Download or read book Spatial Structure Transport Energy Air Quality Nexus written by Ariva Sugandi Permana and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Air Quality in Cities written by Nicolas Moussiopoulos and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urban areas are major sources of air pollution. Pollutant emissions affecting air quality in cities are considered to have adverse consequences for human health. Public and government concern about environmental issues arising from urban air pollution has increased over the last decades. The urban air pollution problem is widespread throughout the world and it is important to find ways of eliminating or at least reducing the risks for human health. The fundamentals of the physical and chemical processes occurring during air pollutant transport in the atmosphere are nowadays understood to a large extent. In particular, modelling of such processes has experienced a remarkable growth in the last decades. Monitoring capabilities have also improved markedly in the most urban areas around the world. However, neither modelling nor monitoring can solve urban air pollution problems, as they are only a first step in improving useful information for future regulations. The defining of efficient control strategies can not be achieved without a clear knowledge of the complete pollution process, i.e. emission, atmospheric transport and transformation, and deposition at the receptor. Improving our ability to establish valid urban scale source-receptor relation ships has been the objective of SA TURN, one of the 14 subprojects of EURO TRAC-2. Similar to the other subprojects of this co-ordinated environmental pro ject within the EUREKA initiative, SA TURN brought together international groups of scientists to work on problems directly related to atmospheric chemistry and physics. The present volume summarises the scientific results of SATURN.

Download or read book Quantifying Air Quality Human Health and Climate Impacts from Energy Systems written by Maninder Pal Singh Thind and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric emissions from the energy sector contribute to air pollution and climate change. Harmful gases in ambient air degrade air quality; exposure to those gases can lead to health impacts locally and regionally. Greenhouse gases perturb the energy balance of the atmosphere, leading to higher temperatures (global warming) and thus impacting climate at a global scale. Air pollution is linked to exposure disparities among demographic groups (race, income). This dissertation explores air quality, health and climate impacts, and environmental injustice from emissions originating from energy systems. The overarching goals of this research work are to (i) quantify and compare metrics for greenhouse and noxious pollutants to evaluate environmental consequences from interventions, (ii) develop metrics and tools to quantify air quality and human health impacts from point and line sources, (iii) explore distributions of health impacts from air pollution by race, income, and geography, and (iv) demonstrate the use a reduced-complexity air quality model to quantify impacts from multiple energy systems. In this research, I focus on the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. PM2.5 is the air pollutant that produces the largest monetized human health impacts in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. PM2.5 can be directly emitted from combustion or other activities (primary PM2.5) or formed from precursors such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and ammonia (NH3) (secondary PM2.5). Concentrations of PM2.5 species in the atmosphere are controlled by emissions, transport, chemistry, and deposition processes. The health impacts are a function of concentrations and the exposed population. Previous research has demonstrated the importance of fine spatial resolution for identifying and quantifying exposure disparities (environmental justice). I used a novel spatial air quality model called "Intervention Model for Air Pollution (InMAP)," combined with epidemiological research concerning air pollution and human health, to estimate health impacts of PM2.5 at a fine resolution. To understand climate impacts, I focus on carbon dioxide (CO2) which is a major greenhouse gas (81% of the total greenhouse gas emissions) emitted from complete combustion of carbon-containing fuels. This dissertation consists of three original studies focused on two energy sectors in the United States (U.S.): electricity generation and freight transportation. The methods employed in this work are based on two approaches: data-driven regression analysis and mechanistic air quality modeling using InMAP. Chapter 2 presents the data-driven empirical approach. Using linear regression between hourly changes in generation and emissions data, I investigate differences between average emission factors (AEFs) and average marginal emission factors (AMEFs) for CO2, SO2, and NOx at different spatial and temporal scales for a Midwest U.S. power market called the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO). AEFs and AMEFs are two commonly used metrics for estimating emission benefits from energy-efficiency strategies. This is the first study that estimates AEFs and AMEFs for a U.S. Regional Transmission Organization (RTO). I find, for example, that marginal emission factors are generally higher during late night and early morning compared to afternoons. In general, AEFs tend to be larger than AMEFs (typical difference: ~20%), and thus may overestimate emission impacts from interventions in the power sector, relative to using AMEFs. Chapters 3 and 4 present a mechanistic modeling approach for investigating air quality and human health impacts from PM2.5 emissions. Chapter 3 presents a study that estimates exposure to and health impacts of PM2.5 from electricity generation in the U.S., for each of the seven Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs), for each US state, by income, and by race. This research is the first national-scale investigation of environmental justice aspects of total PM2.5 from electricity generation. I find that average exposures are the highest for blacks, followed by non-Latino whites. Exposures for remaining groups (e.g., Asians, Native Americans, Latinos) are somewhat lower. Levels of disparity differ by state and RTO. Exposures are higher for lower-income than for higher-income, but disparities are larger by race than by income. Geographically, I observe large differences between where electricity is generated and where people experience the resulting PM2.5 health consequences; some states are net exporters of health impacts, other are net importers. Chapter 4 presents a study that investigates environmental health and climate impacts from inter-state road, rail, water, and air freight transportation in the U.S. This is the first detailed study to compare health, environmental justice, and climate impacts of four freight modes, studying each route separately. Average impacts per unit mass shipped are as follows. For all three impacts studied (PM2.5 health effects, racial-ethnic disparities in PM2.5 exposure, CO2 emissions), impacts are greatest for aircraft. Among non-aircraft modes: PM2.5 health effects are largest for rail, intermediate for barge, and lowest for truck; PM2.5 exposure disparities are largest for rail and are lower for truck and barge; climate impacts are largest for truck, intermediate for barge, and lowest for rail. Inter-state freight movement in the U.S. disproportionately impacts white non-Latinos relative to other racial-ethnic groups. This dissertation presents work to investigate air quality, health and climate impacts, and environmental justice-related issues from electricity generation and freight transportation. This work can be extended to other specific sectors of the economy and can be useful to scientists, planners, and policymakers to estimate environmental benefits of energy conservation programs and create policies that address environmental injustice. The metrics developed in this work can be applied by researchers to new electricity and transportation scenarios to understand their impacts and benefits.

Download or read book Effects of Transportation on Energy and Air Quality written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Nexus Energy Environment and Climate Change written by Walter Leal Filho and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-30 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the water–energy–climate nexus, which can be used to improve energy security and quality of life for millions of people in developing countries. It enhances the reader’s understanding of the link between energy and climate, through the development of new approaches to and methods for energy generation, energy use, and climate change adaptation and resilience. By presenting case studies and research reports, the book addresses the relevant issues needed in order to analyze and successfully implement technologies in the water–energy–climate nexus. It focuses on the contributions of higher education institutions in terms of capacity-building for energy efficiency, energy access and energy security, as they relate to climate change mitigation. The book combines results from the authors’ own research with detailed analyses, and the research presented lays the foundation for innovative new concepts and ideas, which the authors subsequently discuss. The book will appeal to all those interested in the links between energy issues, sustainability and climate change, as it focuses on the exchange between science and technology experts, as well as decision makers. It also supports students studying renewable energies and energy security, while serving as a valuable reference source for researchers, professionals, practitioners and scientists.

Download or read book Joint Strategies for Urban Transportation Air Quality and Energy Conservation written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Relationships Between Energy Consumption in Transportation and Urban Spatial Structure written by Jerry L. Edwards and published by . This book was released on 1974* with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book How Our Transport Systems are Used written by Inquiry into Urban Air Pollution in Australia. Task Group 5 and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy Consumption and Economic Growth New Insights Into the Cointegration Relationship written by Ansgar Hubertus Belke and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the long-run relationship between energy consumption and real GDP, including energy prices, for 25 OECD countries from 1981 to 2007. The distinction between common factors and idiosyncratic components using principal component analysis allows to distinguish between developments on an international and a national level as drivers of the long-run relationship. Indeed, cointegration between the common components of the underlying variables indicates that international developments dominate the long-run relationship between energy consumption and real GDP. Furthermore, the results suggest that energy consumption is price-inelastic. Causality tests indicate the presence of a bi-directional.

Download or read book Energy and Air Pollution Consequences of Urban Spatial Arrangements written by Paul Richard Heimann and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of Transportation on Energy and Air Quality written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Politics of Sustainable Development written by Susan Baker and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1997 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Politics of Sustainable Developmentanalyzes how the theory of sustainable development has been related to the practice and how it has been applied within Europe at all levels of government from the EU down to the sub-national local level. The essays included here begin with an analysis of the ambiguities inherent in sustainable development and the contestable nature of the concept. The contributors explore how far it is possible to reconcile economic growth with environmental needs, asking whether sustainable development can promote equity and development. The book breaks fresh ground in assessing the impact of deep ecological thought on sustainable development as part of a new typology of the concept. The second section examines how sustainable development has been interpreted at EU and sub-national levels within the member states, with examples drawn from the Mediterranean and Northern European countries. Contrasting interpretations of sustainable development are examined,considering political and administrative conflicts, the influence of cultural factors, and tensions between different levels of government. The ambiguity of sustainable development has led to extensive confusion and created the need for a clearer consensus among policy-makers as to how the concept should be interpreted.

Download or read book Examining Energy sector Impacts on Ambient Air Pollution in the U S and India Using Models and Observations written by Alexandra Karambelas and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ambient air pollution is a persistent health problem contributing to 3.7 million premature deaths annually. This dissertation uses numerical modeling, ground-based measurements, and satellite observations to assess energy-sector emissions impacts on health- and regulatory-relevant ambient pollution in the U.S. and India. Quantifying changes in U.S. energy sector emissions offer support for new regulatory strategies for improving air quality, and model evaluation provides the foundation for further air quality modeling studies in India. High air pollution days exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards are persistent across the eastern U.S. Emissions from on-road and electricity generating sources (EGUs) release gases resulting in ambient O3 and PM2.5. Source-apportionment modeling techniques are used to assess energy-sector contributions on high pollution days. Sensitivity simulations using the EPA's Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model suggest on-road emissions contribute to higher O3 concentrations (10.69% average, 18.82% polluted), whereas PM2.5 is sensitive to emissions from EGUs (29.08% average, 55.36% polluted). Increased contributions from motor vehicles and EGUs are found to occur coincident with high temperatures and low wind speeds, meteorological factors that tend to increase pollution formation and accumulation. A separate component of this work focuses on air quality in India, and is one of the first applications of CMAQ in the region. Model results validated with satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) indicate low model biases in the tropospheric column ( -65.8%), and evaluation with surface observations indicate high biases, particularly in urban areas, for gas-phase species (NO2: 31.4%, sulfur dioxide: 26.7%, O3: 19.7%) and low model biases for PM2.5 ( -47.1%), despite the inclusion of a new windblown dust module. Finally, high-resolution emissions from the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model including updated urban and rural population and activity information for northern India indicate detailed spatial allocation information has a strong impact on modeled ambient air quality. Results highlight the importance in relating emissions spatial and temporal distribution to air quality. Similarities and differences pertaining to energy-sector emissions in the U.S. and India suggest the need to further assess health- and policy-relevant air quality concerns unique regionally.

Download or read book Achieving Sustainable Urban Form written by Elizabeth Burton and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-07-04 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achieving Sustainable Urban Form represents a major advance in the sustainable development debate. It presents research which defines elements of sustainable urban form - density, size, configuration, detailed design and quality - from macro to micro scale. Case studies from Europe, the USA and Australia are used to illustrate good practice within the fields of planning, urban design and architecture.

Download or read book Examining Energy sector Impacts on Ambient Air Pollution in the U S and India Using Models and Observations written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ambient air pollution is a persistent health problem contributing to 3.7 million premature deaths annually. This dissertation uses numerical modeling, ground-based measurements, and satellite observations to assess energy-sector emissions impacts on health- and regulatory-relevant ambient pollution in the U.S. and India. Quantifying changes in U.S. energy sector emissions offer support for new regulatory strategies for improving air quality, and model evaluation provides the foundation for further air quality modeling studies in India. High air pollution days exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards are persistent across the eastern U.S.. Emissions from on-road and electricity generating sources (EGUs) release gases resulting in ambient O3 and PM2.5. Source-apportionment modeling techniques are used to assess energy-sector contributions on high pollution days. Sensitivity simulations using the EPA’s Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model suggest on-road emissions contribute to higher O3 concentrations (10.69% average, 18.82% polluted), whereas PM2.5 is sensitive to emissions from EGUs (29.08% average, 55.36% polluted). Increased contributions from motor vehicles and EGUs are found to occur coincident with high temperatures and low wind speeds, meteorological factors that tend to increase pollution formation and accumulation. A separate component of this work focuses on air quality in India, and is one of the first applications of CMAQ in the region. Model results validated with satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) indicate low model biases in the tropospheric column (-65.8%), and evaluation with surface observations indicate high biases, particularly in urban areas, for gas-phase species (NO2: 31.4%, sulfur dioxide: 26.7%, O3: 19.7%) and low model biases for PM2.5 (-47.1%), despite the inclusion of a new windblown dust module. Finally, high-resolution emissions from the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model including updated urban and rural population and activity information for northern India indicate detailed spatial allocation information has a strong impact on modeled ambient air quality. Results highlight the importance in relating emissions spatial and temporal distribution to air quality. Similarities and differences pertaining to energy-sector emissions in the U.S. and India suggest the need to further assess health- and policy-relevant air quality concerns unique regionally.

Download or read book Food Energy Water Nexus Resilience and Sustainable Development written by Somayeh Asadi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-28 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents readers with an integrated modeling approach for analyzing and understanding the interconnection of water, energy, and food resources and discusses the relationship between resilience and sustainability of the food- energy –water (FEW) system. Authors provide novel frameworks, models, and algorithms designed to balance the theoretical and applicative aspects of each chapter. The book covers an integrated modeling approach for FEW systems along with developed methods, codes, and planning tools for designing interdependent energy, water and food systems. In-depth chapters discuss the impact of renewable energy resources in FEW systems, sustainable design and operation, net zero energy buildings, and challenges and opportunities of the FEW nexus in the sustainable development of different countries. This book is useful for graduate students, researchers, and engineers seeking to understand how sustainable FEW systems contribute to the resilience of these systems and help policy and design makers allocate and prioritize resources in an integrated manner across the food, energy, and water sectors.

Download or read book Urban Energy Systems written by James Keirstead and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the technical and social systems that satisfy these needs and asks how methods can be put into practice to achieve this.