of lyotropic liquid crystals from amphiphilic to colloidal systems, bridging the gap between the two worlds of lyotropics and thermotropics by showing that many of the features observed in standard thermotropic liquid crystals may also be observed in lyotropic systems and vice versa. Indeed, for a long time, lyotropic liquid crystals have been overshadowed by their thermotropic counterparts, mainly due to the potential for application of the latter in the display industry. This picture has somewhat shifted over the last decade, with numerous novel lyotropic systems having been discovered and formulated, bringing to light their importance in wider scientific research. For example, the understanding of viruses forming self-assembled ordered phases has largely increased as mineral liquid crystals and clays have experienced a renaissance leading to fundamental research and work on structure formation in nanotechnology. Similarly, nano-rods, nano-wires, nanotubes and 2D materials like graphene oxide and others have been shown to exhibit liquid crystalline behaviour, which may be exploited in self-assembly, drug delivery or biosensors. Cellulose nanocrystals have become an important and popular field of research. The self-assembly of short chain DNA fragments has led to liquid crystal behaviour previously thought to be impossible. Chromonics were shown to exhibit fascinating physical properties, and the combination of active fluids with liquid crystals has opened a whole new field of research to be explored - 'living liquid crystals'.
Download or read book Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystals written by Shuang Zhou and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-14 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis describes lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) with exotic elastic and viscous properties. The first part of the thesis presents a thorough analysis of the elastic and viscous properties of LCLCs as functions of concentration, temperature and ionic contents, while the second part explores an active nematic system: living liquid crystals, which represent a combination of LCLC and living bacteria. LCLCs are an emerging class of liquid crystals that have shown profound connections to biological systems in two aspects. First, the assembly process of the chromonic aggregates is essentially the same as DNA oligomers and other super-molecular assemblies of biological origin. LCLCs thus provide an excellent model system for studying physical properties such as the elasticity and viscosity of these supramolecular assemblies. Second, LCLCs are biocompatible, thus serving as a unique anisotropic matrix to interface with living systems such as bacteria. This thesis deepens our understanding of both aspects. The noncovalent nature of chromonic aggregation produces the unique viscoelasticity to be found in LCLCs, which differs dramatically from that of traditional LCs. Anisotropic interactions between LCLCs and bacteria lead to fascinating phenomena such as the deformation of LCLCs with a characteristic wavelength determined by the elasticity of the LCLCs and the activity of the bacteria, orientationally controlled trajectories of bacteria and visualization of 24 nm flagella motion.
Download or read book Topology And Geometry Guided Structures In Equilibrium And Out Of Equilibrium LCs written by Runa Koizumi and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation, we explore the effect of topology and geometry on equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium liquid crystals. In the first part, we study the geometry of nuclei of columnar lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals coexisting with an isotropic phase. Liquid crystal droplets coexisting in an isotropic environment show a rich morphology of droplet shapes, due to the delicate balance between the bulk and surface energy. Liquid crystal droplets are typically topologically spherical in shape to minimize their surface area; in this work, we study the nucleation of toroidal droplets that form when a columnar liquid crystal coexists with its own isotropic melt. We study a lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal (LCLC) that is formed by plank-like molecules of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) with hydrophobic polyaromatic cores and hydrophilic peripheries. When dispersed in water, the DSCG molecules form cylindrical aggregates by stacking face-to-face. A high concentration of DSCG in water results in the appearance of the columnar (Col) phase, in which the aggregates arrange into a hexagonal lattice. We demonstrate that the toroidal shape of Col nuclei in the biphasic region depends strongly on the concentrations c of DSCG and C of a condensing agent polyethylene glycol (PEG). We explain the multitude of the observed shapes by the fine balance of bending elasticity and anisotropic interfacial tension. We also demonstrate that a droplet of a nematic liquid crystal confined between two glass plates changes its equilibrium shape from a simply-connected tactoid, which is topologically equivalent to a sphere, to a torus, which is not simply-connected. The topological transformation is triggered either by temperature or concentration and is explained by the interplay of nematic elastic constants, which facilitates splay and bend of molecular orientations in tactoids but prohibits splay in the toroids. In the second part, we explore out-of-equilibrium LCs formed by bacterial dispersions in patterned liquid crystals. We demonstrate that a nematic liquid crystal environment patterned as a spiral vortex controls the individual-to-collective transition in bacterial swirls and defines whether they expand or shrink. In dilute dispersions, the bacteria swim along open spiral trajectories following the pre-imposed molecular orientation. Above a certain concentration threshold, the bacteria condense into unidirectional circular swirls that resemble stable limit cycles. Their collective circular motion is controlled by the spiral angle of the vortex that defines the splay-to-bend ratio of the director, resulting in vortices with dominating splay to shrink toward the center and vortices with dominating bend to expand to the periphery. Spiraling vortices having an equal splay-to-bend ratio of the director produce stable swirls. The dynamic scenarios are explained by hydrodynamic interactions of bacteria mediated by the patterned passive nematic environment and by the coupling between the concentration and orientation.
Download or read book Liquid Crystals written by Horst Stegemeyer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1959, about 1400 compounds forming liquid crystalline phases were known; by 1992, this number had increased to about 50 000. In portable devices like wristwatches, pocket caculators, measuring instruments, and laptop computers the liquid crystal display technology has gained total acceptance and is on the way to encompass the market of colour TV screens. This development makes a volume devoted to liquid crystals in the series Topics in Physical Chemistry desirable. Following the concept of this series, an easy introduction to liquid crystals is given, enabling the reader to understand the basic problems of liquid crystals research and application. Because of the widespread field of different research activities in liquid crystals and applications, various competent authors have been involved in writing chapters on: - Phase types, structures, and chemistry of liquid crystals; - Thermodynamical behavior and physical properties of thermotropic liquid crystals; - Liquid crystalline polymers; - Lyotropic liquid crystals; - Application of liquid crystals in spectroscopy; - Application of liquid crystals in display technology.
Download or read book Magneto optical and Imaging Studies of Chromonic and Thermotropic Liquid Crystals written by Tanya Ostapenko and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation addresses three experimental questions. First, the pretransitional behavior of lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals (LCLCs) is investigated in order to gain further insight into the aggregation mechanism and structure. In order to study the pretransitional behavior of LCLCs in the isotropic phase, a high magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the light propagation direction, which induces birefringence in the material; this is called the Cotton-Mouton effect. The aggregates align with the field, which makes it possible to study how the aggregates form in the isotropic phase. The results of this study indicate that multiple optical effects can be induced, which supports the possibility of a complex aggregate structure. The second part of this dissertation explores the possibility of a biaxial nematic phase (Nb). The geometry of the liquid crystal mesogen is important and it is thought that banana-shaped liquid crystals will have an Nb phase. However, contradicting reports on different bent-core materials have not determined whether this phase exists in them. Optical techniques usually rely on a sample cell rubbing treatment to homeotropically align the main director, n, but optical misidentification of Nb could occur if the material is in a tilted uniaxial phase, which appears the same as a homeotropically-aligned biaxial phase. Using a high magnetic field to completely align n and measuring the magnetic field-induced optical phase difference perpendicular to n gives a conclusive way to determine whether a material has non-zero biaxial order. None of the materials studied appear to have an Nb phase. The last part of this dissertation examines director fluctuations in calamitic and bent-core liquid crystals using dynamic imaging analysis. Dynamic image analysis is a relatively new technique where a measurement of nematic phase fluctuations is made in direct space. These measurements are done using a polarizing microscope, heat stage and CCD camera. The advantage of this technique is that it measures small values of q, making it a complementary technique to dynamic light scattering, where large values of q are easily obtained. Basic material properties may be related to the wave vector and decay time of the fluctuations.
Download or read book Handbook of Liquid Crystals Volume II written by Shri Singh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 676 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals written by Lev M. Blinov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-26 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book by Lev M. Blinov is ideal to guide researchers from their very first encounter with liquid crystals to the level where they can perform independent experiments on liquid crystals with a thorough understanding of their behaviour also in relation to the theoretical framework. Liquid crystals can be found everywhere around us. They are used in virtually every display device, whether it is for domestic appliances of for specialized technological instruments. Their finely tunable optical properties make them suitable also for thermo-sensing and laser technologies. There are many monographs written by prominent scholars on the subject of liquid crystals. The majority of them presents the subject in great depth, sometimes focusing on a particular research aspect, and in general they require a significant level of prior knowledge. In contrast, this books aims at an audience of advanced undergraduate and graduate students in physics, chemistry and materials science. The book consists of three parts: the first part, on structure, starts from the fundamental principles underlying the structure of liquid crystals, their rich phase behaviour and the methods used to study them; the second part, on physical properties, emphasizes the influence of anisotropy on all aspects of liquid crystals behaviour; the third, focuses on electro-optics, the most important properties from the applications standpoint. This part covers only the main effects and illustrates the underlying principles in greater detail. Professor Lev M. Blinov has had a long carrier as an experimentalist. He made major contributions in the field of ferroelectric mesophases. In 1985 he received the USSR state prize for investigations of electro-optical effects in liquid crystals for spatial light modulators. In 1999 he was awarded the Frederiks medal of the Soviet Liquid Crystal Society and in 2000 he was honoured with the G. Gray silver medal of the British Liquid Crystal Society. He has held many visiting academic positions in universities and laboratories across Europe and in Japan.
Download or read book Advances in Liquid Crystals written by Glenn H. Brown and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Liquid Crystals, Volume 3 presents some of the applications of liquid crystals, particularly those related to lyotropic and thermotropic liquid crystals. The six articles in this volume cover the development of the theory of electrohydrodynamic properties of liquid crystals; study of lyotropic liquid crystals in the area of surfactants; liquid crystals and foams; the development of ultrasonics in liquid crystal media; and the field of liquid crystals in chromatography. The book will be invaluable to materials engineers, inventors, physicists, and researchers in the field of electronics.
Download or read book Introduction to Liquid Crystals written by E. Priestly and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The existence of liquid crystals has been known for nearly a centu ry; yet it is only in the last ten years that their unique optical, electri cal, electro-optic, and thermal properties have been exploited to any significant extent in such technological applications as digital d~ plays and thermography. Digital watches equipped with liquid-crys tal displays (LCD's) have recently made their debut in the electronic watch market, and the large-scale use of LCD's in a variety of other applications requiring reliable, low-power digital displays is immi nent. There is good reason to believe that liquid crystals will be the first electro-optic materials to find widespread commercial use. Apart from applications, liquid crystals are unique among the phases of matter. Lurking beneath their garish display of color and texture is a great complexity of physical and chemical interaction that is only now beginning to unfold in the face of a decade-old resurgence in all aspects of liquid~rystal research. RCA Laboratories has participated in this resurgence from its beginning in the early 1960's and at present maintains active liquid-crystal programs both in basic re search and in device engineering. In view of the widespread interest in liquid crystals at RCA Labo ratories, an in-house weekly seminar devoted to the subject of liquid crystals was organized in the fall of 1973. The resulting lectures were subsequently published in three issues of the RCA Review and, with the incorporation of much additional material, eventually grew into the present volume.
Download or read book Thermotropic Liquid Crystals written by Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-06 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers developments in the field of thermotropic liquid crystals and their functional importance. It also presents advances related to different sub-areas pertinent to this interdisciplinary area of research. This text brings together research from synthetic scientists and spectroscopists and attempts to bridge the gaps between these areas. New physical techniques that are powerful in characterizing these materials are discussed.
Download or read book Molecular Theory of Nematic and Other Liquid Crystals written by Paul van der Schoot and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-07-29 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a didactic derivation of the main theories of thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals, revealing the common molecular-theoretic framework that underpins both theories. This unified context will help young researchers in coming to grips with the basics of the simplest of liquid crystals, being uniaxial nematic liquid crystals, easing them into the intricacies of more complex forms of such materials irrespective of whether they are thermotropic or lyotropic. The coverage provides a theoretical understanding of the phase behaviour, that is, what drives molecules and particles to spontaneously align themselves, as well as an appreciation of the role of entropy, energy and so on. The focus here is on the main theories for the isotropic-nematic transition, being the Maier-Saupe and the Onsager theories, and how they are derived from a common description, known as (classical) density functional theory (DFT). This book will be a valuable resource for senior undergraduate and graduate students, and experimentalists and engineers who feel intimidated by more formal or rigorous theoretical accounts and textbooks. Exercises at the end of each chapter help the reader to apply the basic concepts also to other types of liquid crystal, in particular the smectic liquid crystal.
Download or read book Liquid Crystals Fundamentals written by Shri Singh and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2002-11-05 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquid crystals are partially ordered systems without a rigid, long-range structure. The study of these materials covers a wide area: chemical structure, physical properties and technical applications. Due to their dual nature — anisotropic physical properties of solids and rheological behavior of liquids — and easy response to externally applied electric, magnetic, optical and surface fields liquid crystals are of greatest potential for scientific and technological applications. The subject has come of age and has achieved the status of being a very exciting interdisciplinary field of scientific and industrial research.This book is an outgrowth of the enormous advances made during the last three decades in both our understanding of liquid crystals and our ability to use them in applications. It presents a systematic, self-contained and up-to-date overview of the structure and properties of liquid crystals. It will be of great value to graduates and research workers in condensed matter physics, chemical physics, biology, materials science, chemical and electrical engineering, and technology from a materials science and physics viewpoint of liquid crystals.
Download or read book Liquid Crystals With Nano And Microparticles In 2 Volumes written by Jan P F Lagerwall and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2016-10-10 with total page 944 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'The overall book content is excellently coordinated to form a synchronised story, interesting to a broad scientific audience … The book summarises the present knowledge in the field, introduces fundamental concepts to the beginners, describes key measuring methods and presents several different typical demonstrative systems, some of them exhibiting an extraordinary rich spectrum of structures and superstructures. I am sure that with time the book will become an attractor to a broad audience (physicists, chemists, material scientists, engineers, etc.), ranging from students, beginners in the field to experienced researchers. To summarise, this is the book that I have been missing on my bookshelf.'Liquid Crystals TodayWhile liquid crystals are today widely known for their successful application in flat panel displays (LCDs), academic liquid crystal research is more and more targeting situations where these anisotropic fluids are put to completely different use, in varying contexts. A particularly strong focus is on colloidal liquid crystals, where particles, bubbles or drops are dispersed in a liquid crystal phase. The liquid crystal can act as a host phase, with the inclusions constituting foreign guests that disturb the local order in interesting ways, often resulting in large-scale positional arrangement and/or uniform alignment of the guests. But it may also be formed by solid particles themselves, if these are of nanoscale dimensions and of disc- or rod-shape, and if they are suspended in an isotropic liquid host at sufficient concentration.This book aims to cover both the modern research tracks, gathering pioneering researchers of the different subfields to give a concise overview of the basis as well as the prospects of their respective specialties. The scope spans from curiosity-driven fundamental scientific research to applied sciences. Over the course of the next decade, the former is likely to generate new tracks of the latter type, considering the exploratory and productive phase of this young research field.
Download or read book Biaxial Nematic Liquid Crystals written by Geoffrey R. Luckhurst and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-02-23 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the nematic liquid crystal phase, rod-shaped molecules move randomly but remain essentially parallel to one another. Biaxial nematics, which were first predicted in 1970 by Marvin Freiser, have their molecules differentially oriented along two axes. They have the potential to create displays with fast switching times and may have applications in thin-film displays and other liquid crystal technologies. This book is the first to be concerned solely with biaxial nematic liquid crystals, both lyotropic and thermotropic, formed by low molar mass as well as polymeric systems. It opens with a general introduction to the biaxial nematic phase and covers: • Order parameters and distribution functions • Molecular field theory • Theories for hard biaxial particles • Computer simulation of biaxial nematics • Alignment of the phase • Display applications • Characterisation and identification • Lyotropic, thermotropic and colloidal systems together with material design With a consistent, coherent and pedagogical approach, this book brings together theory, simulations and experimental studies; it includes contributions from some of the leading figures in the field. It is relevant to students and researchers as well as to industry professionals working in soft matter, liquid crystals, liquid crystal devices and their applications throughout materials science, chemistry, physics, mathematics and display engineering.
Download or read book The Physics of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals written by Antônio M. Figueiredo Neto and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2005-01-27 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a comprehensive review of structural properties and phase transition phenomena in lyotropic mixtures. It includes a wealth of experimental results, in addition to the main theoretical models and a number of technological applications, such as cosmetics, detergents and techniques of oil recovery. It is suitable for use as a pedagogical introduction to the subject.
Download or read book New Trends in Lyotropic Liquid Crystals written by Ingo Dierking and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-11-02 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquid crystals (LCs) were discovered more than a century ago, and were, for a long time, treated as a physical curiosity, until the development of flat panel screens and display devices caused a revolution in the information display industry, and in fact in society. There would be no mobile phones without liquid crystals, no flat screen TVs or computer monitors, no virtual reality, just to name a few of the applications that have changed our whole world of vision and perception. All of these inventions are based on liquid crystals that are formed through a change in temperature, thermotropic LCs. However, there is another form of liquid crystals, described even earlier, yet much less talked about; the lyotropic liquid crystals that occur through the change of concentration of some molecules in a solvent. These are found in abundance in nature, making up the cell membranes, and are used extensively in the food, detergents and cosmetics industries. In this collection of articles by experts in their respective research areas, we bring together some of the most recent and innovative aspects of lyotropic liquid crystals, which we believe will drive future research and set novel trends in this field.
