Download or read book Steel Cleanliness and Bearing Life written by Werner Trojahn and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well established that the life of a bearing depends on the microscopic cleanliness of the component in service. In recent years, the rating of microscopic cleanliness by the numerical-based extreme value analysis was introduced to characterize the complete heat, to test and finalize conclusions on the performance of bearings made from this heat. Naturally, the experience with this method and the connection to bearing life is very limited. Therefore, a test program was set up to test the applicability of this method by investigation of 100Cr6/SAE52100--heats from different suppliers. In this investigation program, different quality levels were rated against the extreme value analysis. Each inclusion type was rated separately. In a next step, over rolling tests were done under full lubrication with contact pressures between 2200 and 4800 MPa to evaluate a possible connection between the extreme values or other cleanliness features and bearing life as a function of load. This paper reports the results of this test program.
Download or read book Rolling Bearing Life Models and Steel Internal Cleanliness written by J. Beswick and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most widely used steel grade for rolling bearings is based on a steel composition first used almost a hundred years ago, the so-called lC-1.5Cr steel. This steel is used either in a selective surface induction hardened condition or in a through hardened heat treated condition, both yielding exceptional structural and contact fatigue properties. The Lundberg and Palmgren rolling bearing life prediction model, published in 1947, was the first analytical approach to bearing performance prediction, subsequently becoming a widely accepted basis for rolling bearing life calculations. At that time the fatigue life of rolling bearings was dominated by the classical sub-surface initiated failure mode. This mode results from the accumulation of micro-plastic strain at the depth of maximum Hertzian stress and is accelerated by the stress concentrations occurring at the micro internal defects. In common with all fatigue processes, rolling bearing failure is a statistical process: the failures of bearings with high inclusion content tested at high stress levels belong to the well-known family of "Weibull" distributions. Steady improvements in bearing steel cleanliness due, amongst other things, to the introduction of secondary metallurgy steel making techniques, have resulted in a significantly increased rolling bearing life and load carrying capacity. In recognition of this, in 1985 Ioannides and Harris introduced a new fatigue life model for rolling bearings, comprising a more widely applicable approach to the modelling of bearing life based on the relevant failure mode. Subsequently this has been extended to include effects of hardness and of micro-inclusion distributions in state-of-the-art clean bearing steel.
Download or read book Bearing Steel Technology written by John M. Beswick and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2007 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bearing Steels written by J. J. C. Hoo and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1998 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proceedings of a November 1996 conference in New Orleans, update previous information and present new materials and processing relating to steel for the anti-friction bearing industry. Among other subjects, they cover steel cleanliness and measuring methods, bearing fatigue life, advanced steel
Download or read book Effect of Steel Manufacturing Processes on the Quality of Bearing Steels written by J. J. C. Hoo and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1988 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cleanliness of Bearing Steels and Fatigue Life of Rolling Contacts written by J. C. Kuijpers and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Established metallographic methods of determining the cleanliness of bearing steels with respect to micro-inclusions, such as ASTM E 45, are capable of differentiating poor quality melts from good quality melts. However, as steelmaker capabilities improve, with increasing numbers being able to consistently produce good quality melts, the established methods of cleanliness assessment are unable to differentiate between melts. These established methods, which give single figure ratings based on both the size and number of inclusions, are extremely difficult to use in predicting the performance of a bearing component under conditions of rolling contact fatigue. In this work, the method of Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) is used to characterize the inclusion population of five different steel melts of known and varying quality. A link between the EVA distribution and the measured bearing life, performed on material with a low reduction ratio, is also presented.
Download or read book Advances in the Production and Use of Steel with Improved Internal Cleanliness written by John K. Mahaney and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1999 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the May 1998 symposium on steel, stainless steel, and related alloys. Emphasizing the effect on the products rather than manufacturing methods, seven papers show that the level of inclusion identification and control through processing improvements is greatly dependent upon the sector
Download or read book Electroslag Remelting Towards Clean Steel written by Chengbin Shi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-22 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the results that the authors have achieved on the study of functional principle of electroslag remelting for production of high-quality clean steel. The dependence of oxygen, sulfur, and non-metallic inclusions on the processing parameters of electroslag remelting is assessed. The fundamentals and technologies of clean steel production by electroslag remelting have been applied in the round to discuss oxygen, sulfur, and non-metallic inclusions evolution and control. A general concluding remark and a perspective for future work are present. The book is likely to be of interest to university teachers, researchers, R&D engineers, and graduate students in material processing and pyrometallurgy who wish to explore innovative technologies that lead to more energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable clean steel production.
Download or read book The Development of Bearing Steels for Long Life Rolling Bearings Under Clean Lubrication and Contaminated Lubrication written by T. Abe and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nearly ten years have passed since the LF-RH-CC process was adopted in the production of bearing steels. This process has become a common system for steelmakers, regardless of using EFs or BOFs as melting furnaces. The current cleanliness level of bearing steels shows a remarkable improvement when compared to that of ten years ago. The oxygen content in most steels has reached the high level of cleanliness of less than 10 ppm throughout the world. The bearing life in laboratory tests has been extended by several times in the last ten years.
Download or read book Rolling Bearing Tribology written by Gary L. Doll and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-08-20 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rolling Bearing Tribology: Tribology and Failure Modes of Rolling Element Bearings discusses these machine elements that are used to accommodate motion on or about shafts in mechanical systems, with ball bearings, cylindrical roller bearings, spherical roller bearings, and tapered roller bearings reviewed. Each bearing type experiences different kinds of motion and forces with their respective raceway, retainers and guiding flanges. The material in this book identifies the tribology of the major bearing types and how that tribology depends upon materials, surfaces and lubrication. In addition, the book describes the best practices to mitigate common failure modes of rolling element bearings. Discusses important tribological implications surrounding the performance and durability of rolling element bearings Describes how the different types of roller bearings work Explores the reasons behind the failure of roller bearings and presents information on how to mitigate those failures
Download or read book Modeling and Analytical Methods in Tribology written by Ilya I. Kudish and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-07-20 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improving our understanding of friction, lubrication, and fatigue, Modeling and Analytical Methods in Tribology presents a fresh approach to tribology that links advances in applied mathematics with fundamental problems in tribology related to contact elasticity, fracture mechanics, and fluid film lubrication. The authors incorporate the classical tenets of tribology while providing new mathematical solutions that address various shortcomings in existing theories. From contact interactions to contact fatigue life, the book connects traditionally separate areas of tribology research to create a coherent modeling methodology that encompasses asymptotic and numerical techniques. The authors often demonstrate the efficacy of the models by comparing predictions to experimental data. In most cases, they derive equations from first principles. They also rigorously prove problem formulations and derive certain solution properties. Solutions to problems are presented using simple analytical formulas, graphs, and tables. In addition, the end-of-chapter exercises highlight points important for comprehending the material and mastering the appropriate skills. Unlocking the secrets that govern the physics of lubricated and dry contacts, this book helps tribologists on their quest to reduce friction, minimize wear, and extend the operating life of mechanical equipment. It provides a real-world industrial perspective so that readers can attain a practical understanding of the material.
Download or read book Bearing Steels written by J. J. C. Hoo and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1975 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Creative Use of Bearing Steels written by J. J. C. Hoo and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1993 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solicited papers from a November 1991 ASTM symposium on [title] held in San Diego, CA are grouped into seven sections: heat treatment carburizing and through-hardening; surface modification; powder metallurgy; corrosion resistant bearing steels; new bearing steels; improvement of rolling contact fat
Download or read book Principles of Metal Refining and Recycling written by Thorvald Abel Engh and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 785 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Metal Refining and Recycling provides a self-contained introduction to the field of purification and recycling of metals. The scientific principles in the treatment of the various metals are the same. The importance of using a clean and properly alloyed metal is described in detail. The text covers thermodynamics, physical and transport properties, mixing, mass transfer and numerical models. It describes methods for removal of dissolved impurity elements, particles, and inclusions. It considers important aspects of the solidification process, remelting and adding of alloys. Recycling, future challenges and specific processes for each metal are discussed in detail. The book is a greatly extended update of the 1992 book Principles of Metal Refining by T. Abel Engh. It includes in particular the subjects of metal recycling, ferrous and non-ferrous metal refining, and metalloids like silicon.
Download or read book Reevaluation of the Stress life Relation in Rolling element Bearings written by Richard Jay Parker and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Four groups of 12.7 millimeter diameter vacuum-degassed AISI 52100 balls were tested, each at a maximum Hertz stress in the range of 4.5 times 10 to 9th power to 6.0 times 10 to 9th power N/m2. Tests were run in the five-ball fatigue tester at a contact angle of 30 deg and a shaft speed of 10,000 rpm. The 10 percent fatigue lives at the four stress levels indicated that fatigue life is inversely proportional to maximum Hertz stress raised to the power of 12. This result agrees with a survey of the literature which suggests that a stress-life exponent of approximately 12 is typical of vacuum-processed bearing steels rather than the exponent of 9 which has been generally accepted by the bearing industry.
Download or read book TMS 2011 140th Annual Meeting and Exhibition General Paper Selections written by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-04-06 with total page 950 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the up-to-date information on the state of materials fromelectronic, magnetic, and photonic materials, light metals,materials processing and manufacturing, and structural materialswhich are of invaluable benefit to the global industry.
Download or read book Conference for Wind Power Drives 2017 written by Univ.-Prof. Georg Jacobs and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-02-23 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conference proceedings of the 3rd Conference for Wind Power Drives (CWD) contains the collected contributions of the congress which took place on the 7th and 8th of March, 2017. The latest developments and innovations are presented in 40 articles covering the following topics: Plain bearings in WTG gearboxes; Wind turbine gearboxes; Gearboxes - Planetary stage; Materials in WTG; Reliability; Condition monidtoring systems; Bearings and WEC; Electric systems; Blade and main bearings; Modelling and simulation; Wind 4.0. The CWD has been held every two years since 2013 and acts as an interdisciplinary platform for knowledge and technology transfer between developers, researchers and operators. Furthermore, the conference promotes networking between industry and university in the field of wind turbine drive trains. The conference is supported by the Association for Power Transmission Engineering in VDMA (German Engineering Federation) and the Research Association for Drive Technology (FVA).
