Download or read book Stress corrosion cracking of steel in industrial process environments written by Edward Ernest Heaver and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steels in Industrial Process Environments written by E. E. Heaver and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking written by V S Raja and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-09-22 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The problem of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which causes sudden failure of metals and other materials subjected to stress in corrosive environment(s), has a significant impact on a number of sectors including the oil and gas industries and nuclear power production. Stress corrosion cracking reviews the fundamentals of the phenomenon as well as examining stress corrosion behaviour in specific materials and particular industries.The book is divided into four parts. Part one covers the mechanisms of SCC and hydrogen embrittlement, while the focus of part two is on methods of testing for SCC in metals. Chapters in part three each review the phenomenon with reference to a specific material, with a variety of metals, alloys and composites discussed, including steels, titanium alloys and polymer composites. In part four, the effect of SCC in various industries is examined, with chapters covering subjects such as aerospace engineering, nuclear reactors, utilities and pipelines.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Stress corrosion cracking is an essential reference for engineers and designers working with metals, alloys and polymers, and will be an invaluable tool for any industries in which metallic components are exposed to tension, corrosive environments at ambient and high temperatures. - Examines the mechanisms of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) presenting recognising testing methods and materials resistant to SCC - Assesses the effect of SCC on particular metals featuring steel, stainless steel, nickel-based alloys, magnesium alloys, copper-based alloys and welds in steels - Reviews the monitoring and management of SCC and the affect of SCC in different industries such as petrochemical and aerospace

Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steels in Industrial Process Environments written by Edward Ernest Heaver and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interactions between engineering materials and their environment which give rise to stress corrosion cracking are reviewed and industrial examples from the petrochemical industry are described. In one of the examples, cracking took place in carbon steel exposed to pressurised gas containing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water. The crack morphology in this system was studied by metallography of samples from industrial gas processing plants and the crack growth rates were determined using precracked specimens. Constant extension rate tests, U-bend specimens and potentiodynamic studies were used to evaluate alternative materials and inhibitor additions in CO-C02-H20 environments. Electrochemical noise was accessed as a technique to monitor sec on line. It was found that the CO-C02-H20 system was characterised by a time dependent adsorption of carbon monoxide at anodic and cathodic sites. The adsorption produced a critical balance between crack tip corrosion rate and the repassivation process comparable to the behaviour at the active-passive transition zone in more conventional systems. The anodic passivation exhibited a breakdown potential near to -400 mV (Ag/ AgCI) that defined the zone of sec susceptibility. Inhibition by CO and hence sec was virtually independent of CO partial pressure provided there was a sufficient reservoir of CO. The addition of commercial film forming inhibitors did not greatly influence the system and sec was still observed in CO-C02-H20 environments to which inhibitors had been added. Steels containing alloy additions of more than 9 % chromium were found to be resistant to sec but austenitic-ferritic weld joints cracked. A low alloy 3% nickel steel performed well in the constant extension rate tests but was not wholly resistant to sec. The morphology of stress corrosion cracks in CO-C02-H20 mixtures was influenced by carbon monoxide partial pressure. More corrosion was observed on the crack walls at low carbon monoxide partial pressure and widened cracks resembling mesa Ģ corrosion were common. This increased corrosion was probably due to difficulty in maintaining passivity in the crevice formed by the growing crack. Similarly, crevicing in precracked specimens appeared to inhibit sec and no crack extension was observed. Electrochemical noise proved to be a useful tool for monitoring.

Download or read book Stress corrosion Cracking of High strength Stainless Steels in Atmospheric Environments written by C. J. Slunder and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines written by Y. Frank Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-13 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking—the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies—this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.

Download or read book Environmental and Industrial Corrosion written by Benjamin Valdez and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2012-12-12 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nowadays, it is generally accepted that in the natural and industrial environments, corrosion and pollution are interrelated harmful processes since many water, air and soil pollutants accelerate corrosion, and corrosion products such as rust, oxides and salts, also pollute water bodies at ports, rivers, dams, canals and shipyards. Both are pernicious processes that impair the durability of the infrastructure assets, the industry efficiency and profitability and the quality of the environment. Therefore, it is essential to develop and to apply corrosion engineering control methods and techniques, in particular those being environment-friendly. In this crucial time of worldwide energy crisis and economic turmoil, cost effective corrosion control will extend the life of the infrastructure saving large expenses in materials, equipment and structures. This book will contribute to achieve this important mission!

Download or read book Stress corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen stress Cracking of High strength Steel written by Ellis E. Fletcher and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-strength steels are susceptible to delayed cracking under suitable conditions. Frequently such a brittle failure occurs at a stress that is only a fraction of the nominal yield strength. Considerable controversy exists over whether such failures result from two separate and distinct phenomena or whether there is but one mechanism called by two different names. Stress-corrosion cracking is the process in which a crack propagates, at least partially, by the stress induced corrosion of a susceptible metal at the advancing tip of the stress-corrosion crack. There is considerable evidence that this cracking results from the electrtrochemical corrosion of a metal subjected to tensile stresses, either residual or externally applied. Hydrogen-stress cracking is cracking which occurs as the result of hydrogen in the metal lattice in combination with tensile stresses. Hydrogen-stress cracking cannot occur if hydrogen is prevented from entering the steel, or if hydrogen that has entered during processing or service is removed before permanent damage has occurred. It is generally agreed that corrosion plays no part in the actual fracture mechanism. This report was prepared to point out wherein the two fracture mechanisms under consideration are similar and wherein they differ. From the evidence available today, the present authors have concluded that there are two distinct mechansims of delayed failure. (Author).

Download or read book Influence of Material and Processing on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Prestressing Steel Case Studies written by fib Fédération internationale du béton and published by fib Fédération internationale du béton. This book was released on 2003 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is a review of selected failures in concrete structures in which prestressing steels break in a brittle way due to stress corrosion cracking. Most cases are from the German experience over a period of about 30 years. Analysis of these failures shows that they are often due to an accumulation of causes such as poor design, errors during construction, careless detailing and, in some cases, use of unsuitable materials. This report will have achieved its purpose if it serves to avoid these past errors and encourages the development of new ways to protect, test and regulate prestressing steels. The report is complemented with comments on the properties and corrosion behaviour of different types of prestressing steels. The goal of the study is to provide objective arguments for the discussion of failures that have occurred due to corrosion induced failure of prestressing steel. In such a way the general regulation given in DIN with respect to reinforcement for robustness may eventually be proven inappropriate. The general building authority approval for prestressed hollow filler block floors already supports such an idea. It is well known that the hollow block floor industry works without any reinforcing steel. The regulations in the standards should not limit in particular the use of these types of prestressing steel (cold-formed wires, strands) which have proven not associated with any substantial failures cases reported in the last 35 years. The report reviews the historical development with respect to corrosion induced failure of prestressing steel. Concerning the circumstances of the failure examples, this review partly reflects a specific problem in Germany. Also reviewed are other known interregional examples of failure which are incorrectly attributed to the prestressed construction method. All cases considered are discussed and the failure reasons thoroughly evaluated, also with reference to the results of most recent research. Another question addressed is whether one should be concerned over corrosion induced retarded failure even when using new generation prestressing steel with correct corrosion protection. Finally a contribution to the following very important question is presented: Do the future prestressed structures possess enough safety against structural failure if they are constructed without reinforcement for robustness but otherwise comply completely with the design standards? To aid a better understanding of this short report on typical failure cases and their origins, the main conditions are set out for corrosion-induced failure of prestressing steel in technical applications. The properties of different types of prestressing steel and their application limits are given in a special section dealing with the influence of building materials on damage development. This report will be of interest to all involved in the construction process. Fundamental scientific discussion has been avoided by reference to well accredited detailed information in the technical literature.

Download or read book Corrosion of Aluminium written by Christian Vargel and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-10-02 with total page 659 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corrosion of Aluminium highlights the practical and general aspects of the corrosion of aluminium alloys with many illustrations and references. In addition to that, the first chapter allows the reader who is not very familiar with aluminium to understand the metallurgical, chemical and physical features of the aluminium alloys. The author Christian Vargel, has adopted a practitioner approach, based on the expertise and experience gained from a 40 year career in aluminium corrosion This approach is most suitable for assessing the corrosion resistance of aluminium- an assessment which is one of the main conditions for the development of many uses of aluminium in transport, construction, power transmission etc. - 600 bibliographic references provide a comprehensive guide to over 100 years of related study - Providing practical applications to the reader across many industries - Accessible to both the beginner and the expert

Download or read book Structural Integrity of Fasteners Including the Effects of Environment and Stress Corrosion Cracking written by Pir M. Toor and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2007 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Eleven peer-reviewed papers provide the latest information on the structural integrity of fasteners, including the effect s of environmental and stress corrosion cracking. For Sections cover:Fatigue and Crack Growth Experimental Techniques?three papers cover the development of a fastener structural element test for certifying navy fasteners material; experimental crack growth behavior for aerospace application; and influence of cold rolling threads before and after heat treatment on the fatigue resistance of high strength coarse thread bolts for multiple preload conditions. Design/Environmental Effects?two papers examined the relationship between the tightening speed with friction and clamped-load; and the optimum thread rolling process that improves SCC resistance to improve quality of design. Fatigue and Crack Growth Analytical Techniques?three papers describe current analytical techniques for fatigue and crack growth evaluations of fasteners; a numerical crack growth model using the finite element analysis generated stress field; and s the resistance of high strength fine thread bolts for multiple preload conditions. Design Consideration?focuses on the comprehensive nonlinear 3D finite element model to simulate a displacement controlled for riveted structure; state-of-the-art fatigue crack growth analysis techniques which are used in various industries to damage tolerance evaluation of structures; and the material stress state within the thread of the bolt; and on each parameter affecting the structural integrity of a bolted joint.

Download or read book Environmental and Metallurgical Factors of Stress corrosion Cracking in High strength Steels written by C. J. Slunder and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stress corrosion Cracking written by Warren E. Berry and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking in Gaseous and Aqueous Environments written by George Earl Kerns and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 838 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Corrosion of Weldments written by Joseph R. Davis and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corrosion failures of industrial components are commonly associated with welding. The reasons are many and varied. For example, welding may reduce the resistance to corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking by altering composition and microstructure, modifying mechanical properties, introducing residual stress, and creating physical defects. This book details the many forms of weld corrosion and the methods used to minimize weld corrosion. Chapters on specific alloys groups--carbon and alloy steels, stainless steels, high-nickel alloys, and nonferrous alloys--describe both general welding characteristics and the metallurgical factors that influence corrosion behavior. Corrosion problems associated with dissimilar metal weldments are also examined. Case histories document corrosion problems unique to specific industries including oil and gas, chemical processing, pulp and paper, and electric power. Special challenges caused by high-temperature environments are discussed. Commonly used methods to monitor weld corrosion and test methods for evaluation of intergranular, pitting, crevice, stress-corrosion cracking, and other forms of corrosion are also reviewed.

Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of X65 Pipeline Steel in Fuel Grade Ethanol Environments written by Lindsey R. Goodman and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, the demand for alternatives to fossil fuels has risen dramatically, and ethanol fuel has become an important liquid fuel alternative globally. The most efficient mode of transportation of petroleum-based fuel is via pipelines, and due to the 300% increase in ethanol use in the U.S. in the past decade, a similar method of conveyance must be adopted for ethanol. Low-carbon, low-alloy pipeline steels like X52, X60, and X65 comprise the existing fuel transmission pipeline infrastructure. However, similar carbon steels, used in the ethanol processing and production industry, were found to exhibit stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in ethanol service. Prior work has shown that contaminants absorbed by the ethanol during distillation, processing or transport could be the possible determinants of SCC susceptibility; 200 proof ethanol alone was shown not to cause SCC in laboratory studies. To ensure the safety and integrity of the pipeline system, it was necessary to perform a mechanistic study of SCC of pipeline steel in fuel grade ethanol (FGE).\r : The objective of this work was to determine the environmental factors relating to SCC of X65 steel in fuel grade ethanol (FGE) environments. To accomplish this, a systematic study was done to test effects of FGE feedstock and common contaminants and constituents such as water, chloride, dissolved oxygen, and organic acids on SCC behavior of an X65 pipeline steel. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were employed to evaluate and compare specific constituents' effects on crack density, morphology, and severity of SCC of X65 in FGE. SCC did not occur in commercial FGE environments, regardless of the ethanol feedstock. In both FGE and simulated fuel grade ethanol (SFGE), SCC of carbon steel was found to occur at low water contents (below 5 vol%) when chloride was present above a specific threshold quantity. Cl- threshold for SCC varied from 10ppm in FGE to approximately 1 ppm in SFGE. SCC of carbon steel was inhibited when oxygen was removed from solution via N2 purge or pHe was increased by addition of NaOH. During SSRT, in-situƠ electrochemical measurements showed a significant role of film rupture in the SCC mechanism. Analysis of repassivation kinetics in mechanical scratch tests revealed a large initial anodic dissolution current spike in SCC-causing environments, followed by repassivation indicated by current transient decay. In the deaerated environments, repassivation did not occur, while in alkaline SFGE repassivation was significantly more rapid than in SCC-inducing SFGE. Composition and morphology of the passive film on X65 during static exposure tests was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results showed stability of an air-formed native oxide under static immersion in neutral (pHe = 5.4) SFGE, and dissolution of the film when pHe was decreased to 4.3. XPS spectra indicated changes in film composition at high pHe (near 13) and in environments lacking sufficient water. In light of all results, a film-rupture anodic-dissolution mechanism is proposed in which local plastic strains facilitates local breakdown of the air-formed oxide film, causing iron to dissolve anodically. During crack propagation anodic dissolution occurs at the crack tip while crack walls repassivate preserving crack geometry and local stress concentration at the tip. It is also proposed that SCC can be mitigated by use of alkaline inhibitors that speed repassivation and promotes formation of a more protective Fe(OH)3 film.

Download or read book Principles of Corrosion Engineering and Corrosion Control written by Zaki Ahmad and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-09-18 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corrosion is a huge issue for materials, mechanical, civil and petrochemical engineers. With comprehensive coverage of the principles of corrosion engineering, this book is a one-stop text and reference for students and practicing corrosion engineers. Highly illustrated, with worked examples and definitions, it covers basic corrosion principles, and more advanced information for postgraduate students and professionals. Basic principles of electrochemistry and chemical thermodynamics are incorporated to make the book accessible for students and engineers who do not have prior knowledge of this area. Each form of corrosion covered in the book has a definition, description, mechanism, examples and preventative methods. Case histories of failure are cited for each form. End of chapter questions are accompanied by an online solutions manual.* Comprehensively covers the principles of corrosion engineering, methods of corrosion protection and corrosion processes and control in selected engineering environments* Structured for corrosion science and engineering classes at senior undergraduate and graduate level, and is an ideal reference that readers will want to use in their professional work* Worked examples, extensive end of chapter exercises and accompanying online solutions and written by an expert from a key pretochemical university