Download or read book Spectroscopic and Chemical Characterization of Biomass written by Lizbeth Laureano-Pérez and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Analytical Methods for Biomass Characterization and Conversion written by David C. Dayton and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-11-05 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analytical Methods for Biomass Characterization and Conversion is a thorough resource for researchers, students and professors who investigate the use of biomass for fuels, chemicals and products. Advanced analytical chemistry methods and techniques can now provide detailed compositional and chemical measurements of biomass, biomass conversion process streams, intermediates and products. This volume from the Emerging Issues in Analytical Chemistry series brings together the current knowledge on each of these methods, including spectroscopic methods (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Near-infrared Spectroscopy, Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), pyrolysis (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry), Liquid Chromatography/High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, and so on. Authors David C. Dayton and Thomas D. Foust show how these can be used for measuring biomass composition and for determining the composition of intermediates with regard to subsequent processing for biofuels, bio-chemicals and bio-based products. Covers the broad range of techniques and applications that have been developed and perfected in the last decade Highlights specific analyses required for understanding biomass conversion to select intermediates Provides references to seminal books, review articles and technical articles that go into greater depth, serving as a basis for further study

Download or read book Biomass Modification Characterization and Process Monitoring Analytics to Support Biofuel and Biomaterial Production written by Robert Henry and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-06-09 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable fuels and other commodities has provided an appealing alternative towards supplanting global dependence on fossil fuels. The suitability of multitudes of plants for deconstruction to useful precursor molecules and products is currently being evaluated. These studies have probed a variety of phenotypic traits, including cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharide, lignin, and lignin monomer composition, glucose and xylose production following enzymatic hydrolysis, and an assessment of lignin-carbohydrate and lignin-lignin linkages, to name a few. These quintessential traits can provide an assessment of biomass recalcitrance, enabling researchers to devise appropriate deconstruction strategies. Plants with high polysaccharide and lower lignin contents have been shown to breakdown to monomeric sugars more readily. Not all plants contain ideal proportions of the various cell wall constituents, however. The capabilities of biotechnology can alleviate this conundrum by tailoring the chemical composition of plants to be more favorable for conversion to sugars, fuels, etc. Increases in the total biomass yield, cellulose content, or conversion efficiency through, for example, a reduction in lignin content, are pathways being evaluated to genetically improve plants for use in manufacturing biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Although plants have been previously domesticated for food and fiber production, the collection of phenotypic traits prerequisite for biofuel production may necessitate new genetic breeding schemes. Given the plethora of potential plants available for exploration, rapid analytical methods are needed to more efficiently screen through the bulk of samples to hone in on which feedstocks contain the desired chemistry for subsequent conversion to valuable, renewable commodities. The standard methods for analyzing biomass and related intermediates and finished products are laborious, potentially toxic, and/or destructive. They may also necessitate a complex data analysis, significantly increasing the experimental time and add unwanted delays in process monitoring, where delays can incur in significant costs. Advances in thermochemical and spectroscopic techniques have enabled the screening of thousands of plants for different phenotypes, such as cell-wall cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharide, and lignin composition, lignin monomer composition, or monomeric sugar release. Some instrumental methods have been coupled with multivariate analysis, providing elegant chemometric predictive models enabling the accelerated identification of potential feedstocks. In addition to the use of high-throughput analytical methods for the characterization of feedstocks based on phenotypic metrics, rapid instrumental techniques have been developed for the real-time monitoring of diverse processes, such as the efficacy of a specific pretreatment strategy, or the formation of end products, such as biofuels and biomaterials. Real-time process monitoring techniques are needed for all stages of the feedstocks-to-biofuels conversion process in order to maximize efficiency and lower costs by monitoring and optimizing performance. These approaches allow researchers to adjust experimental conditions during, rather than at the conclusion, of a process, thereby decreasing overhead expenses. This Frontiers Research Topic explores options for the modification of biomass composition and the conversion of these feedstocks into to biofuels or biomaterials and the related innovations in methods for the analysis of the composition of plant biomass, and advances in assessing up- and downstream processes in real-time. Finally, a review of the computational models available for techno-economic modeling and lifecycle analysis will be presented.

Download or read book Analytical Techniques and Methods for Biomass written by Sílvio Vaz Jr. and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the application of techniques and methods of chemical analysis for the study of biomass and its conversion processes, aiming to fill the current gap in the book literature on the subject. The use of various techniques and analytical methods is presented and discussed in a straightforward manner, providing the reader with the possibility of choosing the most appropriate methodologies for analysis of the major classes of plant biomass and its products. In the present volume, a select group of international specialists describes different approaches to understand the biomass structure, their physical and chemical properties, the parameters of conversion processes, the products and by-products formation and quantification, quality parameters, etc. Modern chemistry plays a strong economic role in industrial activities based on biomass, with an increasing trend of the importance of its application from the deployment of biorefineries and the principles of green chemistry, which make use of the potential of biomass with decreasing impact negative environmental. In this context, analytical chemistry can contribute significantly to the supply chains of biomass, be it plant or animal origin; however, with the first offering the greatest challenges and the greatest opportunity for technical, scientific and economic progress, given its diversified chemical constitution. Thus, the chemical analysis can be used to examine the composition for characterizing physicochemical properties and to monitor their conversion processes, in order to obtain better products and uses of biomass. The quality of the biomass used determines the product quality. Therefore, reliable information is required about the chemical composition of the biomass to establish the best use (e.g., most suitable conversion process and its conditions), which will influence harvest and preparation steps. Conversion processes should be monitored for their yield, integrity, safety, and environmental impact. Effluent or residues should be monitored and analyzed for environmental control. Co-products need to be monitored to avoid interference with the product yield and product purity; however, co-products are also a good opportunity to add value to the biomass chain. Finally, products need to be monitored and analyzed to determine their yields and purity and to ensure their quality. In this context, analytical chemistry can contribute significantly to the biomass supply chains, be it of plant or animal origin.

Download or read book Spectral and Chemical Characterization of Organic Compounds written by W. J. Criddle and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1976 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook on Characterization of Biomass Biowaste and Related By products written by Ange Nzihou and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-17 with total page 1394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides authoritative information, techniques and data necessary for the appropriate understanding of biomass and biowaste (understood as contaminated biomass) composition and behaviour while processed in various conditions and technologies. Numerous techniques for characterizing biomass, biowaste and by-product streams exist in literature. However, there lacks a reference book where these techniques are gathered in a single book, although such information is in increasingly high demand. This handbook provides a wealth of characterization methods, protocols, standards, databases and references relevant to various biomass, biowaste materials and by-products. It specifically addresses sampling and preconditioning methods, extraction techniques of elements and molecules, as well as biochemical, mechanical and thermal characterization methods. Furthermore, advanced and innovative methods under development are highlighted. The characterization will allow the analysis, identification and quantification of molecules and species including biomass feedstocks and related conversion products. The characterization will also provide insight into physical, mechanical and thermal properties of biomass and biowaste as well as the resulting by-products.

Download or read book Advanced Spectroscopic Techniques for Food Quality written by Ashutosh Kumar Shukla and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2022-05-20 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This informative volume presents the application of advanced spectroscopic techniques in the analysis of food quality for novice researchers and professionals looking for cross comparison of techniques.

Download or read book Opto nanomechanical Spectroscopic Material Characterization written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cellulosic ethanol is a biofuel of considerable potential in the search for sustainable and renewable bioenergy [1,2]. However, while rich in carbohydrates [3], the plant cell walls exhibit a natural resistance to complex phenotype treatments such as enzymatic microbial deconstruction, heat and acid treatments that can remove the lignin polymers from cellulose before hydrolysis [5]. Noninvasive physical and chemical characterization of the cell walls and the effect of such treatments on biomass are challenging but necessary to understand and overcome such resistance [6]. Although lacking chemical recognition in their traditional forms, the various emerging modalities of nano-mechanical [7] and opto-nano-mechanical [8] force microscopies [9,10] provide a superb window into the needed nanoscale material characterization [6]. Infrared absorption spectroscopy is a powerful, non- destructive and ultra-sensitive technique that can provide the needed molecular fingerprinting but the photothermal channel is delocalized and thus lacks spatial resolution. Utilizing the emerging dynamic concepts of mode synthesizing atomic force microscopy (MSAFM) [11] and virtual resonance [12], we introduce a hybrid photonic and nanomechanical force microscopy (hp-MSAFM) with molecular recognition and characterize the extraction, holopulping and acid treatment of biomass. We present spatially and spectrally resolved cell wall images that reveal both the morphological and the compositional alterations of the cell walls. The measured biomolecular traits are in agreement with chemical maps obtained with infrared and confocal Raman micro-spectroscopies of the same samples. The presented findings should prove highly relevant in fields such as cancer research [13], nanotoxicity [14], energy storage and production [15], where morphological, chemical and subsurface studies of nanocomposites [16], nanoparticle uptake by cells [14], and nanoscale quality control [17] are in demand.

Download or read book Rapid Characterization of Biomass written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Spectral and Chemical Characterization of Organic Compounds written by W. J. Criddle and published by Wiley. This book was released on 1991-01-08 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together information the student is likely to need in the laboratory for characterization of organic compounds--their principal chemical reactions and their spectral properties. For the third edition of this popular laboratory student text the authors have included the theoretical basis of the chemical tests which are described and have also expanded the sections on spectroscopy. In particular the layout of the tables--both chemical and spectroscopic--has been improved. The melting point tables have been revised in the light of current availability of organic compounds. A basic knowledge of the theoretical principles of spectroscopy is assumed. Systematic names are used throughout though where the older trivial names are still in common use these are given in addition. The book also includes a section on the characterization of pharmaceutical compounds for students of pharmacy. Contents: Preface to First Edition; Preface to Second Edition, Preface to Third Edition; Safety in the Laboratory; Preliminary Tests, Chemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Functional Groups; Chromatographic Methods; The Separation of Organic Mixtures; Preparation of Derivatives: Tables of Organic Compounds and their Derivatives; Pharmaceutical Compounds; Index.

Download or read book Improved Methodologies for Biomass Wet Chemical Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this thesis study was to further the development of lignocellulosic biomass as a potential renewable energy source by investigating new wet chemical compositional analysis techniques to be used to monitor changes in biomass composition resulting from size reduction and separation processes such grinding and sieving. Numerous disadvantages to the standard wet chemical analysis procedure as developed by US Dept of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) were identified as targets for possible improvements. The overall objective was utilization of ionic liquids as a "green" alternative to the use of aqueous acidic solvents employed in the NREL protocol. These experiments included direct spectral analyses to quantify the lignin constituent, and successive enzymatic hydrolysis for quantification of the cellulose constituent. Results contained herein revealed that solubilization of biomass occurred in ionic liquids, which allowed for rapid spectroscopic determination of its lignin composition. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose occurred in an ionic liquid-rich solvent system, and quantification of the cellulolytic monosaccharide products was achieved using high performance liquid chromatography. Motivated by the disadvantages associated with the NREL biomass compositional analysis procedure, a new analysis procedure utilizing ionic liquids was proposed and developed as an approach aimed towards improving laboratory safety and analysis time. The study was approached by first quantifying the solubility of biomass in ionic liquids. Direct quantification of the lignin content was conducted by two methods, UV-visible spectrophotometric analyses after the addition of a dilution agent, acetonitrile, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The cellulose component of yellow poplar was then completely hydrolyzed using a cellulolytic enzyme in the ionic liquid-rich reaction media, and the hydrolysate was then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of glucose monomeric units. Success was achieved in the design of the analysis procedure, and it was employed for the quantification of lignin and cellulose in yellow poplar. There was also a highly predictable conversion of cellulose to glucose and cellobiose by the cellulase in the ionic liquid-rich reaction media. A biomass compositional analysis procedure for the quantification of lignin and cellulose was created and was observed to be consistent in comparison with the results from the NREL protocol. The total lignin content as a percent of dry mass in yellow poplar was found to be 25.1% [plus-minus] 0.8 using the NREL protocol, and 21.5% [plus-minus] 0.4 and 25.6% [plus-minus] 0.1 by the UV-visible and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy approaches, respectively, in the methods described herein. The glucan component was quantified as 43.5% [plus-minus] 0.5 utilizing the NREL protocol and 43.6% [plus-minus] 0.3 through analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysate as part of these methodologies.

Download or read book Applied Fourier Transform Near infrared Techniques for Biomass Compositional Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new method for rapid chemical analysis of lignocellulosic biomass was developed using Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopic techniques. The new method is less time-consuming and expensive than traditional wet chemistry. A mathematical model correlated FT-NIR spectra with concentrations determined by wet chemistry. Chemical compositions of corn stover and switchgrass were evaluated in terms of glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, lignin, and ash. Model development evaluated multivariate regressions, spectral transform algorithms, and spectral pretreatments and selected partial least squares regression, log(1/R), and extended multiplicative signal correction, respectively. Chemical composition results indicated greater variability in corn stover than switchgrass, especially among botanic parts. Also, glucose percentage was higher in internodes (>40%) than nodes or leaves (~30- 40%). Leaves had the highest percentage of lignin (~23-25%) and ash (~4-9%). Husk had the highest total sugar percentage (~77%). Individual FT-NIR predictive models were developed with good accuracy for corn stover and switchgrass. Root mean square errors for prediction (RMSEPs) from crossvalidation for glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, lignin and ash were 0.633, 0.620, 0.235, 0.374, 0.203, 0.458 and 0.266 (%w/w), respectively for switchgrass, and 1.407, 1.346, 0.201, 0.341, 0.321, 1.087 and 0.700 (%w/w), respectively for corn stover. A unique general model for corn stover and switchgrass was developed and validated for general biomass using a combination of independent samples of corn stover, switchgrass and wheat straw. RMSEPs of this general model using cross-validation were 1.153, 1.208, 0.425, 0.578, 0.282, 1.347 and 0.530 %w/w for glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, lignin and ash, respectively. RMSEPs for independent validation were less than those obtained by cross-validation. Prediction of major constituents satisfied standardized quality control criteria established by the American Association of Cereal Chemists. Also, FT-NIR analysis predicted higher heating value (HHV) with a RMSEP of 53.231 J/g and correlation of 0.971. An application of the developed method is the rapid analysis of the chemical composition of biomass feedstocks to enable improved targeting of plant botanic components to conversion processes including, but not limited to, fermentation and gasification.

Download or read book Biomass Modification Characterization and Process Monitoring Analytics to Support Biofuel and Biomaterial Production written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable fuels and other commodities has provided an appealing alternative towards supplanting global dependence on fossil fuels. The suitability of multitudes of plants for deconstruction to useful precursor molecules and products is currently being evaluated. These studies have probed a variety of phenotypic traits, including cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharide, lignin, and lignin monomer composition, glucose and xylose production following enzymatic hydrolysis, and an assessment of lignin-carbohydrate and lignin-lignin linkages, to name a few. These quintessential traits can provide an assessment of biomass recalcitrance, enabling researchers to devise appropriate deconstruction strategies. Plants with high polysaccharide and lower lignin contents have been shown to breakdown to monomeric sugars more readily. Not all plants contain ideal proportions of the various cell wall constituents, however. The capabilities of biotechnology can alleviate this conundrum by tailoring the chemical composition of plants to be more favorable for conversion to sugars, fuels, etc. Increases in the total biomass yield, cellulose content, or conversion efficiency through, for example, a reduction in lignin content, are pathways being evaluated to genetically improve plants for use in manufacturing biofuels and bio-based chemicals. Although plants have been previously domesticated for food and fiber production, the collection of phenotypic traits prerequisite for biofuel production may necessitate new genetic breeding schemes. Given the plethora of potential plants available for exploration, rapid analytical methods are needed to more efficiently screen through the bulk of samples to hone in on which feedstocks contain the desired chemistry for subsequent conversion to valuable, renewable commodities. The standard methods for analyzing biomass and related intermediates and finished products are laborious, potentially toxic, and/or destructive. They may also necessitate a complex data analysis, significantly increasing the experimental time and add unwanted delays in process monitoring, where delays can incur in significant costs. Advances in thermochemical and spectroscopic techniques have enabled the screening of thousands of plants for different phenotypes, such as cell-wall cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharide, and lignin composition, lignin monomer composition, or monomeric sugar release. Some instrumental methods have been coupled with multivariate analysis, providing elegant chemometric predictive models enabling the accelerated identification of potential feedstocks. In addition to the use of high-throughput analytical methods for the characterization of feedstocks based on phenotypic metrics, rapid instrumental techniques have been developed for the real-time monitoring of diverse processes, such as the efficacy of a specific pretreatment strategy, or the formation of end products, such as biofuels and biomaterials. Real-time process monitoring techniques are needed for all stages of the feedstocks-to-biofuels conversion process in order to maximize efficiency and lower costs by monitoring and optimizing performance. These approaches allow researchers to adjust experimental conditions during, rather than at the conclusion, of a process, thereby decreasing overhead expenses. This Frontiers Research Topic explores options for the modification of biomass composition and the conversion of these feedstocks into to biofuels or biomaterials and the related innovations in methods for the analysis of the composition of plant biomass, and advances in assessing up- and downstream processes in real-time. Finally, a review of the computational models available for techno-economic modeling and lifecycle analysis will be presented.

Download or read book Spectroscopic and Chemometric Techniques for Pharmaceutical Applications written by Gerard G. Dumancas and published by American Chemical Society. This book was released on 2023-05-15 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spectroscopic and chemometric methods have become routinely applied tools in pharmaceutical industries because they reduce the analysis time and minimize the use of chemicals. The contents of this digital primer are to help newcomers in the field by providing basic content information about various spectroscopic and chemometric tools used in pharmaceutical analysis.

Download or read book Spectroscopic Characterization of Chemically Interesting Systems written by Michael John Sayers and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book New NIR Calibration Models Speed Biomass Composition and Reactivity Characterization written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obtaining accurate chemical composition and reactivity (measures of carbohydrate release and yield) information for biomass feedstocks in a timely manner is necessary for the commercialization of biofuels. This highlight describes NREL's work to use near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and partial least squares multivariate analysis to develop calibration models to predict the feedstock composition and the release and yield of soluble carbohydrates generated by a bench-scale dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis assay. This highlight is being developed for the September 2015 Alliance S & T Board meeting.

Download or read book Chemical Analysis and Material Characterization by Spectrophotometry written by Bhim Prasad Kaflé and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-12-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical Analysis and Material Characterization by Spectrophotometry integrates and presents the latest known information and examples from the most up-to-date literature on the use of this method for chemical analysis or materials characterization. Accessible to various levels of expertise, everyone from students, to practicing analytical and industrial chemists, the book covers both the fundamentals of spectrophotometry and instrumental procedures for quantitative analysis with spectrophotometric techniques. It contains a wealth of examples and focuses on the latest research, such as the investigation of optical properties of nanomaterials and thin solid films.