Download or read book Steady state and Transient Modeling of Tracer and Nutrient Distributions in the Global Ocean Final Report August 1 1993 July 31 1995 written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors have completed the studies using the inorganic carbon cycle in the zonally averaged ocean circulation model to calculate anthropogenic uptake of CO2 and bomb radiocarbon. While the results are in broad agreement with previous studies, the authors have learned that horizontal mixing processes due to gyre circulation are important for transient tracer experiments over a few decades. Using the inorganic carbon cycle model the authors have started to look at the distributions of [delta]13C in the ocean. The model is able to reproduce faithfully the air-sea fractionation of [delta]13C. The effect of changing sea surface temperature in the middle and low latitudes of the world ocean on [rho]CO2{sup atm} is studied in this model and compared to the organic carbon cycle model of the Hamburg group. They find significant differences in sensitivity and are in the process of investigating possible reasons. Incorporation of the organic component is still ongoing. In the present version the surface concentrations of phosphate are still too high indicating strong upwelling.
Download or read book Steady state and Transient Modeling of Tracer and Nutrient Distributions in the Global Ocean Progress Report August 1 1993 July 31 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have completed the studies using the inorganic carbon cycle in the zonally averaged ocean circulation model to calculate anthropogenic uptake of CO, and bomb radiocarbon. While our results are in broad agreement with previous studies, we have learned that horizontal mixing processes due to gyre circulation are important for transient tracer experiments over a few decades. These findings are in press. Using the inorganic carbon cycle model we have started to look at the distributions of [delta][sup 13]C in the ocean. The model is able to reproduce faithfully the air-sea fractionation of [delta][sup 13]C. The effect of changing sea surface temperature in the middle and low latitudes of the world ocean on pCO[sub 2[sup atm]] is studied in this model and compared to the organic carbon cycle model of the Hamburg group. We find significant differences in sensitivity and are in the process of investigating possible reasons. Incorporation of the organic component is still ongoing. In the present version the surface concentrations of phosphate are still too high indicating strong upwelling.
Download or read book Steady state and Transient Modeling of Tracer and Nutrient Distributions in the Global Ocean Progress Report June 1 1991 February 31 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The balance of stable and decaying tracers was incorporated into a latitude-depth ocean circulation model which resolves the major ocean basin and is coupled to an atmospheric energy balance model. The modern distribution of radiocarbon and the analysis of artificial color tracers enabled the census of the deep water masses. We show that good agreement with the observation can be achieved if the surface forcing is modified. The same process could also account for long-term, large-scale changes of the global thermohaline circulation. Uptake rates of carbon are investigated using an inorganic carbon cycle model and performing 2 x CO2-experiments. We prescribe the industrial evolution of pCO2 in the atmosphere from 1792 to 1988 and calculate the total flux of carbon into the world ocean. Results are in good agreement with two recent 3-dimensional model simulation. First results using an organic carbon cycle in this model are presented. Changes in the hydrological cycle can stabilize the thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic and enable simulation of climate events resembling the Younger Dryas. By adding the balance of radiocarbon the evolution of its atmospheric concentration is studied during rapid changes of deep ocean ventilation. A resumption of ventilation creates a rapid decrease of atmospheric radiocarbon which is able to mask the natural decay.
Download or read book Steady state and Transient Modeling of Tracer and Nutrient Distributions in the Global Ocean Progress Report June 1 1991 March 31 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deep circulation model developed by Wright and Stocker has been used to represent the latitude-depth distributions of temperature, salinity, radiocarbon and ''color'' tracers in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Restoring temperature and salinity to observed surface data the model shows a global thermohaline circulation where deep water is formed in the North Atlantic and in the Southern Ocean. A parameter study reveals that the high-latitude surface salinity determines the composition of deep water and its flow in the global ocean. Increasing Southern Ocean surface salinity by 0.4 ppt the circulation changes from a present-day mode where North Atlantic Deep Water is one where Antarctic Bottom Water is dominant. An inorganic carbon cycle with surface carbonate chemistry is included, and gas exchange is parameterized in terms of pCO2 differences. Pre- industrial conditions are achieved by adjusting the basin-mean alkalinity. A classical 2 x CO2 experiment yields the intrinsic time scales for carbon uptake of the ocean; they agree with those obtained from simple box models or 3-dimensional ocean general circulation models. Using the estimated industrial anthropogenic input of CO2 into the atmosphere the model requires, consistent with other model studies, an additional carbon flux to match the observed increase of atmospheric pCO2. We use more realistic surface boundary conditions which reduce sensitivity to freshwater discharges into the ocean. In a glacial-to-interglacial experiment rapid transitions of the deep circulation between two different states occur in conjunction with a severe reduction of the meridional heat flux and sea surface temperature during peak melting. After the melting the conveyor belt circulation restarts.
Download or read book Steady state and Transient Modeling of Tracer and Nutrient Distributions in the Global Ocean written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 1142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sections 1-2. Keyword Index.--Section 3. Personal author index.--Section 4. Corporate author index.-- Section 5. Contract/grant number index, NTIS order/report number index 1-E.--Section 6. NTIS order/report number index F-Z.
Download or read book Ocean Biogeochemistry written by Michael J.R. Fasham and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oceans account for 50% of the anthropogenic CO2 released into the atmosphere. During the past 15 years an international programme, the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), has been studying the ocean carbon cycle to quantify and model the biological and physical processes whereby CO2 is pumped from the ocean's surface to the depths of the ocean, where it can remain for hundreds of years. This project is one of the largest multi-disciplinary studies of the oceans ever carried out and this book synthesises the results. It covers all aspects of the topic ranging from air-sea exchange with CO2, the role of physical mixing, the uptake of CO2 by marine algae, the fluxes of carbon and nitrogen through the marine food chain to the subsequent export of carbon to the depths of the ocean. Special emphasis is laid on predicting future climatic change.
Download or read book Upper Ocean Model of Dissolved Atmospheric Gases Final Report for the Period 1 August 1991 31 May 1995 written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes results from three years of funding for a modelling study of processes controlling the distribution of metabolic chemical tracers in surface waters. We determined concentrations of the gases O2, Ar, N2, and the stable isotope ratio (18O/16O) of molecular oxygen in surface waters at Station ALOHA in conjunction with the Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS) Hawaiian Ocean Time-series project during the years 1989- 90 and 1992-93. Under this contract we have incorporated chemical tracers into an existing ocean mixed-layer model to simulate the physical processes controlling the distribution and seasonal cycle of dissolved gases in the upper ocean. The broad background of concurrent chemical, physical, and biological measurements at Station ALOHA provides enough redundancy of ''ground truth'' to assess the model's accuracy. Biological oxygen production estimated from modelled chemical tracers agrees with estimates based on measurement of carbon fluxes into the deep ocean and nitrate fluxes into the upper ocean during 1989-90 and 1992-93, verifying for the first time the utility of chemical tracers for determining biological fluxes in the ocean. Our results suggest that in the euphotic zone (the upper 100 m of the ocean), the net biological O2 production is 1.0-2. 0 moles m−2yr{sup - 1}. Inert gas (Ar, N2) supersaturation levels show that air and bubble injection are important modes of air-sea gas transfer in the Station ALOHA region.
Download or read book Natural Climate Variability on Decade to Century Time Scales written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-08-30 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume reflects the current state of scientific knowledge about natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales. It covers a wide range of relevant subjects, including the characteristics of the atmosphere and ocean environments as well as the methods used to describe and analyze them, such as proxy data and numerical models. They clearly demonstrate the range, persistence, and magnitude of climate variability as represented by many different indicators. Not only do natural climate variations have important socioeconomic effects, but they must be better understood before possible anthropogenic effects (from greenhouse gas emissions, for instance) can be evaluated. A topical essay introduces each of the disciplines represented, providing the nonscientist with a perspective on the field and linking the papers to the larger issues in climate research. In its conclusions section, the book evaluates progress in the different areas and makes recommendations for the direction and conduct of future climate research. This book, while consisting of technical papers, is also accessible to the interested layperson.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Ocean Climate Models written by Stephen Griffies and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book sets forth the physical, mathematical, and numerical foundations of computer models used to understand and predict the global ocean climate system. Aimed at students and researchers of ocean and climate science who seek to understand the physical content of ocean model equations and numerical methods for their solution, it is largely general in formulation and employs modern mathematical techniques. It also highlights certain areas of cutting-edge research. Stephen Griffies presents material that spans a broad spectrum of issues critical for modern ocean climate models. Topics are organized into parts consisting of related chapters, with each part largely self-contained. Early chapters focus on the basic equations arising from classical mechanics and thermodynamics used to rationalize ocean fluid dynamics. These equations are then cast into a form appropriate for numerical models of finite grid resolution. Basic discretization methods are described for commonly used classes of ocean climate models. The book proceeds to focus on the parameterization of phenomena occurring at scales unresolved by the ocean model, which represents a large part of modern oceanographic research. The final part provides a tutorial on the tensor methods that are used throughout the book, in a general and elegant fashion, to formulate the equations.
Download or read book Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean written by Sydney Levitus and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Ocean Circulation Inverse Problem written by Carl Wunsch and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1996-06-13 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the problem of inferring the state of the ocean circulation, from a mathematical perspective.
Download or read book Guide to Best Practices for Ocean Acidification Research and Data Reporting written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Eddies in Marine Science written by A. R. Robinson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 871 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is now well known that the mid-ocean flow is almost everywhere domi nated by so-called synoptic or meso-scale eddies, rotating about nearly vertical axes and extending throughout the water column. A typical mid ocean horizontal scale is 100 km and a time scale is 100 days: these meso scale eddies have swirl speeds of order 10 cm s -1 which are usually con siderably greater than the long-term average flow. Many types of eddies with somewhat different scales and characteristics have been identified. The existence of such eddies was suspected by navigators more than a century ago and confirmed by the world of C. O'D. Iselin and V. B. Stock man in the 1930's. Measurements from RIV Aries in 1959/60, using the then newly developed neutrally buoyant floats, indicated the main char acteristics of the eddies in the deep ocean of the NW Atlantic while a se ries of Soviet moored current-meter arrays culminated, in POLYGON- 1970, in the explicit mapping of an energetic anticyclonic eddy in the tropical NE Atlantic. In 1973 a large collaborative (mainly U. S. , U. K. ) program, MODE-I, produced synoptic charts for an area of the NW At lantic and confirmed the existence of an open ocean eddy field and es tablished its characteristics. Meso-scale eddies are now known to be of interest and importance to marine chemists and biologists as well as to physical oceanographers and meteorologists.
Download or read book Technical Guidance Manual for Developing Total Maximum Daily Loads written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1997 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Urban Stormwater Management in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-03-17 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid conversion of land to urban and suburban areas has profoundly altered how water flows during and following storm events, putting higher volumes of water and more pollutants into the nation's rivers, lakes, and estuaries. These changes have degraded water quality and habitat in virtually every urban stream system. The Clean Water Act regulatory framework for addressing sewage and industrial wastes is not well suited to the more difficult problem of stormwater discharges. This book calls for an entirely new permitting structure that would put authority and accountability for stormwater discharges at the municipal level. A number of additional actions, such as conserving natural areas, reducing hard surface cover (e.g., roads and parking lots), and retrofitting urban areas with features that hold and treat stormwater, are recommended.
