Download or read book Spray Drift Reduction Evaluations of Spray Nozzles Using a Standardized Testing Protocol written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development and testing of drift reduction technologies (DRTs) have come to the forefront of application research in the past few years in the United States. DRTs can be spray nozzles, sprayer modifications, spray delivery assistance, spray property modifiers (adjuvants), and/or landscape modifications. A protocol for testing DRTs in high speed wind tunnels has been previously reported and was expanded to test spray nozzles. This manuscript reports on the initial implementation of the DRT program for conducting DRT evaluations of three spray nozzles under high speed conditions i.e., 45-65 m/s (100-140 mph), which are relevant to the aerial application of crop production and protection materials. The spray nozzles were evaluated in the USDA-Agriculture Research Service High Speed Wind Tunnel facility. The droplet size of each of the nozzles with different airspeeds, spray pressures, and orientation was measured with a Sympatec Helos laser diffraction instrument. The droplet size spectra for each test were input in a spray dispersion model (AGDISP), which calculates the downwind drift expected from a typical aerial application scenario. As compared to the reference nozzle, the three spray nozzles reduced spray drift by 70-84 % as compared to the reference nozzle. The nozzles generated spray droplets with volume median diameters 60-80 microns larger than the reference nozzle. One of the aerial application industry's best management practices BMPs is to not spray directly on the downwind edge of a field. The spray swath near this edge is moved upwind i.e., offset by 1/2 to 1 swath width. When this BMP was combined with the drift reductions from the spray nozzles, the amount of drift reduction was slightly increased; however application efficiencies increased to 93-96 %. These results demonstrate the possibility of combining multiple drift reduction tech.

Download or read book Validation Testing of Drift Reduction Technology Testing Protocol written by Faruque A. Khan and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A number of pesticide application technologies offer the potential to reduce spray drift from pesticide applications. However, limited information exists on the effectiveness of these technologies in reducing spray drift. Working with a stakeholder technical panel under EPA's Environmental Technology Council, the Office of Pesticide Programs in EPA has developed and is in the process of validating a testing protocol to verify the effectiveness of drift reduction technologies (DRTs). The DRT testing protocol was adapted from standard test methods and regulatory methods used in other countries and describes the testing approach that will be used to generate high-quality, peer-reviewed data for DRTs, including test design and quality assurance aspects. Both low-speed and high-speed wind tunnel tests were completed using a reference nozzle and two test nozzles to evaluate the performance of the generic DRT testing protocol. By Summer 2010, EPA anticipates to finalize this testing protocol based on the test results performed by EPA and other stakeholders. As a next step, EPA intends to encourage equipment manufacturers to voluntarily use the protocol for testing their equipment. Tested technologies that are proven to significantly reduce spray drift may be considered for addition to pesticide product labels by pesticide registrants and by EPA in its risk assessment and management decisions for the registration of new pesticide and uses and registration review (reevaluation) of currently registered pesticides. Pesticide product labels citing the use of DRTs could have reduced restrictions for applications, provide applicators with greater flexibility, and result in less off-target pesticide deposition. This paper will provide an update of EPA's efforts to validate the DRT testing protocol and discuss future plans for using a validated protocol in evaluating DRTs in an effort to reduce load from unintended spray drift of pesticides in the environment.

Download or read book Evaluation of a Proposed Drift Reduction Technology High Speed Wind Tunnel Testing Protocol written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA has initiated the development of protocols for measuring spray drift reduction technologies (DRTs) related to the application of agricultural protection chemicals. The DRT Program is an EPA-led initiative program to "achieve improved environmental and human health protection through drift reduction by accelerating the acceptance and use of improved and cost-effective application technologies." The first step in implementing the DRT program is to develop a set of protocols, standard operating procedures, and data quality assurance steps so that the results from any trials or research conducted are scientifically valid and repeatable. A protocol for measuring spray droplet spectra via laser diffraction equipment in a high speed wind tunnel (air velocities> 160 kph (100 mph)) was tested. Following the proposed protocol, five reference nozzles were evaluated with spray solutions of deionized water, water + 9 % isopropanol, and water + 0.25 % of a nonionic surfactant. Each of the nozzle and spray solution combinations were evaluated in 160, 193, and 225 kph (100, 120, and 140 mph) airstreams, as well as under static (0 kph) conditions. The results of these atomization studies showed that there were significant differences in droplet spectra between the spray solutions and from the different air velocities. Based on the time to complete the tests, the author suggest using a +/- 5 % standard deviation values as criteria for accepting atomization tests results.

Download or read book Round Robin Evaluation of ASTM Standard Test Method E2798 for Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants written by Curtis M. Elsik and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drift Reduction Agent has been defined in ASTM Standard E1519 Terminology Relating to Agricultural Tank Mix Adjuvants as "a material used in liquid spray mixtures to reduce spray drift." ASTM Standard E609 Terminology Relating to Pesticides defines drift as "the physical movement of an agrochemical through the air at the time of application or soon thereafter to any non- or off-target site. Drift shall not include movement to non- or off-target sites caused by erosion, migration, volatility or wind blown soil particles that occur after application unless specifically advertised on the label." Because there are many commercial tank mix adjuvants designed to reduce spray drift, there is a need to establish an ASTM Standard Test Method to evaluate their effectiveness. ASTM Standard E2798 is the new test method developed for the Characterization of Performance of Pesticide Spray Drift Reduction Adjuvants for Ground Application. This paper presents the data generated from the round-robin testing of this method. The method provides guidelines for the measurement of parameters pertaining to the performance of drift reduction adjuvants under simulated field application conditions. The measurements can be made in a wind tunnel or a spray chamber. The method describes the preparation, composition, and test/application conditions for droplet size, spray pattern measurements, and fines reduction. The exact selection of application conditions such as nozzle type and tank mix partner may vary according to the intended use conditions.

Download or read book Determination of Selection Criteria for Spray Drift Reduction from Atomization Data written by Greg R. Kruger and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the testing and evaluation of drift reduction technologies, there are different metrics that can be used to determine whether a technology reduces drift relative to a reference system. These metrics can include a reduction in the percentage of fine drops, measured spray drift from a field trial, or computer modeling of spray drift based on the application system and the droplet spectrum resulting from the specified operational conditions. The percentage of the spray volume constituted by droplets with diameters of less than 141 ?m provided the most consistent and robust separation of droplet sizes and drift potential across all the nozzle, adjuvant, and active ingredient combinations tested. This study illustrates that adjuvants alter the spray distribution in different ways for different spray nozzles. The oil concentrate in this study uniformly narrowed the entire spray distribution, whereas in contrast the polymers widened the spray distribution because there was a greater increase in the spray volume made up of large droplets and only a modest increase in the spray volume made up of smaller droplets. When evaluating different spray technologies, it is critical that one consider the overall spray distribution and use it as a comparative measure of multiple technologies, particularly with active formulations and spray solution modifiers.

Download or read book Effects of Air Speed and Liquid Temperature on Droplet Size written by W. Clint Hoffmann and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advancements in both application hardware (e.g., nozzles and spray assist devices) and spray property modification products have led to a number of products that are specifically designed to maximize the on-target deposition and minimize off-target movement of spray droplets. Testing protocols are being developed to objectively measure spray drift reduction from a wide range of drift reduction technologies (DRTs) including spray nozzles, sprayer modifications, spray delivery assistance, spray property modifiers (adjuvants), and/or landscape modifications. Using a DRT evaluation protocol, the objectives of this work were to study the effects of different air speeds on droplet size from different spray nozzles and spray solutions and to further evaluate the effects of differences in liquid and air temperature on droplet size at the different air speeds tested. Measured spray droplet size was significantly affected by changes in airspeed with the DV0.5 increasing by ~30-100 ?m and the percent of spray volume less than 200 ?m decreasing by 50 % or more as the tunnel airspeed was increased from 0.5 to 6.7 m/s (1 to 15 miles per hour), depending on the spray solution, spray nozzle, and air speed. The data also showed a lesser influence of temperature differential between the spray solution and ambient air, with the differences seen most likely resulting from changes in spray solution physical properties with the changes in liquid temperature. Most importantly, this study demonstrated that a reference nozzle evaluated under the same conditions resulted in the reduction in driftable fines while the DRT remained constant across all conditions tested.

Download or read book Research on Lecher IDK 90 0067 C and AD 90 01 C Spray Nozzles for Drift Reduction Classification written by D.C. de Hoog and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nozzle types Lechler IDK 90 0067 C and AD 90 01 C were investigated to classify the drift reduction potential for downward spray applications at a liquid pressure of 3.0 bar and 3.5 bar, respectively. For the AD 90 01 C nozzles, also the drift reduction potential for upward and sideways applications was investigated at 3.5 bar. The tests followed the procedure described in the Measurement Protocol of the TCT. The uniformity of the spray distribution below a sprayer boom was tested on a patternator at the appropriate nozzle height (for these 90-degree nozzles lowered to 0.30 m). The resulting coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 10%. Measurements of droplet sizes and velocities were done using a PDPA system. For the DRD75 classification for downward spraying, the results of these droplet measurements were used in the IDEFICS spray drift model. Spray drift deposits on a standardized ditch were computed, from which the drift reductions compared to the reference situation were derived. The nozzle type IDK 90 0067 C could be classified as DRD75 at a liquid pressure of 3 bar for downward spray applications. The AD 90 01 C nozzle type could be classified as DRD50 at 3.5 bar liquid pressure for downward spray applications, based on a comparison of the drop size characteristic V100. For upward and sideways spray applications, the latter nozzle type could be classified as DRD75 at 3.5 bar liquid pressure.

Download or read book Spray Drift Reduction Technology Adjuvant Evaluation written by Curtis M. Elsik and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twelve commercial drift reduction agents were evaluated for their characteristics in the three most commonly accepted parameters for spray droplet size formation--extensional viscosity, dynamic surface tension, and kinematic viscosity. Samples were sprayed in both water and in the presence of a commercial herbicide formulation. The spray droplet spectra for these agents were then determined under rigorous control, in still-air conditions, using a Sympatec HELOS/KF laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Spraying an actual pesticide formulation that contains a wetting agent is important because the surfactant present reduces dynamic surface tension and can significantly reduce spray droplet diameter. The aerosol particle size distributions were measured using an electronic actuator that moved the nozzle spray pattern through the laser in a reproducible manner. There are multiple mechanisms that can influence both volume mean diameter and percent fines below 105 microns. There are natural and synthetic water-soluble polymers that function by increasing extensional viscosity. There are oil products that produce emulsions that keep small spray drops from forming. The droplet spectra for the different commercial products were grouped according to their specific drift reduction mechanism in order to see if a better correlation could be made on how they individually affected the resulting droplet particle size distribution.

Download or read book Evaluation Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Wind Tunnel and Field Evaluation of Drift from Aerial Spray Applications with Multiple Spray Formulations written by Robert E. Wolf and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impact of tank mix adjuvants and a formulated fungicide on spray atomization and in-field movement under aerial application conditions was examined. High speed wind tunnel testing was conducted to determine droplet size resulting from treatments selected for evaluation in the field. These treatments included a "blank" (water plus a non-ionic surfactant) as well as five additional solutions with a formulated fungicide, four of which have an additional adjuvant. The wind tunnel testing measured droplet size using the flat fan nozzles and operational parameters (spray pressure, nozzle orientation, and airspeed) selected for field trials. These treatments were then evaluated in the field for both in-swath and downwind deposition, with a mass balance on the measured results used to compare each of the formulated product treatments to a reference treatment. Wind tunnel results showed the formulated product tank mixes resulted in significantly different droplet sizes than the water and non-ionic surfactant "blank" reference sprays. Additional adjuvants resulted in minimal changes in droplet size as compared to the formulated product mixture. However the polymer tested broadened the droplet size distribution. Drift modeling of the wind tunnel droplet size results demonstrated little difference between the formulated product and spray adjuvant spray mixtures. However, all treatment solutions significantly reduced modeled drift as compared to the reference treatment. While the field study results did highlight significant differences between treatments solutions, it also showed a great degree in data variability as a result of meteorological and sampling issues. These results have led the authors to conclude that field testing of potential drift reduction technologies under aerial application conditions will be cost prohibitive and likely would give highly variable results. Wind tunnel evaluations at certified laboratories offer a much quicker and inexpensive method for evaluating large numbers of nozzle and spray formulation treatments.

Download or read book Indoor Spray Drift Measurements Using a Test Bench written by Jose Ramon Moreno Ruiz and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a series of indoor experiments spray drift potential was assessed when spraying over a drift test bench (ISO 22401) with two different forward speeds (2 and 4m/s), two different spray boom height (30 and 50 cm), and two different nozzle spacing (25 and 50 cm), for six different nozzle types. The nozzle types used were the standard flat fan XR as a reference nozzle and the DG, XLTD, IDN, AIXR and AIRmix as drift reducing nozzles types. An horizontal patternator was used to check the cross distribution for the different nozzle types and settings. For drift potential quantification a certain amount of fluorescent tracer (Brillant Sulfo Flavine) was added into the sprayer's tank. Potential spray drift deposition was measured placing collectors along the test bench quantifying the deposition of the spray plume behind moving spray boom in wind still conditions. Results obtained from two laboratories set ups differ because of the variability of relative humidity in one laboratory. Spray drift reducing capability was different at different settings depending on the nozzle type. Key words: spray drift, test bench, horizontal patternator, nozzle type, spray boom height, nozzle spacing, forward speed, spray drift reduction, drift potential.

Download or read book Pesticide Application written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems written by Michael J. Hopkinson and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1997-07-31 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Advanced Technologies of UAV Application in Crop Pest Disease and Weed Control written by Ruirui Zhang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-11-29 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Agriculture Rural Development Food and Drug Administration and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2011 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book ASABE Standards written by American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Agriculture Rural Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Fiscal Year 2011 written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: