Download or read book Stress Measurement in Rail Using Ultrasonic based Nondestructive Methods and Strain Gage Hole drilling written by D. Utrata and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hole Drilling Method for Measuring Residual Stresses written by Gary S. and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the theory and practice of the Hole-Drilling Method for measuring residual stresses in engineering components. Such measurements are important because residual stresses have a "hidden" character because they exist locked-in within a material, independent of any external load. These stresses are typically created during component manufacture, for example, during welding, casting, or forming. Because of their hidden nature, residual stresses are difficult to measure and consequently are often ignored. However, they directly add to loading stresses and can cause catastrophic failure if not properly included during engineering design. Thus, there is an urgent need to be able to identify and measure residual stresses conveniently and reliably. The Hole-Drilling Method provides an adaptable and well-proven method for measuring residual stresses in a wide range of materials and component types. It is convenient to use and gives reliable results. Because of the hidden nature of residual stresses, the measurement method must necessarily be indirect, thus, additional care and conceptual understanding are necessary to achieve successful results. This book provides a practical introduction to the Hole-Drilling Method, starting from its historical roots and going on to focus on its modern practice. The various chapters describe the nature of residual stresses, the principle of hole-drilling measurements, procedures and guidance on how to make successful measurements, and effective mathematical procedures for stress computation and analysis. The book is intended for practitioners who need to make residual stress measurements either occasionally or routinely, for practicing engineers, for researchers, and for graduate engineering and science students.
Download or read book Determination of the Accuracy of Residual Stress Measurement Methods written by Tendai Chipanga and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2010-12 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book appeals to an audience in the engineering field specifically Mechanical Engineering. Professional design engineers will find this work useful in the estimation of the magnitudes of residual stresses in components and correctly account for them when determining factors of safety. Destructive and non-destructive technicians will find it helpful in the condition monitoring of plant and equipment while a basis for researchers is laid to pursue further work.The book focuses on the measurements of displacements, time of flight/ultrasonic velocity and strains in steel specimens which subsequently prompts the calculation of stresses. The following methods are covered; Hole Drilling, Ultrasonic (Debro-30) System and Digital Shearography. Emphasis is laid on the experimental procedures and the analysis of the results thereof. A novel technique of quantifying residual stresses using shearograms obtained from Digital Shearography experimental data is proposed. This however warrants further investigations that require independent verification stress measurement methods.
Download or read book Measurement of Residual Stresses by the Hole drilling Strain Gage Method written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Residual stress in rails written by Oscar Orringer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1992-03-15 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These volumes contain contributions from a conference on the themes of measurement and prediction of residual stress in railroad rails. The first volume features practical railway experience and laboratory tests, while the second one presents theoretical and numerical analyses.
Download or read book Determining Material Characterization written by Jack C. Spanner and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics written by William N. Sharpe, Jr. and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-04 with total page 1100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics documents both the traditional techniques as well as the new methods for experimental studies of materials, components, and structures. The emergence of new materials and new disciplines, together with the escalating use of on- and off-line computers for rapid data processing and the combined use of experimental and numerical techniques have greatly expanded the capabilities of experimental mechanics. New exciting topics are included on biological materials, MEMS and NEMS, nanoindentation, digital photomechanics, photoacoustic characterization, and atomic force microscopy in experimental solid mechanics. Presenting complete instructions to various areas of experimental solid mechanics, guidance to detailed expositions in important references, and a description of state-of-the-art applications in important technical areas, this thoroughly revised and updated edition is an excellent reference to a widespread academic, industrial, and professional engineering audience.
Download or read book Non destructive and Semi destructive Methods for Thermal Stress Measurement in the Continuous Welded Rails written by Xuan Zhu and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In-situ stress determination in structures under environmental variability without a reference value is a challenging experimental mechanics task. One potential application of this task is the management of longitudinal loads in railroad structures: the absence of expansion joints in Continuous Welded Rail (CWR) has created the need for the railroad industry to determine the in-situ thermal stress levels for rail buckling and breakage prevention. This dissertation examines the potentials of a nondestructive method, namely Electro-Mechanical Impedance (EMI) method, and a semi-destructive method, the hole-drilling test procedure, to provide an estimation of axial stress in bar-like structures. The EMI method is completely non-destructive, as it simply involves bonding a piezoelectric element on the host structure and measuring the electrical admittance signature of the PZT-structure assembly in selected frequency bands. This non-invasive method features the easiness of implementation and interpretation, while it is notoriously known for being vulnerable to environmental variability. A comprehensive analytical model is proposed to relate the measured electric admittance signatures to uniaxial applied stress and temperature, respectively, as functions of relevant parameters of the EMI monitoring system. The model results compare favorably to the experimental ones, where the sensitivities of features extracted from the admittance signatures to the varying stress levels and temperatures are determined. The temperature compensation algorithms are proposed, and the final results illustrate that the frameworks are capable to eliminate the temperature effect and highlight the ones from thermal stress. On the other hand, the semi-destructive hole-drilling method is explored as a possible solution for thermal stress measurement. A new set of calibration coefficients to compute the stress field relieved by fine hole depth increments required by the high strength steel was determined. The new calibration coefficients were experimentally validated on an aluminum plate subjected to a known uniaxial load. The thermal stress levels of constrained rails were estimated after compensation for the residual stress components, based on statistical relationships developed experimentally between the longitudinal and the vertical residual stresses. The results showed that the hole-drilling procedure, with appropriate calibration coefficients and residual stress compensation, can estimate the in-situ rail thermal stresses with an expected accuracy that is within the industry acceptable levels.
Download or read book Heat Effects of Welding written by Dieter Radaj and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Almost all welding technology depends upon the use of concentrated energy sources to fuse or soften the material locally at the joint, before such energy can be diffused or dispersed elsewhere. Although comprehensive treatments of transient heat flow as a controlling influence have been developed progressively and published over the past forty years, the task of uniting the results compactly within a textbook has become increasingly formidable. With the comparative scarcity of such works, welding engineers have been denied the full use of powerful design analysis tools. During the past decade Dr Radaj has prepared to fulfil this need, working from a rich experience as pioneer researcher and teacher, co-operator with Professor Argyris at Stuttgart University in developing the finite element method for stress analysis of aircraft and power plant structures, and more recently as expert consultant on these and automotive structures at Daimler Benz. His book appeared in 1988 in the German language, and this updated English language edition will significantly increase the availability of the work.
Download or read book Residual Stress Measurements of Unblasted and Sandblasted Mild Steel Specimens Using Diffraction Strain gage Hole Drilling and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry ESPI Hole Drilling Methods written by Saskia Indah Lestari and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of this research are to measure residual stress in both unblasted and sandblasted mild steel specimens by using three different techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), strain-gage hole drilling (SGHD), and electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) hole drilling, and to validate the new ESPI hole drilling method by comparing its measurement results to those produced by the SGHD method. Both the XRD and SGHD methods were selected because they are accurate and well-verified approaches for residual stress measurements. The ESPI hole drilling technique is a new technology developed based on the SGHD technique, without the use of strain gage. This technique is incorporated into a new product referred to as the PRISM system, manufactured by Hytec, Incorporated, in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Each method samples a different volume of material at different depths into the surface. XRD method is especially different compared to the other two methods, since XRD only measures stresses at a depth very close to the surface (virtually zero depth). For this reason, no direct comparisons can be made between XRD and SGHD, as well as between XRD and ESPI hole drilling. Therefore, direct comparisons can only be made between SGHD and ESPI hole drilling methods.
Download or read book Residual Stresses 2016 written by Thomas M. Holden and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2017-03-15 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Residual Stresses 10 and is devoted to the prediction/modelling, evaluation, control, and application of residual stresses in engineering materials. New developments, on stress-measurement techniques, on modelling and prediction of residual stresses and on progress made in the fundamental understanding of the relation between the state of residual stress and the material properties, are highlighted. The proceedings offer an overview of the current understanding of the role of residual stresses in materials used in wide ranging application areas.
Download or read book Residual Stress Measurement and the Slitting Method written by Weili Cheng and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-02-24 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides complete coverage of the slitting method. It details new results in analysis, computation, and estimation and discusses different roles of residual stresses from the fracture mechanics perspective. It provides detailed formulations and examples of compliance functions, weighted least squares fit and convergence test in stress estimation, and computer programs to facilitate the implementation of the slitting method.
Download or read book Residual Stresses 2018 written by Marc Seefeldt and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2018-10-10 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The European Conference on Residual Stresses (ECRS) series is the leading European forum for scientific exchange on internal and residual stresses in materials. It addresses both academic and industrial experts and covers a broad gamut of stress-related topics from instrumentation via experimental and modelling methodology up to stress problems in specific processes such as welding or shot-peening, and their impact on materials properties. Chapters: Diffraction Methods; Mechanical Relaxation Methods; Acoustic and Electromagnetic Methods; Composites, Nano and Microstructures; Films, Coatings and Oxides; Cold Working and Machining; Heat Treatments and Phase Transformations; Welding, Fatigue and Fracture: Stresses in Additive Manufacturing.
Download or read book Handbook of Measurement of Residual Stresses written by Society for Experimental Mechanics (U.S.) and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1996 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions from 24 authorities from around the world, this handbook provides an authoritative reference resource on the impact of residual stresses on mechanical properties of materials and structures. Detailed descriptions of a full range of measuring techniques, including hole drilling, layer removal, sectioning, X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and ultrasonic methods, are included. A variety of case studies which illustrate use of specific techniques are included to facilitate understanding. Design and structural engineers, metallurgists, and material scientists will should find valuable information covering recent developments in residual stress measuring techniques, with guidelines provided for selecting the right measuring strategy for each specific application, and many helpful tips for improving quality control.
Download or read book Structural and Residual Stress Analysis by Nondestructive Methods written by V. Hauk and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1997-11-10 with total page 655 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of stress analysis has gained its momentum from the widespread applications in industry and technology and has now become an important part of materials science. Various destructive as well as nondestructive methods have been developed for the determination of stresses. This timely book provides a comprehensive review of the nondestructive techniques for strain evaluation written by experts in their respective fields.The main part of the book deals with X-ray stress analysis (XSA), focussing on measurement and evaluation methods which can help to solve the problems of today, the numerous applications of metallic, polymeric and ceramic materials as well as of thin-film-substrate composites and of advanced microcomponents. Furthermore it contains data, results, hints and recommendations that are valuable to laboratories for the certification and accreditation of their stress analysis.Stress analysis is an active field in which many questions remain unsettled. Accordingly, unsolved problems and conflicting results are discussed as well. The assessment of the experimentally determined residual and structural stress states on the static and dynamic behavior of materials and components is handled in a separate chapter.Students and engineers of materials science and scientists working in laboratories and industries will find this book invaluable.
Download or read book Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole drilling Strain gage Method written by ASTM International and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Ultrasonic Methods for Rail Inspection written by Robert Ronald Phillips and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between January 2002 and January 2012, over 6,500 derailments due to internal defects and track misalignments, known as sunkinks, occurred in the US, with associated ~ 1 billion dollars of direct and indirect cost to the railroad industry. Internal defects in rails are the result of manufacturing defects and rail wear. Current rail inspection methods have well known limitations that prevent them from detecting all of the critical flaws with minimum false positive rates. Safety Recommendations issued by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) following the disastrous train derailments at Superior, WI in 1992 and Oneida, NY in 2007, among others, reiterated the need to improve current rail inspection methods. Sunkinks are the result of excessive compressive thermal loads developed in Continuous Welded Rail (CWR) in hot weather. In order to monitor the possibility of a sunkink, the rail industry necessitates of a reliable method to indicate the level of thermal stress in the rail in a nondestructive and practical manner. Both the Federal Railroad Administration and the railroads are still searching for such method for in-situ thermal stress measurement in rails. is not the search. The goal of this dissertation is to improve the state of the art of ultrasonic wave propagation in waveguides, with specific applications to : (1) improving internal defect detection in rails, and (2) measuring thermal loads in rails. On the first application (defect detection), a prototype has been developed using non-contact means of generating and detecting guided waves in rails. Specifically, the prototype uses a pulsed laser for wave generation and air-coupled sensors for wave detection. The system also employs real-time statistical processing of the ultrasonic measurements that maximizes the sensitivity to defects while minimizing false positives. The prototype was field tested with excellent results in terms of defect detection reliability. On the second application (thermal stress measurement), the techniques of guided-wave velocity change and Electro-Mechanical Impedance (EMI) changes have been explored. The wave velocity change is traditionally used in the field of bulk waves (acousto-elasticity). The extension to guided waves is not obvious. The EMI method is conventionally used to detect structural defects close to the probing transducer by measuring the coupled transducer-structure electrical impedance. The EMI method is less used to measure load levels in the structure. A model has been developed to predict the electro-mechanical response of a piezoelectric transducer mounted on a structure subjected to quasi-static loads. Experimental validation has been performed at UCSD's Large-Scale Rail Buckling Testbed, a unique 70ft-long track of CWR that was constructed at UCSD's Powell Labs for this project. Both techniques of guided-wave velocity measurements and EMI measurements have shown to have some promise, once the effects of temperature alone are compensated for.
