Download or read book Spectroscopic Investigations Into Nascent and Aged Sea Spray Aerosol written by Jonathan Trueblood and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric aerosols directly impact the Earth's climate by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and indirectly by altering the microphysical properties of clouds. Aerosols formed over the oceans, termed marine aerosols, consist of secondary marine aerosols (SMA) formed upon the oxidation of gas phase species and of primary sea spray aerosols (SSA) that are directly emitted from the surface of the ocean. The climate relevant properties of primary SSA are determined by their size and chemical composition, both of which are functions of the ocean's biological activity as well as atmospheric heterogeneous reactions with trace gas species and photochemical aging reactions. This dissertation investigates the impacts of each of these processes on the chemical complexity of SSA by conducting fundamental laboratory studies involving spectroscopic probing of various SSA systems ranging from simple, single component model systems to authentic SSA produced using an indoor ocean-atmosphere facility that replicates the chemical and biological complexity of the ocean and SSA. First, we identified the various chemical species found in SSA and linked their size and temporal changes to the biological activity of the ocean. Next, we used our improved understanding of the molecular speciation of SSA to look in-depth at the atmospheric reactions that alter the chemical and physical properties of SSA, including the heterogeneous reaction with gas phase nitric acid and OH radicals, as well as photosensitized reactions with chromophoric species. We found that the chemical complexity of SSA due to the organic and biological components alters their reactivity and introduces alternative pathways beyond those previously acknowledged. Finally, to aid in future experiments of photochemical aging reactions of SSA, we constructed and validated an LED incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer (LED-IBCEAS) to detect various nitrogen oxides (e.g., NO2 and HONO). The findings presented in this dissertation improve our understanding of the various chemical and biological controls on the climate relevant properties of SSA, and can ultimately be used to improve the performance of regional and global climate models.

Download or read book Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy written by Ruth Signorell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-12-20 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Helping you better understand the processes, instruments, and methods of aerosol spectroscopy, Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Spectroscopy provides an overview of the state of the art in this rapidly developing field. It covers fundamental aspects of aerosol spectroscopy, applications to atmospherically and astronomically relevant problem

Download or read book New Tools and Paradigms for the Analysis of Sea Spray Aerosols by Single Particle Mass Spectrometry written by Camille M. Sultana and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols can influence the chemistry of the atmosphere as well as also impact global climate by directly scattering light and modifying cloud properties. Sea spray aerosols (SSA) are the second most abundant natural aerosol globally and have the potential to strongly influence atmospheric chemistry and scattering of solar radiation in marine regions. In this dissertation, an ATOFMS was utilized to characterize the chemistry of SSA, focusing on describing the mixing state of the population and also distributions of chemical components within particles. Existing paradigms describing SSA via single particle mass spectrometers (SPMS) were expanded upon and SPMS descriptions of SSA with results from offline spectromicroscopy and quantitative ensemble techniques were unifed. This research was facilitated by the development of a new SPMS data analysis toolkit, which enabled both script-based and visual data exploration all within a single programming environment. Utilizing this toolkit, ATOFMS depth profiling studies of supermicron SSA illustrated that much of the variation in SSA mass spectral signatures is likely due to inconsistent desorption of particles with core-shell morphologies, helping to unify online and offline descriptions of the SSA mixing state. In a study of SSA generated from a model seawater solution, the interpretation of single particle ion signatures were informed by complimentary offline microscopy images and quantitative chemical composition measurements. It was deduced that the high calcium signal and total negative ion yield were likely a product of the coordination of calcium to carboxylate in the desorbed and ionized particle. For the first time, depth profiling and size dependence analyses were coupled to isolate likely microbial ion signatures (BioSS) from within the SSA population. These new paradigms were applied to interpret SSA ATOFMS data sets from collaborative studies, where the influence of biologically mediated changes in seawater chemistry on SSA chemistry and climate impacts were explored. Concentrations of BioSS and warm ice nucleating particles were correlated, suggesting microbe-containing SSA may effectively nucleate ice in marine clouds. Finally, ATOFMS and aerosol mass spectrometry descriptions of SSA helped establish a mechanistic framework illustrating how SSA chemical composition is modulated not only by phytoplankton primary production but also by microbial degradation processes.

Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Rekha Kale and published by Scitus Academics LLC. This book was released on 2015-03 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric Aerosols is a vital problem in current environmental research due to its importance in atmospheric optics, energetics, radiative transfer studies, chemistry, climate, biology and public health. Aerosols can influence the energy balance of the terrestrial atmosphere, the hydrological cycle, atmospheric dynamics and monsoon circulations. Because of the heterogeneous aerosol field with large spatial and temporal variability and reduction in uncertainties in aerosol quantification is a challenging task in atmospheric sciences. Keeping this in view the present study aims to assess the impact of aerosols on coastal Indian station Visakhapatnam and the adjoining Bay of Bengal. An aerosol is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. Aerosols can be natural or not. Examples of natural aerosols are fog, forest exudates and geyser steam.

Download or read book Laboratory Investigations Into Factors Controlling the Heterogeneous Reactivity of Sea Spray Aerosols written by Christopher Lee and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols impact climate directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation or indirectly by influencing cloud properties and lifetime. Additionally, aerosols represent one of the most abundant surfaces available for heterogeneous reactions. Further, as aerosols react and age in the atmosphere, their interaction with solar radiation and water uptake can change. Sea spray aerosols (SSA) constitute one of the most abundant natural aerosols in the atmosphere. Understanding how oceanic biological processes affect SSA composition and heterogeneous chemistry remains an active area of research. To study SSA heterogeneous reaction processes, fundamental laboratory studies must be able to reproduce the full chemical complexity of SSA. In this dissertation, we discuss a novel approach to studying SSA chemistry in the laboratory. This approach entails inducing phytoplankton blooms in a laboratory microcosm experiment to study the impacts of natural microbial processes on the chemical composition of seawater and SSA. From these studies, the role of heterotrophic bacteria and their associated enzymes on the chemical composition of SSA are revealed. This dissertation investigates the impact of enzymes, active in both the seawater as well as in SSA, on aerosol physicochemical properties, including nitric acid heterogeneous reactivity that is important for global nitrogen cycle. Not only can enzymes affect the physicochemical properties of SSA, but they can transform the chemistry of the atmosphere upon coagulation with pre-existing ambient particles. Further, we discovered the roles of monovalent versus divalent cations in the morphology and heterogeneous reactivity lipopolysaccharide-containing SSA. The results uncover the bacterial produced chemicals, including hydrolytic enzymes and lipopolysaccharides, in controlling SSA composition and heterogeneous reactivity in the atmosphere.

Download or read book Sea Salt Aerosol Production written by Ernie R. Lewis and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 2004-01-09 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 152. Sea salt aerosol (SSA) exerts a major influence over a broad reach of geophysics. It is important to the physics and chemistry of the marine atmosphere and to marine geochemistry and biogeochemistry generally. It affects visibility, remote sensing, atmospheric chemistry, and air quality. Sea salt aerosol particles interact with other atmospheric gaseous and aerosol constituents by acting as sinks for condensable gases and suppressing new particle formation, thus influencing the size distribution of these other aerosols and more broadly influencing the geochemical cycles of substances with which they interact. As the key aerosol constituent over much of Earth's surface at present, and all the more so in pre-industrial times, SSA is central to description of Earth's aerosol burden.

Download or read book Insights Into Acidity Driven Surface Chemistry and Kinetics of Aqueous Aerosols written by Kyle Angle and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric aerosols are generated by the millions globally from the bursting of ocean bubbles, the action of wind on dust, burning processes, and many other sources. Aerosol particles have high surface area to volume ratios and typically contain chemicals in significantly greater concentrations compared to the bulk source. From serving as the seeds for clouds to promoting multiphase chemistry and interacting with cells, aerosols have profound impacts on the climate and human health. Among the many properties of aerosols, one of the most important is pH, a measure of the particle's acidity. Low pH aerosols have detrimental effects on the lungs, and many atmospheric transformations exhibit pH dependence. Although aerosol pH is critically important, it is challenging to measure due to the very small volumes individual aerosols occupy. As a result, prior to the work presented here, the pH of nascent sea spray aerosol (the largest source of aqueous particles globally) was unknown. Here, a novel method for the determination of aerosol pH and its application to the measurement of sea spray aerosol acidity is presented. It is found that, in just two minutes, these aerosols are acidified to pH levels ranging from 2 to 4 depending on particle size. Following this result, several key causes and effects of aerosol pH are discussed. Acidity is shown to impact the extent of acceleration of S(IV) oxidation in aerosols, an important chemical reaction for the fate of sulfur dioxide emissions and air quality. A unique type of buffering to aerosols is presented next, where the titration of the particle results in a decrease in the organic content of the aerosol, instead of a drop in pH, due to partitioning of acids. Following this, the kinetics of nitrate and chloride depletion for single aerosols is shown for the first time. These processes both modulate aerosol pH and change particle hygroscopicity, which is a central parameter for atmospheric cloud formation. Finally, the link between aerosol acidity and surface chemistry is shown by an exploration of the pH-dependent surface propensity of amino acids in aqueous environments. Together, these studies shed light on the drivers of aerosol pH and the kinetics of critical aerosol-phase reactions. Ultimately, this research improves understanding of the complex ocean-climate system and how invisible particles present health challenges for populations globally.

Download or read book Oceanic Whitecaps written by E.C. Monahan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1986-04-30 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While various volumes havepreviously been de­ bable, answer to this question lies in the obser­ vation that while whitecaps are some of the voted to such topics as droplets and bubbles, it is our conceit that this is the first volume dedi­ most apparent features associated with high sea cated to the description of the phenomenon states, they have also pro\'ed to be someofthe of oceanic whitecapping, and to a considera­ most difficult objects to measure and describe tion of the role these whitecapsplay in satellite quantitatively, and while scientists as a group marine remote sensing, in sea-salt aerosol gene­ may like to tackle difficult problems, we ration, and in a broad range ofother sea surface should not be accused ofundue modesty when processes. This observation, reOecting in part we observe that as a group we also have a finite the relatively modest attention paid until re­ tolerance for frustration and ahuman,perhaps cently by the scientific community to white­ aesthetic, prejudice in favour ofnatural pheno­ caps, is noteworthy when one considers that mena that are amcnable to detailed description. collectively whitecaps are to thegeneral public It is appropriate to note that Professor Wood­ one of the most striking features of the sea­ cock, to whom this volume is dedicated, ap­ scape.

Download or read book Mixed Phase Clouds written by Constantin Andronache and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling presents advanced research topics on mixed-phase clouds. As the societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, there is a continuous need to refine atmospheric observations, techniques and numerical models. Understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital for current applications, such as prediction and prevention of aircraft icing, weather modification, and the assessment of the effects of cloud phase partition in climate models. This book provides the essential information needed to address these problems with a focus on current observations, simulations and applications. - Provides in-depth knowledge and simulation of mixed-phase clouds over many regions of Earth, explaining their role in weather and climate - Features current research examples and case studies, including those on advanced research methods from authors with experience in both academia and the industry - Discusses the latest advances in this subject area, providing the reader with access to best practices for remote sensing and numerical modeling

Download or read book Investigation of the Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Potential of Sea Spray Aerosol written by Lilian A. Dove and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bubble bursting at the ocean surface generates smaller film-burst particles and larger jet drop particles that differ in composition. The chemical composition of sea spray aerosols is an important parameter for the evaluation of their impact on the global climate system. This study investigates the role of particle chemistry on the heterogeneous ice nucleation potential of laboratory-generated sea spray aerosols. Cultures of Procholorococcus, a highly abundant marine phytoplankton species, were used as a model source of organic sea spray aerosols. Results show that smaller particles generated from the lysed Procholorococcus cultures were organically enriched and effectively activated as ice nucleating particles at warmer temperatures and lower supersaturations than larger particles. The role of chemical composition in the activation of the particles was studied by measuring the nucleation abilities of single component organic molecules that mimic proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in Procholorococcus. Amylopectin, agarose, and aspartic acid exhibited nucleation behaviors similar to particles generated from Procholorococcus cultures. Therefore, carbohydrates and proteins with numerous and well-ordered hydrophilic functional groups may determine the ice nucleation potential of organic sea spray aerosols.

Download or read book Detection and Influence of Biological Aerosols in Marine and Coastal Environments written by Brock A. Mitts and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aerosols influence climate by directly scatter radiation and affecting cloud properties and lifetime. Biological aerosols (bioaerosols) act as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles (INPs) and can impact human and ecosystem health. Oceans, which cover over 70% of the Earth's surface, comprise an important source of bioaerosols emitted in both primary sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles and formed as secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the influence of marine bioaerosols on clouds and climate remains an area of high uncertainty. In this dissertation, bioaerosols from marine environments were measured in laboratory-based systems and the ambient coastal environment to analyze their impact on cloud formation and on local communities. Studies on the ice nucleating ability of SSA showed supermicron-size SSA particles, rather than submicron, were the predominant source of INPs released from a marine environment. The size of these particles suggests these INPs represented bioaerosols, like marine bacteria, their fragments, or exudates. Bioaerosol emissions in SSA were measured with single-particle fluorescence spectrometry over the course of a mesocosm phytoplankton bloom and showed, for the first time, the fluorescence signature and size distribution of these particles in nascent SSA. To uncover how atmospheric oxidants impact the SSA fluorescence profile, an oxidative flow reactor was used to simulate days of atmospheric aging during a phytoplankton bloom study in an ocean-atmosphere system. This study revealed that aged SSA particles underwent chemical transformations from proteinaceous to humic-like particles, reflected in the loss of protein-like fluorescence and the production of humic-like fluorescence. Applying these online fluorescence methods to aerosols in an urban-coastal environment demonstrated the ability to distinguish and characterize marine and continental air masses. Lastly, we developed a novel system combining a sublimation-condensation flow tube with a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization matrix and an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer to identify sub-100 nm SOA produced from biogenic VOCs. By improving bioaerosol detection in marine environments and better understanding their ability to seed clouds, the findings from this work enable more accurate representations and parameterizations of marine emissions for global climate models.

Download or read book Progressing the Understandings of Sea Spray Aerosol Through Model Systems and Nem Methods of Analysis written by Joshua Ryan Grandquist and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Currently, there exists a great deal of uncertainty regarding atmospheric aerosols and the role that they play within the Earth's atmosphere. It is known that atmospheric aerosols can play a role in the Earth's climate by scattering and absorbing solar radiation or acting as a cloud condensation nuclei. The purpose of this work is to obtain an improved understanding of the chemistry of atmospheric aerosols to better determine their impacts the environment, air quality, and climate. This work revolves around one specific type of atmospheric aerosol, i.e. sea spray aerosol. Sea spray aerosol is generated via breaking waves, through wind-driven mechanisms. Ocean water covers roughly 71% of the Earth's surface, and from this over 1300 Tg of sea spray aerosols is emitted into the atmosphere every year. However, until recently, the study of sea spray was very challenging and often inconclusive due to the inability to filter background particles out. In this work, the understanding of sea spray aerosol is progressed by taking a two-pronged approach. First, this work focuses on the study of model systems of simple ocean surfactants and NaCl and the change in chemistry that occurs when the two are in the presence of each other. Second, sea spray samples generated during a biological bloom are isolated and analyzed. Using this two pronged approach, it is shown that model systems can provide supporting evidence for hypotheses created from trends discovered in more complex samples. Finally, common aerosol generation, storage, and analysis techniques are studied in order to improve our understanding of their effects on aerosol particles.

Download or read book Vibrational Sum frequency Spectroscopic Investigations of Small Tropospheric Aerosol Molecules at Vapor water Interfaces written by Teresa Lynn Tarbuck and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Laboratory Investigations of Soot Optical Properties and the Hygroscopicity and Production of Sea Spray Aerosol written by Sara Danielle Forestieri and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Atmospheric Multiphase Chemistry written by Hajime Akimoto and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-27 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important guide that highlights the multiphase chemical processes for students and professionals who want to learn more about aerosol chemistry Atmospheric Multiphase Reaction Chemistry provides the information and knowledge of multiphase chemical processes and offers a review of the fundamentals on gas-liquid equilibrium, gas phase reactions, bulk aqueous phase reactions, and gas-particle interface reactions related to formation of secondary aerosols. The authors—noted experts on the topic—also describe new particle formation, and cloud condensation nuclei activity. In addition, the text includes descriptions of field observations on secondary aerosols and PM2.5. Atmospheric aerosols play a critical role in air quality and climate change. There is growing evidence that the multiphase reactions involving heterogeneous reactions on the air-particle interface and the reactions in the bulk liquid phase of wet aerosol and cloud/fog droplets are important processes forming secondary aerosols in addition to gas-phase oxidation reactions to form low-volatile compounds. Comprehensive in scope, the book offers an understanding of the topic by providing a historical overview of secondary aerosols, the fundamentals of multiphase reactions, gas-phase reactions of volatile organic compounds, aqueous phase and air-particle interface reactions of organic compound. This important text: Provides knowledge on multiphase chemical processes for graduate students and research scientists Includes fundamentals on gas-liquid equilibrium, gas phase reactions, bulk aqueous phase reactions, and gas-particle interface reactions related to formation of secondary aerosols Covers in detail reaction chemistry of secondary organic aerosols Written for students and research scientists in atmospheric chemistry and aerosol science of environmental engineering, Atmospheric Multiphase Reaction Chemistry offers an essential guide to the fundamentals of multiphase chemical processes.

Download or read book Ocean Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles written by Peter S. Liss and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oceans and atmosphere interact through various processes, including the transfer of momentum, heat, gases and particles. In this book leading international experts come together to provide a state-of-the-art account of these exchanges and their role in the Earth-system, with particular focus on gases and particles. Chapters in the book cover: i) the ocean-atmosphere exchange of short-lived trace gases; ii) mechanisms and models of interfacial exchange (including transfer velocity parameterisations); iii) ocean-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide; iv) ocean atmosphere exchange of particles and v) current and future data collection and synthesis efforts. The scope of the book extends to the biogeochemical responses to emitted / deposited material and interactions and feedbacks in the wider Earth-system context. This work constitutes a highly detailed synthesis and reference; of interest to higher-level university students (Masters, PhD) and researchers in ocean-atmosphere interactions and related fields (Earth-system science, marine / atmospheric biogeochemistry / climate). Production of this book was supported and funded by the EU COST Action 735 and coordinated by the International SOLAS (Surface Ocean- Lower Atmosphere Study) project office.

Download or read book Aquatic Humic Substances written by Dag Hessen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humic substances occur in all kinds of aquatic systems, but are particularly important in northern, coniferous areas. They strongly modify the aquatic ecosystems and also constitute a major problem in the drinking water supply. This volume covers all aspects of aquatic humic substances, from their origin and chemical properties, their effects on light and nutrient regimes and biogeochemical cycling, to their role regarding organisms, productivity and food web organization from bacteria to fish. Special emphasis is paid to carbon cycling and food web organization in humic lakes, but aspects of marine carbon cycling related to humus are treated as well.