Download or read book Spray Combustion Characteristics and Emissions of a Wood Derived Fast Pyrolysis Liquid Ethanol Blend in a Pilot Stabilized Swirl Burner written by Tommy Tzanetakis and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass fast pyrolysis liquid (bio-oil) is a cellulose based alternative fuel with the potential to displace fossil fuels in stationary heat and power applications. To better understand the combustion behavior and emissions of bio-oil, a 10 kW spray burner was designed and constructed. The effect of swirl, atomization quality, ignition source (pilot) energy, air/fuel preheat and equivalence ratio on the stability and emissions of bio-oil spray flames was investigated. A blend of 80% pyrolysis liquid and 20% ethanol by volume was used during the tests and the results were compared to burner operation with diesel. It is important to have good atomization, thorough mixing and high swirl in order to stabilize ignition, promote the burnout of bio-oil and decrease CO, hydrocarbon and particulate matter emissions. The total amount of primary air and atomizing air that can be used to improve turbulence, mixing, droplet burnout and overall combustion quality is limited by the distillable fraction and narrow lean blow-out limit associated with pyrolysis liquid. Air and fuel preheat are important for reducing hydrocarbon and CO emissions, although subsequent fuel boiling should be avoided in order to maintain flame stability. The NOx produced in bio-oil flames is dominated by the conversion of fuel bound nitrogen. The particulate matter collected during bio-oil combustion is composed of both carbonaceous cenosphere residues and ash. Under good burning conditions, the majority consists of ash. Pilot flame energy and air/fuel preheat have a weak effect on the total particulate matter in the exhaust. Generally, these results suggest that available burner parameters can be adjusted in order to achieve low hydrocarbon, CO and carbonaceous particulate matter emissions when using pyrolysis liquid. Total particulates can be further mitigated by reducing the inherent ash content in bio-oil. Comparative burner tests with diesel reveal much lower emissions for this fuel at most of the operating points considered. This is due to the fully distillable nature, better atomization and improved spray ignition characteristics associated with diesel. Because of its superior volatility, diesel can also operate over a much wider range of primary air and atomizing air flow rates compared to bio-oil.
Download or read book Application of Liquid Biofuels to Internal Combustion Engines written by Soo-Young No and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-17 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the application of liquid biofuels to internal combustion (IC) engines. Biofuels are one of the most promising renewable and sustainable energy sources. Particularly, liquid biofuels obtained from biomass could become a valid alternative to the use of fossil fuels in the light of increasingly stringent environmental constraints. In this book, the discussion is limited to liquid biofuels obtained from triglycerides and lignocellulose among the many different kinds of biomass. Several liquid biofuels from triglycerides, straight vegetable oil, biodiesel produced from inedible vegetable oil, hydrotreated vegetable oil, and pyrolytic oil have been selected for discussion, as well as biofuels from lignocellulose bio-oil, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and butanol, and biomass-to-liquids diesel. This book includes three chapters on the application of methanol, ethanol and butanol to advanced compression ignition (CI) engines such as LTC, HCCI, RCCI and DF modes. Further, the application of other higher alcohols and other drop-in fuels such as DMF, MF, MTHF, and GVL are also discussed. The book will be a valuable resource for graduate students, researchers and engine designers who are interested in the application of alcohols and other biofuels in advanced CI engines, and also useful for alternative energy planners selecting biofuels for CI engines in the future.
Download or read book Horizons in Sustainable Industrial Chemistry and Catalysis written by Stefania Albonetti and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-02-13 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Horizons in Sustainable Industrial Chemistry and Catalysis, Volume 178, presents a comprehensive picture of recent developments in terms of sustainable industrial processes and the catalytic needs and opportunities to develop these novel routes. Each chapter includes an introduction and state-of-the-art in the field, along with a series of specific aspects and examples. The book identifies new opportunities for research that will help us transition to low carbon and sustainable energy and chemical production. Users will find an integrated view of the new possibilities in this area that unleashes new possibilities in energy and chemistry. Combines an analysis of each scenario, the state-of-the art, and specific examples to help users better understand needs, opportunities, gaps and challenges Offers an integrated view of new catalytic technologies that are needed for future use Presents an interdisciplinary approach that combines broad expertise Brings together experts in the area of sustainable industrial chemistry
Download or read book Dynamics of Wet fuels Spray Combustion in a Swirl stabilized Burner and Its Application in Material Synthesis written by José Eduardo Madero Muñoz and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2016, 37% of total primary energy consumption in the US was supplied by petroleum products. Concerns over availability of fossil fuels and over CO2 emissions have prompted strong interest in finding alternative energy methods that can provide reliable and affordable energy, while also reducing or eliminating their greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels can provide a reliable energy supply in a similar manner that fossil fuels do while reducing the overall carbon emissions of the process. However, their main disadvantage is the cost and energy intensive processes required to produce the fuels. Wind and solar power are also attractive because they can provide zero-emissions energy at a zero marginal cost. However, these sources are inherently intermittent, which means that they cannot provide a reliable supply of energy. If large scale reliance on intermittent energy sources is ever to become a reality, an enormous amount of energy storage capacity will need to be installed. If batteries, the most common method of energy storage, are to be used for this purpose, higher performance chemistries and lower cost production methods will be necessary. This research builds on previous studies on wet fuels, which provide an alternative that would make biofuels more cost-competitive and increase their net energy gain. By avoiding energy-intensive dewatering processes, fuels that would otherwise be of limited value can be utilized in carbon neutral or even carbon negative processes. The concept of wet fuels is also used to create a simple, low-cost, environmentally-friendly flame spray pyrolysis method for producing Li-ion battery cathode materials. In the first part of the dissertation, the spray breakup, structure, and dynamics during wet fuel combustion are studied in detail. Results show that the addition of ethanol to a glycerol / water mixture delays the onset of the liquid-sheet breakup and generates a high concentration of fine droplets in the near-nozzle region. The rapid vaporization of the fine droplets leads to a high fuel vapor concentration near the nozzle, which releases heat upon burning, enhancing ignitability. The combustion of ethanol acts to stabilize the system, while the swirling flow brings heat towards the nozzle, further enhancing stability. Once the system stabilizes, the spray turns into a wide hollow cone, and a strong stable attached flame is observed. These results explain the somewhat unexpected observation that the addition of 10% ethanol can lead to robust flames of glycerol/water mixtures. The possibility of using dimethyl ether (DME) and DME / methanol / water mixtures as liquid fuels in a swirl-stabilized combustor is also investigated. Results show that the extremely high volatility of DME causes flash breakup to occur, generating a narrow spray comprised of very fine but very high velocity droplets, which inhibits the formation of an inner recirculation zone. This leads to a long, lifted flame with distributed heat released, as opposed to the shorter, more robust flame that is formed when using traditional fuels. When mixed with water at low concentrations, the mixture behaves in a similar way to alcohol / water wet fuels studied previously. As DME concentration increases, the effect of flash vaporization on breakup becomes more apparent, negatively affecting flame stability. As even more DME is added to the mixture, the effect of water on local flame temperature becomes less marked, and the stability of the mixtures is improved, despite the flash breakup. In the second part of this work, a low temperature flame spray pyrolysis (LT-FSP) process is developed for the synthesis of Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 utilizing the concept of wet fuel combustion. An ethanol / water mixture was used as a fuel and a swirl-stabilized burner to achieve reactor temperatures lower than what can be attained via traditional flame spray pyrolysis. The effects of reactor temperature, which is controlled via altering ethanol concentration, on the physical properties and the electrochemical performances of the synthesized materials were characterized. Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 synthesized with 25 wt% ethanol showed the best results and delivered a discharge capacity of 203 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles under C/3. It also achieved good rate capability showing 201 mAh g-1 and 169 mAh g-1 under C/2 and C/1, which is state-of-the-art performance. The proposed LT-FSP method is simple, cost-effective, and is capable of producing 90 g h-1. In addition, LT-FSP was used to address the hollow sphere issue that has challenged spray pyrolysis synthesis for decades, namely producing particles greater than 2 [mu]m size with a solid (non-hollow) but porous interior morphology by performing slurry flame spray pyrolysis. Tap densities of 1.2 g cc-1 where achieved with half of the seed loading previously demonstrated. Results also show that at low seed loadings the spray dynamics are not affected, but when the loading is above 30 %, droplets become larger, which can negatively affect density. Finally, it was determined that to increase the density further, higher density seed particles are necessary. Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 produced by slurry spray pyrolysis reproduces the electrochemical performance of the conventional spray pyrolysis, meeting or exceeding the performance of materials produced by co-precipitation.
Download or read book MILD Combustion Modelling Challenges Experimental Configurations and Diagnostic Tools written by Alessandro Parente and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-11-26 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pollutants Generated by the Combustion of Solid Biomass Fuels written by Jenny M Jones and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-04 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book considers the pollutants formed by the combustion of solid biomass fuels. The availability and potential use of solid biofuels is first discussed because this is the key to the development of biomass as a source of energy. This is followed by details of the methods used for characterisation of biomass and their classification. The various steps in the combustion mechanisms are given together with a compilation of the kinetic data. The chemical mechanisms for the formation of the pollutants: NOx, smoke and unburned hydrocarbons, SOx, Cl compounds, and particulate metal aerosols are given in detail. Combustion kinetics required for the application for design purposes are given. Examples are given of emission levels of a range different types of combustion equipment. Data is given of NOx, particulates and other pollutant arising from combustion of different fuels in fixed bed combustion, fluidized bed combustion and pulverised biomass combustion and co-firing. Modeling methods including computational fluid dynamics for the various pollutants are outlined. The consequential issues arising from the wide scale use of biomass and future trends are then discussed. In particular the role of carbon capture and storage in large biomass combustion plants is considered as well as the opportunity of reducing the concentration of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.
Download or read book Interactions of Flow Field and Combustion Characteristics in a Swirl Stabilized Burner written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Experimental Study written by J. Stephens and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fundamentals of Combustion Processes written by Sara McAllister and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-05-10 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamentals of Combustion Processes is designed as a textbook for an upper-division undergraduate and graduate level combustion course in mechanical engineering. The authors focus on the fundamental theory of combustion and provide a simplified discussion of basic combustion parameters and processes such as thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, ignition, diffusion and pre-mixed flames. The text includes exploration of applications, example exercises, suggested homework problems and videos of laboratory demonstrations
Download or read book Swirl Stabilized Spray Combustion with Active Control written by Jonathan Rumery Stephens and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Combustion Control in Industrial Multi Swirl Stabilized Spray Combustor written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The focus of this study is to investigate the emission characteristics and combustion dynamics of multiple swirl spray combustors either in premixing or non-premixed combustion (e.g. Lean Direct Injection), and correlate these combustion characteristics (emissions, combustion instability and lean flammability) to the fluids dynamics (flow structures and its evolution). This study covers measurement of velocity flow field, temperature field, and combustion under effects of various parameters, including inlet flow Reynolds number, inlet air temperature, swirl configurations, downstream exhaust nozzle contraction ratios, length of mixing tube. Knowledge obtained through this comprehensive study is applied to passive and active controls for improving gas turbine combustion performance in the aid of novel sensor and actuator technologies.
Download or read book Transformation of Biomass written by Andreas Hornung and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-09-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass is a key resource for meeting the energy and material demands of mankind in the future. As a result, businesses and technologies are developing around biomass processing and its applications. Transformation of Biomass: Theory to Practice explores the modern applications of biomass and bio-based residues for the generation of energy, heat and chemical products. The first chapter presents readers with a broad overview of biomass and its composition, conversion routes and products. The following chapters deal with specific technologies, including anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis and gasification, as well as hydrothermal and supercritical conversion. Each chapter details current practises, recent developments, business case models and comprehensive analysis of the problems associated with each approach, and how to optimize them. Topics covered include: Anaerobic digestion Reactor design Pyrolysis Catalysis in biomass transformation Engines for combined heat and power Influence of feedstocks on performance and products Bio-hydrogen from biomass Analysis of bio-oils Numerical simulation and formal kinetic parameters evaluation Business case development This textbook will provide students, researchers and industry professionals with a practical and accessible guide to the essential skills required to advance in the field of bioenergy.
Download or read book Combustion Characteristics of a Multiple Swirl Spray Combustor written by Guoqiang Li and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of Ethanol and Butanol Content in Future Fuel Blends on Spray and Combustion Characteristics in DISI Engines written by Markus Behringer and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of Ethanol and Butanol Content in Future Fuel Blends on Spray and Combustion Characteristics in DISI Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spray and combustion characteristics of a liquid fueled Ramjet combustor written by Masaki Sasaki and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Atomization and Sprays written by Arthur H. Lefebvre and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of this long-time bestseller provides a framework for designing and understanding sprays for a wide array of engineering applications. The text contains correlations and design tools that can be easily understood and used in relating the design of atomizers to the resulting spray behavior. Written to be accessible to readers with a modest technical background, the emphasis is on application rather than in-depth theory. Numerous examples are provided to serve as starting points for using the information in the book. Overall, this is a thoroughly updated edition that still retains the practical focus and readability of the original work by Arthur Lefebvre.
