Download or read book Standard Test Method for Alpha And Beta Activity in Water By Liquid Scintillation Counting written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Gross Alpha beta Determination by Liquid Scintillation Counting written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is used to assay liquid samples for both gross alpha and gross beta (including tritium) activity in order to declare these samples clean.'' This method provides several advantages over traditional gross assay techniques including easy sample preparation, no sample self-absorption, short counting times, acceptable lower limits of detection (LLD's), and convenient sample disposal.
Download or read book Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis written by Michael F. L'Annunziata and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-08-16 with total page 1420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authoritative reference providing the principles, practical techniques, and procedures for the accurate measurement of radioactivity.
Download or read book Gross Alpha beta Determination by Liquid Scintillation Counting U written by J. D. Leyba and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Radiochemical Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater written by American Public Health Association and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 1254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Liquid Scintillation Alpha Spectrometry written by W. McDowell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-18 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alpha liquid scintillation was developed to obtain accurate analytical determinations of alpha-emitting nuclides where no other methods were sufficiently accurate. With the present emphasis on clean-up of radiation contamination, alpha liquid scintillation has become an important tool in the determination of low concentrations of alpha-emitting nuclides. This book is the first to address the subject of alpha liquid scintillation in its entirety. It also examines how alpha spectrometry by liquid scintillation can be done without interference from beta/gamma radiation. Scientists interested in the analysis of alpha-emitting nuclides for environmental monitoring, remediation clean-up, accountability, and research will find this to be a valuable book.
Download or read book Applications of Liquid Scintillation Counting written by Donald Horrocks and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applications of Liquid Scintillation Counting deals with liquid scintillation counting and its applications in fields such as the biosciences, medicine, environmental and space sciences, chemistry, and physics. These applications include dual-labeled counting; Cerenkov counting; radioimmunoassay, chemiluminescence and bioluminescence; pulse shape discrimination; flow cell counting; and large-volume counters. This book is comprised of 18 chapters and begins with a historical overview of the liquid scintillation method, the first liquid scintillation counters, and early scintillator solutes. The following chapters focus on the theory of liquid scintillation counting; the components of the liquid scintillator solution; and the development of the liquid scintillation counter and multiplier phototubes. The discussion then turns to the detection and measurement of different types of particles produced by radionuclides using liquid scintillation techniques; the techniques and problems of sample preparations (homogeneous and heterogeneous); oxidation techniques; and importance and difference of several types of counting vials. The sources of quenching in counting samples and methods of monitoring and correction for variable quench within samples are also considered. Several special applications of liquid scintillation techniques are presented, including dual-labeled counting, radioimmunoassay, and flow cell counting. In conclusion, the statistical considerations involved in determining the reliability and accuracy of data obtained by nuclear counting techniques are highlighted. This monograph will serve as a reliable source of information for those who are already using or starting to use liquid scintillation counting techniques.
Download or read book Strategy and Methodology for Radioactive Waste Characterization written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by IAEA. This book was released on 2007 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade significant progress has been achieved in the development of waste characterization and control procedures and equipment as a direct response to ever-increasing requirements for quality and reliability of information on waste characteristics. Failure in control procedures at any step can have important, adverse consequences and may result in producing waste packages which are not compliant with the waste acceptance criteria for disposal, thereby adversely impacting the repository. The information and guidance included in this publication corresponds to recent achievements and reflects the optimum approaches, thereby reducing the potential for error and enhancing the quality of the end product. -- Publisher's description.
Download or read book Guidelines for drinking water quality written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2022-03-31 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda, of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Guidelines for drinking-water quality (GDWQ) builds on over 60 years of guidance by WHO on drinking-water quality, which has formed an authoritative basis for the setting of national regulations and standards for water safety in support of public health. It is the product of significant revisions to clarify and elaborate on ways of implementing its recommendations of contextual hazard identification and risk management, through the establishment of health-based targets, catchment-to-consumer water safety plans and independent surveillance. Updates in this latest edition reflect new evidence and further, provides additional explanations to support better understanding and application of the guidance. More details on the updates are included in the GDWQ preface.
Download or read book Gross Alpha written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is used to assay liquid samples for both gross alpha and gross beta (including tritium) activity in order to declare these samples clean.'' This method provides several advantages over traditional gross assay techniques including easy sample preparation, no sample self-absorption, short counting times, acceptable lower limits of detection (LLD's), and convenient sample disposal.
Download or read book REM 2019 Proficiency Test on Gross Alpha beta Activity Concentration in Drinking Water written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large scale Europe-wide proficiency test (sometimes referred to as REM2019 PT) on the determination of the gross alpha/beta activity concentration in drinking water was organised by JRC-Geel. The 154 participating environmental radioactivity monitoring laboratories were either nominated by their corresponding national authorities or invited by JRC to participate. One spiked water sample (JRC-GAB2) and a commercially available natural mineral water (JRC-GAB1) were selected as reference materials for this proficiency test after initial testing using nuclide-specific analyses and gross alpha/beta measurements. The JRC-GAB1 reference material (mineral water) had intermediate mineral content and gross activity above the parametric values defined in the E-DWD (Euratom Drinking Water Directive). The original mineral water was collected from a natural water source in France. Reference values were established in collaboration between the JRC-Geel and the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN). The homogeneity, short-and long term stability of the batch of distributed PT reference materials were checked, their contribution to the uncertainty of the reference value was assessed. The assigned reference value for the spiked PT reference material was established by gravimetric spiking (often referred to as formulation by weighing). For the natural PT reference material, the assigned reference value for gross-alpha activity was established by radionuclide specific analysis whilst the gross-beta reference value was established by calculating the gross activity from several reference measurements using the power-moderated mean of the individual measurement results. For the homogeneity and short term stability study, three independent measurement methods were used: alpha-particle spectrometry (AS), liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The uncertainty of the reference values includes the uncertainty related to stability, between-bottle homogeneity and characterisation of PT reference samples. The performance of each participating laboratory was evaluated with respect to the reference value using relative deviations, z-score and zeta-score. Additionally, Youden plots and PomPlots were made to visualise reported data in comparison to the reference values. The reported results were evaluated and grouped by analytical methods to check for method dependency, accreditation, radionuclides used for efficiency calibration, time delay and if documented ISO standards were followed. It was found that the close to 50% of the gross activity results still deviate more than the standard deviation for proficiency assessment which was set to 30% for JRC-GAB1 sample and 20% for JRC-GAB2 sample, respectively. The general measurement performance is thus not satisfactory regardless of the methods used. This suggests that the existing analytical procedures and international standards need to be critically revised and harmonised for gross alpha/beta measurement in order to obtain more reliable and comparable measurement results. Furthermore, when the reported value with its uncertainty was evaluated using the zeta score, even fewer acceptable scores were found: 41% and 55% for gross alpha activity concentration; 38% and 62% for gross beta activity concentration in JRC-GAB1 and JRC-GAB2 PT reference materials, respectively. A key problem is that many variables influence and might interfere gross activity measurements. This makes it difficult to keep the analytical conditions under control and can lead to poor repeatability which affects accuracy as well. Therefore, it is of great importance to harmonise methods by fixing as many parameters as possible via true standardisation of the analytical methods. However, in certain cases the performance of methods using LSC and proportional counting techniques seems to be better than those based on solid state scintillation counters or other detectors. On the basis of the 14 best and most consistently performing participants (or methods), JRC is proposing "Best practices" to follow briefly in this report.
Download or read book Environmental Radiochemical Analysis II written by Peter Warwick and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Radiochemical Analysis II brings together comprehensive, up-to-date information from international experts in the field. Coverage includes information on new methods of radionuclide analyses, developments and improvements in existing methods, method comparisons, gamma detector performance and new software products, method uncertainty, underground laboratory facilities, method QA and QC, field studies covering colloid work, in-situ injection into rock strata and sampling of reduced waters for actinide assay. This stimulating, authoritative text makes essential reading for practising radioanalysts and provides valuable information for researchers and professionals in academia and industry.
Download or read book Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement written by Eurachem/CITAC Working Group and published by . This book was released on 2000-01-01 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Federal Register written by and published by . This book was released on 2012-06 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Radiochemical Methods in Analysis written by D. Coomber and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to give an account of the principal radiochemical methods used in chemical analysis. It is assumed that the reader already has some background knowledge of radioactivity, available from several general textbooks. For this reason some subjects, e. g. the fundamentals of radio activity, the properties of radiation, statistics of counting procedures, the precautions needed in working with radioactive materials, which could have occupied half the text, are not considered in detail. The different aspects of radiochemical analysis have been covered by specialized books and reviews, e. g. on activation analysis, gamma spectrometry, radiometric titrations. A good deal of information is in the form of reports of meetings and symposia and liquid scintillation counting, for instance, has been mainly covered in this way. There are also a large number of journals. It is therefore hoped that this book will help fill the gap between the introductory texts and the specialized sources, many of which are referred to in the chapter references. The ftrst three chapters in the present volume deal with the methods of measurement of radioactive nuclides. Chapter I gives a general account of detection and measurement techniques. The next two chapters are devoted to two specialized techniques: gamma-ray spectrometry and liquid scintilla tion counting.
Download or read book Guidelines for Drinking water Quality written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 1993 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes the methods used in the surveillance of drinking water quality in the light of the special problems of small-community supplies, particularly in developing countries, and outlines the strategies necessary to ensure that surveillance is effective.
