Download or read book Structured Semantic Knowledge Mediates Variability in Episodic Memory written by Shao-Fang Wang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis builds on previous empirical evidence and theoretical work to further investigate the variability in recognition memory behavior. Specifically, the global matching models provide mechanistic explanations of how similarities of memory representations contribute to the memory signals that guide recognition memory decisions. In addition, it is commonly believed that long-term semantic knowledge has an impact on the recognition memory related to that knowledge, and the relationship between semantic knowledge and recognition memory is mediated, in part, by interactions between the hippocampus (important for aspects of recognition memory) and distributed cortical regions (important for semantic knowledge). While this framework has garnered empirical and theoretical support, the detailed mechanisms underlying the influence of semantic knowledge on recognition memory remains unclear. My research explores how similarity among semantic knowledge influences the gradient of the memory signals that give rise to false and accurate recognition judgements. I ask 1) whether it is possible to systematical-ly modulate false and accurate recognition decisions with objective similarity measurements of semantic knowledge, and 2) what is the computation that translates similarity of semantic knowledge to recognition memory signals. I answer these questions with two experiments: Experiment 1 investigated how model-based semantic similarity measurements modulate false and accurate memory behavior by leveraging tools from computational models (i.e., Natural Language Processing (NLP)) to systematically quantify se-mantic similarity of the stimuli. Building on the findings from Experiment 1, Experiment 2 used the model-based semantic similarity measurements to further examine the computation that transforms semantic similarity to recognition memory signals.In Experiment 1, I used NLP-derived measurements of semantic similarity to generate word lists with varying degrees of semantic similarities as experimental stimuli. These word lists were used in a memory task to allow for precise control of the semantic similarities. The primary findings from Experiment 1 demonstrated that recognition memory behavior is modulated by semantic similarities. More specifically, NLP-derived semantic similarity predicted both false recognition memory to lures and accurate recognition memory to old words: false and accurate recognition judgments increased as a function of NLP-derived semantic similarity. The results from Experiment 1 highlight the fundamental role global similarity computations play in generating recognition memory signals. In addition, our demonstration of the relationship between semantic similarity structure and recognition memory is largely compatible with the findings reported in the literature. Building on the findings in Experiment 1, one outstanding question is how se-mantic similarities are transformed to memory strength. To answer this question, in Experiment 2, we expanded our present findings to investigate how the dynamic of within-list distribution of semantic similarity affected recognition memory behavior.In Experiment 2, building on the results from Experiment 1, I explored the nature of the transformation between semantic similarities and recognition memory signals. In-spired by computational models of recognition memory, there could be a linear or a non-linear transformation between semantic similarities and recognition memory strengths. To differentiate between these two possibilities, I examined how skewed and uniform distributions of semantic similarities affect recognition memory. The main findings from Experiment 2 showed that there was no significant difference between skewed and uniform distribution of semantic similarities on false and accurate recognition memory. The null results indicate that encountering a few semantically highly similar items (i.e., the skewed condition) is not enough to significantly increase false memory for similar lures beyond a linear similarity computation (i.e., the uniform condition). One possible explanation for our null findings is that the memory representations used in our study are defined only by the semantic features of the stimuli; however, the proposed memory representations in global matching models and the neural representations in the fMRI studies both consist of various features beyond the semantic features. Another possible explanation for the null findings is that the process of extracting word embeddings from word co-occurrences already encompasses nonlinear transformations of the semantic space. Building on our findings, a potential research direction is to further explore the computation between NLP-derived semantic similarity and memory signals with more complex models.

Download or read book Retrieval from Semantic Memory written by W. Noordman-Vonk and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-07 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The area of concern to Dr. Wietske Noordman~Vonk has been variously seen as an aspect of long-term memory [F. I], secondary memory [F. 2], memory without record [F. 3], and semantic memory [F. 4J, the latter term being the one pre ferred by Dr. Noordman-Vonk herself. This proliferation of terminology is not an entirely trivial matter, for although the expressions clearly overlap in range, they do draw attention to different features of the phenomena under consideration. The work reported here is concerned with the form of representation and manipulation of our knowledge that, for example, a dog is an animal, or that mothers and daughters are parents and children. To put it more generally, the experiments attempt to elucidate the psychological processes involved in the~emantics of class-inclusion and, most importantly, to extend the explanatory principles there invoked to a new domain, that of kinship relations. Clearly, the connections between "ant" and "insect", or "flower" and "plant" have been known to us - as adults - for some considerable period of time; in the absence of brain injury or degeneration we are unlikely to "forget" that fathers and sons are kin of the same sex. We may therefor- pretheoretically - distinguish between retrieval of such knowledge and. re trieval of a rapidly fading sequence of random numbers that we are asked to recall after a single presentation. It is in this sense that the current work is concerned with long-term and not short-term memory.

Download or read book Examining the Influence of Semantic Knowledge on Episodic Memory written by Tida Kian and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Memory is a critical capacity for everyday life. Memory is not one process but consists of different systems (Robertson & Khler, 2007). Semantic memory is memory for general knowledge about the world and episodic memory is memory for a specific event from a particular time and place in the past (Tulving, 1972, 1983). Tulving (1972) referred to these systems as two separated but partially related memory systems. However, relatively little is known about how these two systems relate. Specifically, the influence of semantic memory on episodic memory is not fully understood. This study investigated the influence of semantic memory on memory for events (actions) and their spatial locations. The final sample for this study included 73 participants. Participants were divided into two groups that varied in the delay they experienced between the encoding phase and retrieval phase (immediate group, n=37; delay group, n=36). During the encoding phase, participants were presented with images of cartoon characters completing an action along with an image of a background scene (i.e., locations) that either matched the action (congruent trial), did not match the action (incongruent trial) or an action that could be performed in any location (neutral trial). During the retrieval phase, participants were presented with actions and asked whether the action was old or new (old/new recognition memory) and, if old, asked to choose the background image that went with that action (spatial location) among a group of distractors. Across delay, participants more accurately identified the locations for the congruent actions compared to the locations for the incongruent actions. Across conditions, participants in the immediate group more accurately identified the actions and spatial locations compared to the delay group. Further, different patterns for the types of errors participants made were observed. This study adds to our knowledge about the influence of semantic memory on episodic memory. Future studies can expand the research to different settings (e.g., naturalistic environments) and with more variable samples (e.g., different age groups).

Download or read book The Structure of Long term Memory written by Wolfgang Klimesch and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Download or read book Elements of Episodic Memory written by Endel Tulving and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1985-09-05 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elements of Episodic Memory is a classic text in the psychology literature. It had a significant influence on research in the area has been much sought after in recent years. Finally, it has now been made available again with this reissue, the text unchanged from the original.

Download or read book Memory Amnesia and the Hippocampal System written by Neal J. Cohen and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 1182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this sweeping synthesis, Neal J. Cohen and Howard Eichenbaum bring together converging findings from neuropsychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science that provide the critical clues and constraints for developing a more comprehensive understanding of memory. Specifically, they offer a cognitive neuroscience theory of memory that accounts for the nature of memory impairment exhibited in human amnesia and animal models of amnesia, that specifies the functional role played by the hippocampal system in memory, and that provides further understanding of the componential structure of memory.The authors' central thesis is that the hippocampal system mediates a capacity for declarative memory, the kind of memory that in humans supports conscious recollection and the explicit and flexible expression of memories. They argue that this capacity emerges from a representation of critical relations among items in memory, and that such a relational representation supports the ability to make inferences and generalizations from memory, and to manipulate and flexibly express memory in countless ways. In articulating such a description of the fundamental nature of declarative representation and of the mnemonic capabilities to which it gives rise, the authors' theory constitutes a major extension and elaboration of the earlier procedural-declarative account of memory.Support for this view is taken from a variety of experimental studies of amnesia in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. Additional support is drawn from observations concerning the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the hippocampal system. The data taken from divergent literatures are shown to converge on the central theme of hippocampal involvement in declarative memory across species and across behavioral paradigms.

Download or read book Semantic influences on episodic memory written by Patric Meyer and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Contribution of Semantic Structure to Retrieval from Episodic Memory written by Don William Taylor and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Semantic Knowledge and Semantic Representations written by Rosaleen A. McCarthy and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Neural Correlates of Personal Semantics written by Annick Tanguay and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The long-term memory system for what is conscious and can be verbalized - declarative memory- is often separated into memory for general facts and memory for personal events (Squire, 2009; Tulving, 2002). Personal semantics share elements of both semantic memory (i.e., they are facts that can be known) and episodic memory (i.e., they are self-related and idiosyncratic; Renoult, Davidson, Palombo, Moscovitch, & Levine, 2012). According to the taxonomy of personal semantics (Renoult et al., 2012), they vary in proximity to either semantic or episodic memory. Towards one end of the continuum, memory for autobiographical facts such as jobs and names of friends were hypothesized to be closer to general facts. Towards the other end of the continuum, repeated events are summaries of the core elements of similar events that happened more than once (e.g., getting coffee at a coffee shop), and they were hypothesized to be closer to episodic memory (i.e., the recollection of a unique event). Self-knowledge involves self-reflection about one's own personality traits and preferences; it was thought to be the most distinct from semantic and episodic memory. However, little research had compared personal semantics to both semantic and episodic memory, or to one another, and these proposals needed to be tested experimentally. In this thesis, I compared the neural correlates of three types of personal semantics to semantic memory (study 1, 2, 3) and episodic memory (study 1, 2), and to one another (study 1) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; study 1) and event related potentials (ERPs; study 2, 3). Moreover, I examined whether temporal orientation modified the personal semantics' relationship to the typically atemporal semantic memory (study 2, 3) and to the typically past-oriented episodic memory (study 2). In study 1, general facts, autobiographical facts, repeated events, and unique events were compared using fMRI, in a follow-up to an ERP study (Renoult et al., 2016). In our analyses of the hippocampus (HPC) and posterior medial network (Ritchey, Libby, & Ranganath, 2015), general semantics and autobiographical facts were often not significantly different from one another (except for the left posterior HPC), and repeated events and unique events did not differ from one another in any comparison. I observed a small graded increase of brain activity from general facts to autobiographical facts to repeated events and unique events (with a significant linear trend) in the left posterior HPC. In contrast, no memory type differed in the anterior temporal network (Ritchey et al., 2015). In study 2 and 3, self-knowledge was operationalized as the knowledge of one's own traits, and could concern past (study 2), present (study 2, 3) and future selves (study 2, 3). A neural correlate of recollection, the Late Positive Component (LPC), had a larger mean amplitude for thinking about the self than others (study 2, 3), and thinking about a past and/or future self than the present self (on average for study 2, and significant for study 3). The amplitude of the LPC for thinking about the past and future selves did not differ from an episodic recognition memory task (or present self-knowledge; study 2). Further, the temporal orientation effect was smaller and not significant when we compared thinking about the present and the future traits of others (study 3). The operationalization of the "other" as a close friend or a group of people did not modify this result (study 3). Together, in addition to Renoult et al. (2016), these findings suggest that: the neural correlates of autobiographical facts, repeated events, and self-knowledge do not overlap perfectly with semantic or episodic memory. Moreover, the temporal orientation of the knowledge is one factor that can influence the proximity of the neural correlates of personal semantics to either semantic or episodic memory.

Download or read book The Human Frontal Lobes Second Edition written by Bruce L. Miller and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2013-11-18 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in a revised and expanded second edition, this authoritative work synthesizes the rapidly growing knowledge base on the human frontal lobes and their central role in behavior, cognition, health, and disease. Leading contributors address neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, and normal neuropsychological functioning, and describe the nature and consequences of frontal lobe dysfunction in specific neurological and psychiatric conditions. Second edition features include a new section on structural and functional neuroimaging and substantially expanded coverage of frontotemporal dementia and related disorders. Other new topics include self-consciousness, competence, and personality; new testing approaches; bipolar disorder; and adult-onset genetic disorders of the frontal lobes. The book is illustrated with nearly 100 figures.

Download or read book Semantic Cognition written by Timothy T. Rogers and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A mechanistic theory of the representation and use of semantic knowledge that uses distributed connectionist networks as a starting point for a psychological theory of semantic cognition.

Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Science written by Keith Frankish and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-07-19 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative, up-to-date survey of the state of the art in cognitive science, written for non-specialists.

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Memory written by Endel Tulving and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005-05-05 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The strengths and weaknesses of human memory have fascinated people for hundreds of years, so it is not surprising that memory research has remained one of the most flourishing areas in science. During the last decade, however, a genuine science of memory has emerged, resulting in research and theories that are rich, complex, and far reaching in their implications. Endel Tulving and Fergus Craik, both leaders in memory research, have created this highly accessible guide to their field. In each chapter, eminent researchers provide insights into their particular areas of expertise in memory research. Together, the chapters in this handbook lay out the theories and presents the evidence on which they are based, highlights the important new discoveries, and defines their consequences for professionals and students in psychology, neuroscience, clinical medicine, law, and engineering.

Download or read book Memory Change in the Aged written by David F. Hultsch and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998-11-13 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do memory abilities decline with aging? Are changes in memory universal or differential? Do they occur similarly or differently for all types of memory and to all aging persons? These are some of the principal questions explored in the Victoria Longitudinal Study and presented in this volume. Although there is a tremendous amount of research comparing the memory performance of younger and older adults, very few studies have followed the same older adults over time. Only through the use of such longitudinal methods can one directly observe changes in memory functioning with aging. This monograph reports longitudinal data following the same individuals over a six-year period. The authors consider a variety of theoretical and methodological issues related to memory and aging.

Download or read book Memory written by Larry R. Squire and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1991 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together an internationally respected group of researchers for the purpose of examining neuroplasticity, a topic of immense current interest in psychology, neuroscience, neuropsychology, and clinical neurology. The chapters represent state-of-the-art work on neuroplasticity at all levels: behavioral, neural, and molecular. They describe recent work on memory ranging from cellular morphological studies in invertebrates to research on the human brain made possible by new advances in neuroimaging technology. The book begins with an introductory chapter that considers the psychology of memory at the global, structural level. The remainder of the volume is divided into three related parts. The first focuses on recent approaches, which are based in part on new technology, that aim to measure and describe activity in relatively large populations of neurons. The second focuses on memory at the level of brain systems. One major theme to emerge from work at this level is that memory is composed of multiple, separable components that can be identified with specific anatomical structures and connections. The third part of the book focuses on molecular and cellular studies that show how individual neurons and their synapses behave in a history-dependent manner. This research concerns both brief changes in synaptic plasticity as well as more lasting changes in connectivity, which depend on altered gene expression and morphological growth and change. Altogether, the chapters provide a rich summary of the breadth and excitement of contemporary research on the biology of memory.

Download or read book The Wiley Handbook on the Development of Children s Memory written by Patricia J. Bauer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-09-16 with total page 1745 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This all-embracing Handbook on the Development of Children’s Memory represents the first place in which critical topics in memory development are covered from multiple perspectives, from infancy through adolescence. Forty-four chapters are written by experienced researchers who have influenced the field. Edited by two of the world’s leading experts on the development of memory Discusses the importance of a developmental perspective on the study of memory The first ever handbook to bring together the world’s leading academics in one reference guide Each section has an introduction written by one of the Editors, who have also written an overall introduction that places the work in historical and contemporary contexts in cognitive and developmental psychology 2 Volumes