Download or read book Central and Eastern European Countries in the International Division of Labour in Europe written by Michael Freudenberg and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dix pays d'Europe centrale et orientale sont candidats à l'entrée dans l'Union européenne et cinq d'entre eux ont déjà engagé des négociations d'adhésion. Dans le cadre des accords d'Association que ces dix pays ont avec l'UE, les échanges de produits industriels ont déjà été, pour l'essentiel, libéralisés. Dans la perspective de leur intégration dans l'Union européenne, cette étude analyse l'évolution de la place des pays candidats dans la division internationale du travail en Europe au cours de ces toutes dernières années. L'étude montre que, par delà la relative stabilité de leurs avantages comparatifs, des changements sont en cours et suggère que l'état actuel de leurs avantages comparatifs pourraient refléter plus des points forts hérités du passé que leurs futures spécialisations. Premièrement, on observe une tendance à la déspécialisation : le commerce des pays d'Europe centrale se caractérise par une réduction de leurs avantages comparatifs dans les secteurs où ceux-ci étaient les plus forts (habillement) et une réduction de leurs désavantages comparatifs les plus marqués. Deuxièmement au cours de cette brève période certains pays ont réussi à se bâtir des avantages comparatifs dans de nouveaux secteurs industriels. L'émergence de nouveaux points forts a été particulièrement remarquable dans les industries mécaniques, où certains pays d'Europe centrale ont réussi une forte percée à l'exportation. Troisièmement, les investissements directs étrangers jouent désormais un rôle significatif dans les industries manufacturières de ces pays et sont souvent à l'origine des bonnes performances à l'exportation. L'étude analyse ensuite la structure du commerce des pays candidats à la lumière de deux phénomènes observables dans le commerce entre pays industrialisés et qui caractérisent le processus de globalisation. D'abord, la division internationale des processus de production (la segmentation internationale de la chaîne des valeurs ajoutées), qui permet une spécialisation plus profonde. Ensuite, le commerce intra-industriel, qui peut porter sur des produits différenciés horizontalement (échange de variétés) ou sur des produits différenciés verticalement (échanges de qualités). Le poids croissant des produits intermédiaires dans les exportations comme dans les importations des pays candidats suggère que ces pays sont de plus en plus engagés dans une division internationale des processus de production en Europe. L'analyse des échanges par stades de production montre que cette segmentation internationale des processus de production entre les deux parties de l'Europe, qui était autrefois cantonnée à des industries traditionnelles (textile-habillement), s'est étendue ces dernières années à de nouvelles industries (automobile, matériel de télécommunication). Cette analyse permet aussi de nuancer la portée des changements intervenus dans la structure sectorielle d'échanges des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale. Ainsi la progression des exportations des pays d'Europe centrale dans les industries mécaniques est due à celle des produits intermédiaires et non à celle des biens d'investissement. La diversification des exportations s'est donc faite au profit des productions les moins élaborées. L'écart entre les structures d'exportation par stade de production des pays candidats et celles de l'UE reste important. D'un autre coté, la production des pays candidats incorpore une fraction croissante de produits intermédiaires importés, ce qui devrait à terme améliorer la compétitivité des secteurs aval. Pour apprécier le degré d'asymétrie structurelle entre les pays de l'est et de l'ouest de l'Europe et les effets potentiels de la première vague d'élargissement sur les structures de production, l'étude met en évidence l'importance respective du commerce inter et intraindustriel, en se fondant sur une analyse des échangés bilatéraux au niveau le plus fin de la nomenclature. Une des principales conclusions est que le commerce des pays baltes et des pays balkaniques avec l'UE reste pour l'essentiel un commerce univoque (intersectoriel), correspondant à une division traditionnelle du travail conforme aux avantages comparatifs. Par contre, le commerce des pays d'Europe centrale (en particulier la République tchèque, la Hongrie et la Slovénie) se caractérise par le poids relativement important et croissant des échanges intra industriels, qui correspond, en partie, à la "nouvelle économie internationale", fondée sur les économies d'échelle et la différenciation des produits. Cette situation révèle que ces pays ont des structures de production qui convergent progressivement avec celles des pays d'Europe occidentale. Les différences ainsi mises en évidence entre les pays candidats ont des implications sur les coûts de l'élargissement dans la mesure où ceux-ci sont censés être moins importants dans le cas d'un commerce intraindustriel que dans le cas d'échanges interindustriels. Dans ce dernier cas en effet, le renforcement de la spécialisation implique l'abandon des productions qui ont un désavantage comparatif et la réallocation des facteurs de production vers un nombre limité de secteurs exportateurs. Cependant l'analyse des échanges en termes de différenciation des produits montre que pour tous les pays candidats, le commerce intra-industriel de produits différenciés verticalement (associé à une spécialisation sur des gammes de qualité) est beaucoup plus important et plus dynamique que le commerce de produits différenciés horizontalement (associé à des échanges de variétés). D'où la question de la spécialisation des pays candidats en termes de qualité. Ceux-ci demeurent globalement spécialisés sur les produits bas de gamme et moyenne gamme. Cependant, tous les pays d'Europe centrale ont réduit le désavantage comparatif qu'ils ont dans les produits haut de gamme et certains d'entre eux ont développé un avantage comparatif dans le haut de gamme sur certains des secteurs où ils ont les plus gros excédents commerciaux. On observe aussi dans bien des cas la coexistence au sein d'un même secteur d'un relatif excédent sur une gamme de qualité et d'un relatif déficit sur une autre gamme. Les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale ont généralement un désavantage comparatif dans le haut de gamme des secteurs où elles ont globalement un avantage comparatif, mais ils ont aussi, parfois, un avantage comparatif dans le bas de gamme des secteurs où ils sont globalement déficitaires. Il existe ainsi une division qualitative du travail entre l'est et l'ouest de l'Europe. Entre 1993 et 1996, les pays d'Europe centrale ont tous amélioré leur position relative sur le haut de gamme, ce qui n'est pas le cas des pays baltes et des pays balkaniques. Ainsi l'intégration de la première vague de candidats ne devrait pas suivre un scénario qui les cantonnerait dans une spécialisation résiduelle dans le bas de gamme, avec toutes les conséquences négatives que cela implique pour leurs perspectives de rattrapage.
Download or read book Bibliographie der Wirtschaftswissenschaften written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 998 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economie Internationale written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 678 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economic Review written by and published by . This book was released on 2008-04 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gone with the Headwinds written by Gustavo Adler and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2017-04-03 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: to come
Download or read book Bulletin of the European Union written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 854 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bulletin of the European Communities written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 878 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effects of Financial Crises on the Binding Force of Contracts Renegotiation Rescission or Revision written by Başak Başoğlu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-25 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about one of the most controversial dilemmas of contract law: whether or not the unexpected change of circumstances due to the effects of financial crises may under certain conditions be taken into account. Growing interconnectedness of global economies facilitates the spread of the effects of the financial crises. Financial crises cause severe difficulties for persons to fulfill their contractual obligations. During the financial crises, performance of contractual obligations may become excessively onerous or may cause an excessive loss for one of the contracting parties and consequently destroy the contractual equilibrium and legitimate the governmental interventions. Uncomfortable economic climate leads to one of the most controversial dilemmas of the contract law: whether the binding force of the contract is absolute or not. In other words, unstable economic circumstances impose the need to devote special attention to review and perhaps to narrow the binding nature of a contract. Principle of good faith and fair dealing motivate a variety of theoretical bases in order to overcome the legal consequences of financial crises. In this book, all these theoretical bases are analyzed with special focus on the available remedies, namely renegotiation, rescission or revision and the circumstances which enables the revocation of these remedies. The book collects the 19 national reports and the general report originally presented in the session regarding the Effects of Financial Crises on the Binding Force of Contracts: Renegotiation, Rescission or Revision during the XIXth congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law, held in Vienna, July 2014.
Download or read book Tropical Plant Breeding written by A. Charrier and published by Editions Quae. This book was released on 2001 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Important advances in tropical plant breeding achieved by French research teams of Cirad, Inra and Ird, in collaboration with counterpart staff in tropical countries, are reviewed in the present publication. All 24 chapters focus on different plants, and include: in-depth analysis of trait diversity in cultivated forms and links with related wild species; overviews of breeding techniques and biotechnological innovations utilized by breeders; assessment of genetic progress, based on examples from varietal improvement and extension programmes.
Download or read book The French Revolution in Global Perspective written by Suzanne Desan and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Situating the French Revolution in the context of early modern globalization for the first time, this book offers a new approach to understanding its international origins and worldwide effects. A distinguished group of contributors shows that the political culture of the Revolution emerged out of a long history of global commerce, imperial competition, and the movement of people and ideas in places as far flung as India, Egypt, Guiana, and the Caribbean. This international approach helps to explain how the Revolution fused immense idealism with territorial ambition and combined the drive for human rights with various forms of exclusion. The essays examine topics including the role of smuggling and free trade in the origins of the French Revolution, the entwined nature of feminism and abolitionism, and the influence of the French revolutionary wars on the shape of American empire. The French Revolution in Global Perspective illuminates the dense connections among the cultural, social, and economic aspects of the French Revolution, revealing how new political forms-at once democratic and imperial, anticolonial and centralizing-were generated in and through continual transnational exchanges and dialogues. Contributors: Rafe Blaufarb, Florida State University; Ian Coller, La Trobe University; Denise Davidson, Georgia State University; Suzanne Desan, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Lynn Hunt, University of California, Los Angeles; Andrew Jainchill, Queen's University; Michael Kwass, The Johns Hopkins University; William Max Nelson, University of Toronto; Pierre Serna, Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne; Miranda Spieler, University of Arizona; Charles Walton, Yale University
Download or read book The Future of European Banking written by Jean-Pierre Danthine and published by Centre for Economic Policy Research. This book was released on 1999 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report first analyzes what lies behind the historic segmentation of EU financial markets because a clear view about these issues is needed to predict the changes that EMU will bring about. The authors then examine the policy implications of these changes and propose measures to address the problems that may be encountered.
Download or read book The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America written by Rudiger Dornbusch and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-12-01 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Again and again, Latin America has seen the populist scenario played to an unfortunate end. Upon gaining power, populist governments attempt to revive the economy through massive spending. After an initial recovery, inflation reemerges and the government responds with wage an price controls. Shortages, overvaluation, burgeoning deficits, and capital flight soon precipitate economic crisis, with a subsequent collapse of the populist regime. The lessons of this experience are especially valuable for countries in Eastern Europe, as they face major political and economic decisions. Economists and political scientists from the United States and Latin America detail in this volume how and why such programs go wrong and what leads policymakers to repeatedly adopt these policies despite a history of failure. Authors examine this pattern in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Peru—and show how Colombia managed to avoid it. Despite differences in how each country implemented its policies, the macroeconomic consequences were remarkably similar. Scholars of Latin America will find this work a valuable resource, offering a distinctive macroeconomic perspective on the continuing controversy over the dynamics of populism.
Download or read book Safeguarding Traditional Cultures written by Peter Seitel and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings from a conference "A global assessment of the 1989 recommendation on the safeguarding of traditional culture and folklore" held at the Smithsonian Institution June 27-30 1999. The purpose of the conference was to assess the implementation of the Recommendation (an international normative instrument adopted by UNESCO in 1989), to bring together points of view and perspectives on the Recommendaion from around the world, and suggest ways in which the Recommendation might develop in the future so that its purpose, the safeguarding of traditional culture and folklore, might be achieved.
Download or read book African women Pan Africanism and African renaissance written by Serbin, Sylvia and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2015-11-09 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bibliographie g ographique internationale written by Louis Raveneau and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Divagations written by Stphane Mallarm and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-15 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is a book just the way I don't like them," the father of French Symbolism, Stphane Mallarm, informs the reader in his preface to Divagations: "scattered and with no architecture." On the heels of this caveat, Mallarm's diverting, discursive, and gorgeously disordered 1897 masterpiece tumbles forth--and proves itself to be just the sort of book his readers like most. The salmagundi of prose poems, prose-poetic musings, criticism, and reflections that is Divagations has long been considered a treasure trove by students of aesthetics and modern poetry. If Mallarm captured the tone and very feel of fin-de-sicle Paris, he went on to captivate the minds of the greatest writers of the twentieth century--from Valry and Eliot to Paul de Man and Jacques Derrida. This was the only book of prose he published in his lifetime and, in a new translation by Barbara Johnson, is now available for the first time in English as Mallarm arranged it. The result is an entrancing work through which a notoriously difficult-to-translate voice shines in all of its languor and musicality. Whether contemplating the poetry of Tennyson, the possibilities of language, a masturbating priest, or the transporting power of dance, Mallarm remains a fascinating companion--charming, opinionated, and pedantic by turns. As an expression of the Symbolist movement and as a contribution to literary studies, Divagations is vitally important. But it is also, in Johnson's masterful translation, endlessly mesmerizing.
Download or read book Translation and Identity written by Michael Cronin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-09-27 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Michael Cronin looks at how translation has played a crucial role in shaping debates about identity, language and cultural survival in the past and in the present. He explores how everything from the impact of migration on the curricula for national literature courses, to the way in which nations wage war in the modern era is bound up with urgent questions of translation and identity. Examining translation practices and experiences across continents to show how translation is an integral part of how cultures are evolving, the volume presents new perspectives on how translation can be a powerful tool in enhancing difference and promoting intercultural dialogue. Drawing on a wide range of materials from official government reports to Shakespearean drama and Hollywood films, Cronin demonstrates how translation is central to any proper understanding of how cultural identity has emerged in human history, and suggests an innovative and positive vision of how translation can be used to deal with one of the most salient issues in an increasingly borderless world.
