Download or read book Structural Research Strukturforschung written by Dr. André Guinier and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 107 In this way the absolute values of the structure factors may be found, not the phases (6. 8). The problem to find these phases is the phase problem. The present article will treat the following topics. At first the description of the ideal crystal will be given in Chap. B. The underlying principles of this description are the concepts of reciprocal lattice, FOURIER synthesis and sym metry. The evaluation of the intensity will then follow in Chap. C and D. Chap. E is concerned with the phase problem and related topics. Though this article treats the analysis of crystal structures, the fundamental concepts for other structures will here be found too. But these topics, and the experimental methods, will l find their place elsewhere . B. Description of the crystalline state. I. Lattice theory. a) The direct lattice. 8. Introduction. In Sect. 3, a description of the ideal crystal was given: The space, occupied by a crystal, is divided into congruent parallelepipeds, each with the same orientation. This parallelepiped is defined by the three basic vectors, a, band c, drawn from an origin 0 (Fig. 2), and is called the primitive cell. This cell is filled with atoms (or ions), and the same configuration of atoms is repeated in space. It has been aptly called a three-dimensional wallpaper, as on a wallpaper the same pattern is repeated again and again.
Download or read book Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods written by W. Hoppe and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods: Volume 5 presents discussions on application of diffraction methods in structure research. The book provides the aspects of structure research using various diffraction methods. The text contains 2 chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the general theory and experimental methods used in the study of all types of amorphous solid, by both X-ray and neutron diffraction, and the detailed bibliography of work on inorganic glasses. The second chapter discusses electron diffraction, one of the major methods of determining the structures of molecules in the gas phase. Chemists and molecular physicists will find the book a great source of information.
Download or read book Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods written by R. Brill and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Structure Research by Diffraction Methods reviews advances in the use of diffraction methods in structure research. Topics covered include the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction, with emphasis on Ewald waves in theory and experiment; dynamical theory of electron diffraction; small angle scattering; and molecular packing. This book is comprised of four chapters and begins with an overview of the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction, especially in terms of how it explains all the absorption and propagation properties of X-rays at the Bragg setting in a perfect crystal. The next chapter describes the dynamical theory of electron diffraction, paying particular attention to unconventional structure analysis in connection with the problems of absorption. The most important features of the background of small angle analysis are then examined, and some examples showing the direct analysis of small angle scattering (sometimes in combination with wide angle scattering) are provided. The last chapter deals with crystals built from molecules and their peculiar geometrical features. The principle of close packing of molecules in an organic crystal is also described, along with lattice dynamics, hydrogen bonds in crystals, and the rotational crystalline state. This monograph will be a useful resource for practitioners and researchers in physics and crystallography.
Download or read book Visuality and Virtuality written by Whitney Davis and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-06-14 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A provocative and challenging new conceptual framework for the study of images This book builds on the groundbreaking theoretical framework established in Whitney Davis’s acclaimed previous book, A General Theory of Visual Culture, in which he shows how certain culturally constituted aspects of artifacts and pictures are visible to informed viewers. Here, Davis uses revealing archaeological and historical case studies to further develop his theory, presenting an exacting new account of the interaction that occurs when a viewer looks at a picture. Davis argues that pictoriality—the depiction intended by its maker to be seen—emerges at a particular standpoint in space and time. Reconstruction of this standpoint is the first step of the art historian’s craft. Because standpoints are inherently mutable and mobile, pictoriality constantly shifts in form and possible meaning. To capture this complexity, Davis develops new concepts of radical pictorial ambiguity, including “bivisibility” (the fact that pictures can always be seen in ways other than intended), pictorial naturalism, and the behavior of pictures under changing angles of view. He then applies these concepts to four cases—Paleolithic cave painting; ancient Egyptian tomb decoration; classical Greek architectural sculpture, with a focus on the Parthenon frieze; and Renaissance perspective as invented by Brunelleschi. A profound new theory of the work of both makers and viewers by one of the discipline’s most esteemed and engaged thinkers, Visuality and Virtuality is essential reading for art historians, architects, archaeologists, and philosophers of art and visual theory.
Download or read book Science of Religion Studies in Methodology written by Lauri Honko and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-12-07 with total page 669 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sinceits founding by Jacques Waardenburg in 1971, Religion and Reason has been a leading forum for contributions on theories, theoretical issues and agendas related to the phenomenon and the study of religion. Topics include (among others) category formation, comparison, ethnophilosophy, hermeneutics, methodology, myth, phenomenology, philosophy of science, scientific atheism, structuralism, and theories of religion. From time to time the series publishes volumes that map the state of the art and the history of the discipline.
Download or read book Dreamland of Humanists written by Emily J. Levine and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2013-12-16 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deemed by Heinrich Heine a city of merchants where poets go to die, Hamburg was an improbable setting for a major intellectual movement. Yet it was there, at the end of World War I, at a new university in this commercial center, that a trio of twentieth-century pioneers in the humanities emerged. Working side by side, Aby Warburg, Ernst Cassirer, and Erwin Panofsky developed new avenues in art history, cultural history, and philosophy, changing the course of cultural and intellectual history in Weimar Germany and throughout the world. In Dreamland of Humanists, Emily J. Levine considers not just these men, but the historical significance of the time and place where their ideas took form. Shedding light on the origins of their work on the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, Levine clarifies the social, political, and economic pressures faced by German-Jewish scholars on the periphery of Germany’s intellectual world. By examining the role that context plays in our analysis of ideas, Levine confirms that great ideas—like great intellectuals—must come from somewhere.
Download or read book Neutron Scattering for the Analysis of Biological Structures written by Benno P. Schoenborn and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Theories Methods in Rural Community Studies written by H. Mendras and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the result of an international comparative research project entitled "The Future of Rural Communities in Industrialized Societies". The presentation of national studies led to discussions on the methods of local studies, on their theoretical basis and on their scientific and practical use. It is these discussions which are featured in this book. The national studies themselves are now published by Pergamon Press in volumes I and II of Rural Community Studies in Europe, with a third volume to come.
Download or read book Understanding German Real Estate Markets written by Tobias Just and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-06 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, experts discuss how German real estate values have remained stable throughout the financial crisis, even though transaction volumes have been very volatile since 2005. Consequently, risk-averse national and international investors have started to invest in virtually all German real estate asset classes. This book tries to answer what has made the German real estate markets more resilient to shocks than many European real estate markets by analyzing the economic, regulatory and demographic environment. In 30 well-structured chapters, experts from both the academic and professional world analyze structural and current issues of German real estate markets. Readers will get a deep understanding of what makes the German real estate market special and where potential opportunities and threats in Europe’s largest real estate market exist.
Download or read book International Research Centers Directory written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 1328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sir Arthur Evans and Minoan Crete written by Nanno Marinatos and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2014-12-22 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Before Sir Arthur Evans, the principal object of Greek prehistoric archaeology was the reconstruction of history in relation to myth. European travellers to Greece viewed its picturesque ruins as the gateway to mythical times, while Heinrich Schliemann, at the end of the nineteenth century, allegedly uncovered at Troy and Mycenae the legendary cities of the Homeric epics. It was Evans who, in his controversial excavations at Knossos, steered Aegean archaeology away from Homer towards the broader Mediterranean world. Yet in so doing he is thought to have done his own inventing, recreating the Cretan Labyrinth via the Bronze Age myth of the Minotaur. Nanno Marinatos challenges the entrenched idea that Evans was nothing more than a flamboyant researcher who turned speculation into history. She argues that Evans was an excellent archaeologist, one who used scientific observation and classification. Evans's combination of anthropology, comparative religion and analysis of cultic artefacts enabled him to develop a bold new method which Sir James Frazer called 'mental anthropology'. It was this approach that led him to propose remarkable ideas about Minoan religion, theories that are now being vindicated as startling new evidence comes to light. Examining the frescoes from Akrotiri, on Santorini, that are gradually being restored, the author suggests that Evans's hypothesis of one unified goddess of nature is the best explanation of what they signify. Evans was in 1901 ahead of his time in viewing comparable Minoan scenes as a blend of ritual action and mythic imagination. Nanno Marinatos is a leading authority on Minoan religion. In this latest book she combines history, archaeology and myth to bold and original effect, offering a wholly new appraisal of Evans and the significance of his work. Sir Arthur Evans and Minoan Crete will be essential reading for all students of Minoan civilization, as well as an irresistible companion for travellers to Crete.
Download or read book The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy Part 2 written by Peter W. Hawkes and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-04-26 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Beginnings of Electron Microscopy - Part 2, Volume 221 in the Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on Recollections from the Early Years: Canada-USA, My Recollection of the Early History of Our Work on Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope, Walter Hoppe (1917–1986), Reminiscences of the Development of Electron Optics and Electron Microscope Instrumentation in Japan, Early Electron Microscopy in The Netherlands, L. L. Marton, 1901-1979, The Invention of the Electron Fresnel Interference Biprism, The Development of the Scanning Electron Microscope, and much more. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics series
Download or read book Urban Core and Inner City written by Universiteit van Amsterdam and published by Brill Archive. This book was released on 1967 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Science of Crystal Structures written by Istvan Hargittai and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-09-09 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A volume which includes entries on quasicrystals, icosahedral packing, other packing considerations, extended structures, data treatment and data mining is presented by luminaries from the crystallography community. Several of the contributions are from the schools of such trend-setting crystallographers as J. Desmond Bernal and Aleksandr I. Kitaigorodskii. Internationally renowned scientists contributed such as Tom L. Blundell, Johann Jacob Burckhardt, John L. Finney, Jenny P. Glusker, Nobel laureate Herbert A. Hauptman, the 2014 Ewald-Prize winner A. Janner, Aminoff-Prize winner Isabella Karle, Nobel laureate Jerome Karle, Buckley-Prize winner Alan L. Mackay, Ewald-Prize winner David Sayre, Vladimir Shevchenko, and J. Fraser Stoddart. A few frontier topics dominate the selected material. Pioneers of the direct methods describe the phase problem and how it was solved, including the mathematical approach and the utilization of experience with gas-phase electron diffraction. The reviews by Herbert Hauptman, Jerome and Isabella Karle, and David Sayre reach to the present day in assessing the possibilities of X-ray crystallography. Another focus topic is the investigation of systems that are outside the so-called classical system of crystals. They include quasicrystals, imperfect and very small crystals, supramolecular species, crystal structures without lattice, clusters, nanomaterials among others. Application of synchrotron and cryoprotection techniques, the free-electron laser flash technique and others are mentioned in addition to X-ray crystallography. The relationship between structural and materials properties are examined and uncovered. The broader topics of the so-called generalized crystallography include polymers, clusters, polydisperse chain assemblies, and giant icosahedral fullerenes. There are some key contributions related to the structural investigation of biological macromolecules.
Download or read book World Directory of Crystallographers written by and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Tax Reform ETR written by Paul Ekins and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-07 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive analysis of an environmental tax reform where people are taxed on pollution and the use of natural resources instead of on their income, it looks at the challenges involved in implementing this tax reform across Europe.
Download or read book Structural Research Strukturforschung written by Andre Guinier and published by . This book was released on 2014-09-01 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
