Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Linepipe Steels in Near Neutral PH Environment written by W. Zheng and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress corrosion cracking (SCC), a form of environment-assisted cracking, has caused 24 major pipeline failures in the Canadian oil and gas pipeline system. The role of stress in the SCC of linepipe steels in near-neutral pH environment, as in other SCC systems, is complex. In this paper, the effects of stress on the development of both axial cracking and circumferential cracking are reviewed. The long-term beneficial effect of compressive stress introduced by hydrostatic testing is also discussed.
Download or read book Effect of the Environment on Near neutral PH Stress Corrosion Cracking of X 52 Pipeline Steel written by Haishan Wang and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mechanistic Studies on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipeline Steels in Near neutral PH Environments written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines written by Y. Frank Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-13 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking—the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies—this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.
Download or read book Growth Behavior of Surface Cracks in Pipeline Steels Exposed to Near neutral PH Environments written by Afolabi T. Egbewande and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study is part of a larger study designed to help a consortium of pipeline operators replace current (very expensive) approaches to managing stress corrosion cracking (SCC) concerns in near-neutral pH (NNPH) environments with mathematical models that predict SCC growth rates. This could significantly reduce the cost of pipeline integrity management programs. The goal was to help find ways to improve the accuracy of existing models. NNPHSCC cracks are surface-type flaws. However, NNPHSCC was typically modelled as through-thickness cracks in previous laboratory studies. This was identified as a major reason why current NNPHSCC models are inaccurate. Therefore, this study was designed to model NNPHSCC cracks as surface-type flaws rather than through-thickness cracks. Results showed contrary to popular opinion that surface-type flaws propagated less rapidly than through-thickness cracks in NNPHSCC environments. Also, inherent variations in the local environment under a disbondment produce hydrogen concentration gradients that result in very high propagation rates at the open mouth of a disbondment. The propagation rate declines very sharply non-linearly distance away from the open mouth inside the disbondment. It was determined the environmental factor used to account for the contribution of the environment to crack propagation, could be up to ten times higher at the open mouth compared to other locations under the disbondment. Identifying these issues helps to guide NNPHSCC modellers in selecting more appropriate growth rates for SCC programs. A series of propagation rate ranges under various environmental and mechanical loading conditions were determined. Contrary to popular opinions, increased CO2 concentration in groundwater decreased crack propagation rates by intensifying (environmental) crack tip blunting. This delayed crack re-initiation from a dormant state. Under benign loading conditions, this helps to reduce/stop iv crack growth by driving towards dormancy. Mechanically blunting a crack tip was found to produce the same effect. Hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity (also called hydrogen enhanced low temperature creep) was found to be responsible for this blunting effect. Means of manipulating the mechanical loading factors to produce this effect were identified.
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near neutral PH Solutions written by Weize Yu and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of Plasticity on Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of X 52 Pipeline Steel in Near neutral PH Environment written by Xiaochun Li and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Near neutral PH Solutions written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines written by Y. Frank Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-19 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented Pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure. Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers: Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines High pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelines Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environments Stress corrosion cracking at pipeline welds Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steels The final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking—the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies—this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.
Download or read book Investigating the Mechanism of Transgranular Stress Corrosion Cracking in Near neutral Ph Environments on Buried Fuel Transmission Pipelines written by Stefanie Lynn Asher and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research investigates the mechanism of transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) on fuel transmission pipelines. This research proposes that in near-neutral pH environments, hydrogen can be generated by the dissociation of carbonic acid and the reaction of metal ions with bicarbonate solutions, significantly increasing the available hydrogen for diffusion into the pipeline steel. This research has shown that TGSCC of pipeline steels is possible in simple groundwater solutions containing bicarbonate ions and carbon dioxide. Microstructural characterization coupled with hydrogen permeation indicates that the level of strain in the microstructure has the most influence on hydrogen diffusivity. Hydrogen accumulation occurs preferentially in at high energy discontinuous interfaces such as inclusion interfaces. It was determined that a stress concentration is required to facilitate sufficient hydrogen accumulation in the pipeline steel in order to initiate TGSCC. It was discovered that these stress concentrations develop from inclusions falling out of the pipeline surface. Slow strain rate tests found that TGSCC occurred in a wide range of compositions and temperatures as long as near-neutral conditions were maintained. Microcracks ahead of the crack tip provide evidence of hydrogen in these cracking processes. Morphology of these microcracks indicates that cracks propagate by the coalescence of microcracks with the main crack tip. Further research findings, scientific impact, and potential future work are also discussed.
Download or read book Stress corrosion Cracking of High strength Stainless Steels in Atmospheric Environments written by C. J. Slunder and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking written by V S Raja and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-09-22 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The problem of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), which causes sudden failure of metals and other materials subjected to stress in corrosive environment(s), has a significant impact on a number of sectors including the oil and gas industries and nuclear power production. Stress corrosion cracking reviews the fundamentals of the phenomenon as well as examining stress corrosion behaviour in specific materials and particular industries.The book is divided into four parts. Part one covers the mechanisms of SCC and hydrogen embrittlement, while the focus of part two is on methods of testing for SCC in metals. Chapters in part three each review the phenomenon with reference to a specific material, with a variety of metals, alloys and composites discussed, including steels, titanium alloys and polymer composites. In part four, the effect of SCC in various industries is examined, with chapters covering subjects such as aerospace engineering, nuclear reactors, utilities and pipelines.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Stress corrosion cracking is an essential reference for engineers and designers working with metals, alloys and polymers, and will be an invaluable tool for any industries in which metallic components are exposed to tension, corrosive environments at ambient and high temperatures. - Examines the mechanisms of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) presenting recognising testing methods and materials resistant to SCC - Assesses the effect of SCC on particular metals featuring steel, stainless steel, nickel-based alloys, magnesium alloys, copper-based alloys and welds in steels - Reviews the monitoring and management of SCC and the affect of SCC in different industries such as petrochemical and aerospace
Download or read book Low Alloy Steel Susceptibility to Stress Corrosion Cracking in Hydraulic Fracturing Environment written by Ezechukwu J. Anyanwu and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pipelines used for hydraulic fracturing (aka. "fracking") are often operating at a pressure above 10000psi and thus are highly susceptible to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). This is primarily due to the process of carrying out fracturing at a shale gas site, where the hydraulic fracturing fluid is pumped through these pipes at very high pressure in order to initiate fracture in the shale formation. While the fracturing fluid is typically more than 99% water, other components are used to perform various functions during the fracturing process. Research into the occurrence of SCC reveals that SCC is engendered by a number of factors, of which two main contributors are stress in the pipe steel and a particular type of corrosive environment in contact with the pipeline in the service setting. The variety of fracturing fluid formulas which could be used and the insufficient reported information about the fracturing fluid chemistry makes it very important to carry out analysis to ensure the integrity of the pipelines used for this process. The current research described here is focused on the evaluation of the susceptibility of low alloy steel (AISI 4340) to stress corrosion cracking in different environments as it relates to hydraulic fracturing fluid chemistry and operating conditions. These different environments are achieved by varying the solution pH, the pH adjusting agent and the applied stress. Electrochemistry and stress measurements showed that at near neutral pH solution, AISI 4340 showed a higher SCC susceptibility in solutions where Na2CO3 was used as the pH adjusting than in solutions where NaOH was used as the pH adjusting agent. Scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy was used to analyze the oxide film in solution with the two pH adjusting agents at a pH of 7. Depth profiles of the passive film formed in a solution with pH adjusted to 7 using NaOH pH adjusting agent suggests the presence of a complex, FeOCl, which dissolves actively and thus reduces the SCC susceptibility of AISI 4340 in this environment. It is inferred from the SEM image of AISI 4340 material after testing and stress measurements showed that low alloy steel is more susceptible to SCC in solutions with Na2CO3 as the pH adjusting agent than solutions with NaOH pH adjusting agent especially at near neutral pH. Whereas, at high pH environment AISI 4340 showed a higher SCC susceptibility in solution with NaOH as the pH adjusting agent.
Download or read book Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines in Contact with Near neutral PH Solutions written by Redvers N. Parkins and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmentally Assisted Cracking written by R. D. Kane and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2000 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The November 2000 symposium addressed methodologies for evaluation of environmental assisted cracking (EAC) in equipment and structures exposed to corrosive environments, and recent developments in the generation of relevant materials properties data based on laboratory tests. Twenty-seven papers fr
Download or read book Iron Oxides written by Damien Faivre and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-08-08 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alle relevanten Informationen zu Eisenoxiden, von der Struktur und Transformation über Charakterisierungsverfahren bis hin zu den neuesten AnwendungEN. Ein Muss für alle, die in dem Fachgebiet arbeiten.
Download or read book Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies written by A. M. El-Sherik and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-06-09 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trends in Oil and Gas Corrosion Research and Technologies: Production and Transmission delivers the most up-to-date and highly multidisciplinary reference available to identify emerging developments, fundamental mechanisms and the technologies necessary in one unified source. Starting with a brief explanation on corrosion management that also addresses today's most challenging issues for oil and gas production and transmission operations, the book dives into the latest advances in microbiology-influenced corrosion and other corrosion threats, such as stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen damage just to name a few. In addition, it covers testing and monitoring techniques, such as molecular microbiology and online monitoring for surface and subsurface facilities, mitigation tools, including coatings, nano-packaged biocides, modeling and prediction, cathodic protection and new steels and non-metallics. Rounding out with an extensive glossary and list of abbreviations, the book equips upstream and midstream corrosion professionals in the oil and gas industry with the most advanced collection of topics and solutions to responsibly help solve today's oil and gas corrosion challenges. - Covers the latest in corrosion mitigation techniques, such as corrosion inhibitors, biocides, non-metallics, coatings, and modeling and prediction - Solves knowledge gaps with the most current technology and discoveries on specific corrosion mechanisms, highlighting where future research and industry efforts should be concentrated - Achieves practical and balanced understanding with a full spectrum of subjects presented from multiple academic and world-renowned contributors in the industry
