Download or read book Stress Responses of Corals and Their Symbiotic Partners written by Contessa A. Ricci and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disease and temperature are primary threats to coral persistence, and these stresses can work synergistically to accelerate coral declines. In the face of climate change, understanding the effects of these stresses is key to understanding ecosystem services of future reefs. Corals are anamalgam of the coral animal, an intracellular dinoflagellate symbiont (family Symbiodiniaceae), and a consortium of other symbiotic microbes that exist in the coral surface mucus layer. As such, it is important to consider the role of each component. It is also important to view any coral study through the lens of immunity, as the existence of these symbionts ultimately occurs through the allowance of the coral host immune system. These works examine stress responses through this lens at three levels: 1) the intracellular symbiont; 2) the coral animal; and 3) the coral reef population. I use proteogenomic and biochemical techniques to assess the molecular processes at play during temperature and disease stresses. I show that responses to temperature overlap with, but are not the same as, disease responses, providing support for the specificity that can be achieved by the innate invertebrate immune system. These works provide the first cell surface proteome for a Symbiodiniaceae species and the first analysis of a coral immune response to consecutive bleaching seasons. Finally, they further the use of proteomics in the coral field, as the use of these techniques are still in its infancy. As such, they provide a framework for proteomic analysis within a non-model system.

Download or read book The Cellular Stress Response and Physiological Adaptations of Corals Subjected to Environmental Stressors and Pollutants written by Davide Seveso and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-07-18 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Coral Health and Disease written by Eugene Rosenberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-04-27 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book opens with case studies of reefs in the Red Sea, Caribbean, Japan, Indian Ocean and the Great Barrier Reef. A section on microbial ecology and physiology describes the symbiotic relations of corals and microbes, and the microbial role in nutrition or bleaching resistance of corals. Coral diseases are covered in the third part. The volume includes 50 color photos of corals and their environments

Download or read book The Future of Coral Reefs Subject to Rapid Climate Change Lessons from Natural Extreme Environments written by Emma F. Camp and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-01-22 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examination of corals and reef-associated organisms which endure in extreme coral reef environments is challenging our understanding of the conditions that organisms can survive under. By studying individuals naturally adapted to unfavorable conditions, we begin to better understand the important traits required to survive rapid environmental and climate change. This Research Topic, comprising reviews, and original research articles, demonstrates the current state of knowledge regarding the diversity of extreme coral habitats, the species that have been studied, and the knowledge to-date on the mechanisms, traits and trade-offs that have facilitated survival.

Download or read book A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-05 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral reef declines have been recorded for all major tropical ocean basins since the 1980s, averaging approximately 30-50% reductions in reef cover globally. These losses are a result of numerous problems, including habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, disease, and climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions and the associated increases in ocean temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have been implicated in increased reports of coral bleaching, disease outbreaks, and ocean acidification (OA). For the hundreds of millions of people who depend on reefs for food or livelihoods, the thousands of communities that depend on reefs for wave protection, the people whose cultural practices are tied to reef resources, and the many economies that depend on reefs for fisheries or tourism, the health and maintenance of this major global ecosystem is crucial. A growing body of research on coral physiology, ecology, molecular biology, and responses to stress has revealed potential tools to increase coral resilience. Some of this knowledge is poised to provide practical interventions in the short-term, whereas other discoveries are poised to facilitate research that may later open the doors to additional interventions. A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs reviews the state of science on genetic, ecological, and environmental interventions meant to enhance the persistence and resilience of coral reefs. The complex nature of corals and their associated microbiome lends itself to a wide range of possible approaches. This first report provides a summary of currently available information on the range of interventions present in the scientific literature and provides a basis for the forthcoming final report.

Download or read book Physiological Regulation and Homeostasis Among Coral Holobiont Partners written by Zhi Zhou and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Coral Reef Science written by Hajime Kayanne and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-19 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to illuminate coral reefs which comprise a symbiotic system coexisting among ecosystems, landforms, and humans at various levels and to provide a scientific basis for its reconstruction. The authors conducted an interdisciplinary project called “Coral Reef Science” from 2008 to 2012 and obtained novel results and clues to unite different disciplines for a coral reef as a key ecosystem.

Download or read book Symbioses and Stress written by Joseph Seckbach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-21 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Symbioses and Stress examines how organisms in tight symbiotic associations cope with abiotic and biotic stress. Presenting new findings on symbioses by experts and leading scholars in the field, this volume complements courses and lectures in biology and genetics.

Download or read book Coral Symbioses Under Stress written by Danielle C. Claar and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral reefs, the planet's most diverse marine ecosystems, are threatened globally by climate change and locally by overfishing and pollution. The dynamic partnership between coral and their endosymbiotic algae (Symbiodinium) is the foundation of all tropical reef ecosystems. Symbiodinium provide coral with nutrients for growth, but stress can break down this symbiosis, causing coral bleaching. There are also life-history trade-offs amongst Symbiodinium types - some provide coral with more nutrition, while others are better able to cope with environmental stressors. Although these symbioses are believed to be a critical element of reef resilience, little is known about how local and global stressors alter these partnerships. In this thesis, I combine synthetic literature reviews and a meta-analysis, with field research, molecular analyses, bioinformatics, and statistical analyses to investigate environmentally-driven mechanisms of change in coral-symbiont interactions with the aim of advancing understanding of how corals will adapt to the stressors they now face. First, I conducted a review of coral-Symbiodinium interactions, from molecules to ecosystems and summarized the current state of the field and knowledge gaps. Next, I conducted a meta-analysis of coral bleaching and mortality during El Niño events and created an open-source coral heat stress data product. I found that the 2015-2016 El Niño instigated unprecedented thermal stress on reefs globally, and that, across all El Niño events, coral bleaching and mortality were greater at locations with higher long-term mean temperatures. I provided recommendations for future bleaching surveys, and in a related perspectives piece, highlighted the importance of survey timing during prolonged coral bleaching events. The latter three empirical chapters are based on my six field expeditions to Kiritimati (Christmas Island). Taking advantage of the atoll's natural ecosystem-scale experiment, I tagged, sampled and tracked over 1,000 corals across its chronic human disturbance gradient. Since corals can uptake Symbiodinium from the surrounding environment, I first investigated the effect of local disturbance and winter storm waves on Symbiodinium communities in coral, sediment, and seawater. Greater variability in Symbiodinium communities at highly disturbed sites suggests that local disturbance destabilizes symbiont community structure. Since local disturbance influences Symbiodinium community structure and coral-associated microbial communities, I next examined the covariance of coral-associated Symbiodinium and microbial communities for six coral species across Kiritimati's disturbance gradient. Most strikingly, I found corals on Kiritimati that recovered from globally unprecedented thermal stress, experienced during the 2015-2016 El Niño, while they were still at elevated temperatures. This is notable, because no coral has previously been documented to recover from bleaching while still under heat stress. Only corals protected from local stressors exhibited this capacity. Protected corals had distinct pre-bleaching algal symbiont communities and recovered with different algal symbionts, suggesting that Symbiodinium are the mechanism of resilience and that protection governs their communities. Together, this research provides novel evidence that local protection may be more important for coral resilience than previously thought, and that variability in symbiotic and microbial communities provides a potentially flexible mechanism for corals to respond to both local and global stressors.

Download or read book Coral Reefs An Ecosystem in Transition written by Zvy Dubinsky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-02 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers in one volume materials scattered in hundreds of research articles, in most cases focusing on specialized aspects of coral biology. In addition to the latest developments in coral evolution and physiology, it presents chapters devoted to novel frontiers in coral reef research. These include the molecular biology of corals and their symbiotic algae, remote sensing of reef systems, ecology of coral disease spread, effects of various scenarios of global climate change, ocean acidification effects of increasing CO2 levels on coral calcification, and damaged coral reef remediation. Beyond extensive coverage of the above aspects, key issues regarding the coral organism and the reef ecosystem such as calcification, reproduction, modeling, algae, reef invertebrates, competition and fish are re-evaluated in the light of new research and emerging insights. In all chapters novel theories as well as challenges to established paradigms are introduced, evaluated and discussed. This volume is indispensible for all those involved in coral reef management and conservation.

Download or read book Coral Bleaching written by Madeleine J. H. van Oppen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most serious consequences of global climate change for coral reefs is the increased frequency and severity of mass coral bleaching events and, since the first edition of this volume was published in 2009, there have been additional mass coral bleaching events. This book provides comprehensive information on the causes and consequences of coral bleaching for coral reef ecosystems, from the genes and microbes involved in the bleaching response, to individual coral colonies and whole reef systems. It presents detailed analyses of how coral bleaching can be detected and quantified and reviews future scenarios based on modeling efforts and the potential mechanisms of acclimatisation and adaptation. It also briefly discusses emerging research areas that focus on the development of innovative interventions aiming to increase coral climate resilience and restore reefs.

Download or read book The Cellular Stress Response and Physiological Adaptations of Corals Subjected to Environmental Stressors and Pollutants volume II written by Davide Seveso and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-09-06 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the success of the first edition of The Cellular Stress Response and Physiological Adaptations of Corals Subjected to Environmental Stressors and Pollutants and the continuing advances in the field, we are pleased to announce the Volume II. Coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse and economically important ecosystems on the planet, providing several ecosystem services that are vital to humans. However, the health of corals worldwide is seriously threatened by a multitude of factors. Biotic stressors, such as predation outbreaks and epizootic diseases, and abiotic factors, including abnormally elevated and low sea temperatures, ocean acidification, high UV radiations, changes in salinity, are increasing the occurrence of local and mass coral bleaching events. Additionally, anthropogenic activities such as industrial pollution, coastal development, nutrient input, and recreational activities are leading to further reef degradation and mortality around the world.

Download or read book Coral Reefs in the Anthropocene written by Charles Birkeland and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-03 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume investigates the effects of human activities on coral reefs, which provide important life-supporting systems to surrounding natural and human communities. It examines the self-reinforcing ecological, economic and technological mechanisms that degrade coral reef ecosystems around the world. Topics include reefs and limestones in Earth history; the interactions between corals and their symbiotic algae; diseases of coral reef organisms; the complex triangle between reef fishes, seaweeds and corals; coral disturbance and recovery in a changing world. In addition, the authors take key recent advances in DNA studies into account which provides new insights into the population biology, patterns of species distributions, recent evolution and vulnerabilities to environmental stresses. These DNA analyses also provide new understandings of the limitations of coral responses and scales of management necessary to sustain coral reefs in their present states. Coral reefs have been essential sources of food, income and resources to humans for millennia. This book details the delicate balance that exists within these ecosystems at all scales, from geologic time to cellular interactions and explores how recent global and local changes influence this relationship. It will serve as an indispensable resource for all those interested in learning how human activities have affected this vital ecosystem around the world.

Download or read book Climate Change Effects on Coral Symbioses written by Andrea Chan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coral reefs are already suffering the impacts of global climate change, including mass coral bleaching, unprecedented disease outbreaks, and increased damage from more intense tropical storms. The loss of reefs would be devastating because these ecosystems support a diversity of fishes and invertebrates, as well as ecosystem services like commercially important fisheries, tourism revenue, and coastal protection. The framework of coral reefs is built by scleractinian corals, which form a symbiotic relationship with intracellular dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae. Understanding how a multi-faceted stressor like climate change will impact coral symbioses requires research conducted at multiple levels of organization, including gene expression and physiology, population connectivity, and interactions between species. For my thesis, I studied these impacts of climate change using three different scleractinian coral species. To increase our understanding of the cellular mechanisms resulting in coral bleaching, we conducted a chronic heat stress experiment using the facultatively symbiotic northern star coral, Astrangia poculata, which naturally occurs with (symbiotic) and without (aposymbiotic) its algal symbiont Breviolum psygmophilum sometimes on the same coral colony. With replicate symbiotic and aposymbiotic ramets of A. poculata, we could separate the heat stress response of the coral host from the coral in symbiosis with its symbiont, while also characterizing the response of the symbiont. Sustained high temperature stress resulted in photosynthetic dysfunction of the symbiont, including a drop in maximum photosynthesis rate, maximum photochemical efficiency, and the absorbance peak of chlorophyll a. Interestingly, the metabolic rates of symbiotic and aposymbiotic coral hosts were differentially impacted. RNAseq analysis revealed more differentially expressed genes between heat-stressed and control aposymbiotic colonies than heat-stressed and control symbiotic colonies. Notably, aposymbiotic colonies increased the expression of inflammation-associated genes such as nitric oxide synthases. Unexpectedly, the largest transcriptional response was observed between heat-stressed and control B. psygmophilum, including genes involved in photosynthesis, response to oxidative stress, and meiosis. Thus, in contrast with previous studies, the algal symbiont responded more strongly to high temperatures than the coral host, possibly resulting in suppressed immune function of the coral. In a separate study, I developed novel microsatellite markers to assess population and clonal structure in the threatened pillar coral, Dendrogyra cylindrus, and its specific symbiont, Breviolum dendrogyrum. Patterns of population structure differed between host and symbiont, with more restricted gene flow for the symbiont along the Florida Reef Tract. Sites with multiple colonies of D. cylindrus were found to be clonal, with the same genotype of the coral host often associating with the same strain of the algal symbiont. High clonality in Florida may have increased the vulnerability of D. cylindrus to a recent thermal stress-associated disease outbreak, resulting in a precipitous population decline. Lastly, I investigated clonal structure in the lobe coral, Porites lobata, in two regions with similar gradients of abiotic variables and bioeroding mussel densities. While genotypic diversity was lower at Galapagos sites that are more acidic, similar sites in Palau had relatively equal levels of genotypic diversity across an acidification gradient. These contrasting results are likely due to differences in biotic interactions between the two regions, such as the presence of coral-biting triggerfish in the Galapagos that prey on bioeroding mussels. This points to the importance of considering these interactions when predicting how climate change could impact asexual reproduction in foundational species like corals. Overall, the work presented in this thesis highlights the variability of biological responses at different levels of organization in coral reef environments that will continue to be impacted by climate change.

Download or read book The Cnidaria Past Present and Future written by Stefano Goffredo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-07 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a broad panorama of the current status of research of invertebrate animals considered belonging to the phylum Cnidaria, such as hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone, and coral. In this book the Cnidarians are traced from the Earth’s primordial oceans, to their response to the warming and acidifying oceans. Due to the role of corals in the carbon and calcium cycles, various aspects of cnidarian calcification are discussed. The relation of the Cnidaria with Mankind is approached, in accordance with the Editors’ philosophy of bridging the artificial schism between science, arts and Humanities. Cnidarians' encounters with humans result in a broad spectrum of medical emergencies that are reviewed. The final section of the volume is devoted to the role of Hydra and Medusa in mythology and art.

Download or read book Coral Health and Disease written by Eugene Rosenberg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book opens with case studies of reefs in the Red Sea, Caribbean, Japan, Indian Ocean and the Great Barrier Reef. A section on microbial ecology and physiology describes the symbiotic relations of corals and microbes, and the microbial role in nutrition or bleaching resistance of corals. Coral diseases are covered in the third part. The volume includes 50 color photos of corals and their environments

Download or read book Coral Reefs and Climate Change written by Jonathan Turnbull Phinney and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 2006-01-10 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Volume 61. The effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and related climate change on shallow coral reefs are gaining considerable attention for scientific and economic reasons worldwide. Although increased scientific research has improved our understanding of the response of coral reefs to climate change, we still lack key information that can help guide reef management. Research and monitoring of coral reef ecosystems over the past few decades have documented two major threats related to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2: (1) increased sea surface temperatures and (2) increased seawater acidity (lower pH). Higher atmospheric CO2 levels have resulted in rising sea surface temperatures and proven to be an acute threat to corals and other reef-dwelling organisms. Short periods (days) of elevated sea surface temperatures by as little as 1–2°C above the normal maximum temperature has led to more frequent and more widespread episodes of coral bleaching-the expulsion of symbiotic algae. A more chronic consequence of increasing atmospheric CO2 is the lowering of pH of surface waters, which affects the rate at which corals and other reef organisms secrete and build their calcium carbonate skeletons. Average pH of the surface ocean has already decreased by an estimated 0.1 unit since preindustrial times, and will continue to decline in concert with rising atmospheric CO2. These climate-related Stressors combined with other direct anthropogenic assaults, such as overfishing and pollution, weaken reef organisms and increase their susceptibility to disease.