Download or read book Spatial Modeling of Carbon Pools and Fluxes of Terrestrial Ecosystems written by Abha Chhabra and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-03-01 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Carbon cycle holds center stage in many global change studies due to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its role in influencing climate and determining food, fiber and wood supply for human use through plant productivity. Highly unusual variations in the global carbon balance over last few decades have prompted much research on the dynamics of carbon cycle. Terrestrial ecosystems play an important role in global carbon budgets. This book presents a detailed research study undertaken for improving our understanding of agroecosystem and forest carbon cycle in India. It includes a detailed assessment of past and ongoing landuse and landcover changes and their effects on agroecosystem carbon cycle in Indo-Gangetic plains and estimation of biomass, phytomass carbon and soil carbon pools, litterfall carbon flux, and long-term net carbon release in Indian forests at regional and national scales. The environmental, economic and societal importance of the carbon cycle has led to numerous research initiatives at national and international levels. This book is very useful and informative to researchers in the field of biogeochemical carbon cycle and global change studies.

Download or read book Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling written by Gordon Bonan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-21 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an essential introduction to modeling terrestrial ecosystems in Earth system models for graduate students and researchers.

Download or read book Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-06-30 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human-induced climate change is an important environmental issue worldwide, as scientific studies increasingly demonstrate that human activities are changing the Earth's climate. Even if dramatic reductions in emissions were made today, some human-induced changes are likely to persist beyond the 21st century. The Kyoto Protocol calls for emissions reporting that separates out management-induced changes in greenhouse gases from those changes caused by indirect human effects (e.g., carbon dioxide fertilization, nitrogen deposition, or precipitation changes), natural effects, and past practices on forested agricultural lands. This book summarizes a September 2003 workshop where leaders from academia, government and industry came together to discuss the current state of scientific understanding on quantifying direct human-induced change in terrestrial carbon stocks and related changes in greenhouse gas emissions and distinguishing these changes from those caused by indirect and natural effects.

Download or read book Land Carbon Cycle Modeling written by Yiqi Luo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-08-18 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon moves through the atmosphere, through the oceans, onto land, and into ecosystems. This cycling has a large effect on climate – changing geographic patterns of rainfall and the frequency of extreme weather – and is altered as the use of fossil fuels adds carbon to the cycle. The dynamics of this global carbon cycling are largely predicted over broad spatial scales and long periods of time by Earth system models. This book addresses the crucial question of how to assess, evaluate, and estimate the potential impact of the additional carbon to the land carbon cycle. The contributors describe a set of new approaches to land carbon cycle modeling for better exploring ecological questions regarding changes in carbon cycling; employing data assimilation techniques for model improvement; and doing real- or near-time ecological forecasting for decision support. This book strives to balance theoretical considerations, technical details, and applications of ecosystem modeling for research, assessment, and crucial decision making. Key Features Helps readers understand, implement, and criticize land carbon cycle models Offers a new theoretical framework to understand transient dynamics of land carbon cycle Describes a suite of modeling skills – matrix approach to represent land carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles; data assimilation and machine learning to improve parameterization; and workflow systems to facilitate ecological forecasting Introduces a new set of techniques, such as semi-analytic spin-up (SASU), unified diagnostic system with a 1-3-5 scheme, traceability analysis, and benchmark analysis, for model evaluation and improvement Related Titles Isabel Ferrera, ed. Climate Change and the Oceanic Carbon Cycle: Variables and Consequences (ISBN 978-1-774-63669-5) Lal, R. et al., eds. Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle (ISBN 978-0-8493-7441-8) Windham-Myers, L., et al., eds. A Blue Carbon Primer: The State of Coastal Wetland Carbon Science, Practice and Policy (ISBN 978-0-367-89352-1)

Download or read book Spatial Patterns and Mechanisms for Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes in the Northern Hemisphere written by Zhi Chen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-23 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book systematically illustrates the underlying mechanisms of spatial variation in ecosystem carbon fluxes. It presents the regulation of climate pattern, together with its impacts on ecosystem traits, which yields new insights into the terrestrial carbon cycle and offers a theoretic basis for large-scale carbon pattern assessment. By means of integrated analysis, the clear spatial pattern of carbon fluxes (including gross primary production, ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem production) along latitudes is clarified, from regions to the entire Northern Hemisphere. Temperature and precipitation patterns play a vital role in carbon spatial pattern formation, which strongly supports the application of the climate-driven theory to the Northern Hemisphere. With regard to the spatial pattern, the book demonstrates the covariation between production and respiration, offering new information to promote current respiration model development. Moreover, it reveals the high carbon uptake of subtropical forests across the East Asian monsoon region, which challenges the view that only mid- to high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems are principal carbon sink regions, and improves our understanding of carbon budgets and distribution.

Download or read book Biogeochemical Controls and Spatial Modeling of CO2 and CH4 Fluxes in a Complex Forest Landscape written by Daniel L. Warner and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forest ecosystems store massive quantities of carbon in the form of living biomass, dead wood, and soils. Additionally, large quantities of carbon are exchanged between these carbon pools and the atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases, CO2 and CH4. Small changes in the amounts of carbon storage and exchange may have major consequences for global CO2 and CH4 dynamics. This dissertation consists of three original studies that investigate the spatiotemporal variability of CO2 and CH4 fluxes from multiple carbon pools within a temperate forested watershed in the Maryland Piedmont. Chamber techniques were employed for measuring fluxes, coupled with measurements of soil chemical and physical properties, tree species and coarse woody debris surveys, and GIS analyses. ☐ The first study focused on CO2 and CH¬4 fluxes across soils, coarse woody debris, and living tree stems within a forest plot, with the goal of identifying the relative contributions of these ecosystem components to plot scale fluxes. Soils acted as the dominant component of both CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and were the focus of subsequent chapters. This study also documented some of the first in situ observations of CH4 emissions from living tree stems and coarse woody debris in existing literature. Emissions varied with tree species and with the level of decay in coarse woody debris, suggesting potential implications of forest management strategies for ecosystem scale CO2 and CH4 exchange. ☐ The second study expanded the scope of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes from a plot to the entire watershed, with the goal of identifying the relationships of fluxes to the biogeochemical characteristics of the soil. Sampling locations were distributed across hillslope gradients to include flat upland areas, steep transitional slopes, and valley bottom flats. Fluxes were measured across seasons for two years, along with an array of soil biogeochemical properties such as carbon content, sorption capacity, porewater chemistry, and soil structure. Although soils on transitional slopes had been documented to act as landscape hotspots of CO2 emission, this study found them to act as consistent hotspots of CH4 uptake as well. The well-drained, carbon and clay-rich soil environment supported high rates of CH4 uptake relative to other landscape positions across all seasons. ☐ The third study built upon the finding of topographic influence on spatial distributions of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes, with the goal of developing a modeling framework for upscaling chamber measurements across complex landscapes. Digital terrain analysis and soil mapping techniques were employed to upscale point observations of fluxes to a high resolution continuous distribution across the landscape. This novel modeling approach provided reliable, transparent estimates of seasonal mean soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes across the topographically complex landscape. Unlike conventional upscaling techniques, this approach preserved the inherent spatial variability of fluxes across the watershed, which revealed shifting spatial distributions of fluxes in response to seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation. Findings suggested that steeply sloping areas may act as greater sources of CO2 but also greater sinks of CH4 under warmer future climates, while valley bottom areas may have complex responses to changing precipitation patterns. ☐ This dissertation provides novel insights into CO2 and CH4 dynamics within temperate forest ecosystems, the biogeochemical controls on these gas fluxes, and modeling techniques for making large-scale estimates of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes in complex terrain. The findings will be of interest to climate scientists, land managers, and the biogeosciences community at large.

Download or read book Land Use and the Carbon Cycle written by Daniel G. Brown and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-28 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As governments and institutions work to ameliorate the effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global climate, there is an increasing need to understand how land-use and land-cover change is coupled to the carbon cycle, and how land management can be used to mitigate their effects. This book brings an interdisciplinary team of fifty-eight international researchers to share their novel approaches, concepts, theories and knowledge on land use and the carbon cycle. It discusses contemporary theories and approaches combined with state-of-the-art technologies. The central theme is that land use and land management are tightly integrated with the carbon cycle and it is necessary to study these processes as a single natural-human system to improve carbon accounting and mitigate climate change. The book is an invaluable resource for advanced students, researchers, land-use planners and policy makers in natural resources, geography, forestry, agricultural science, ecology, atmospheric science and environmental economics.

Download or read book Parallel Computing for Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Modeling written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Terrestrial ecosystems are a primary component of research on global environmental change. Observational and modeling research on terrestrial ecosystems at the global scale, however, has lagged behind their counterparts for oceanic and atmospheric systems, largely because the unique challenges associated with the tremendous diversity and complexity of terrestrial ecosystems. There are 8 major types of terrestrial ecosystem: tropical rain forest, savannas, deserts, temperate grassland, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra, and chaparral. The carbon cycle is an important mechanism in the coupling of terrestrial ecosystems with climate through biological fluxes of CO2. The influence of terrestrial ecosystems on atmospheric CO2 can be modeled via several means at different timescales. Important processes include plant dynamics, change in land use, as well as ecosystem biogeography. Over the past several decades, many terrestrial ecosystem models (see the 'Model developments' section) have been developed to understand the interactions between terrestrial carbon storage and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, as well as the consequences of these interactions. Early TECMs generally adapted simple box-flow exchange models, in which photosynthetic CO2 uptake and respiratory CO2 release are simulated in an empirical manner with a small number of vegetation and soil carbon pools. Demands on kinds and amount of information required from global TECMs have grown. Recently, along with the rapid development of parallel computing, spatially explicit TECMs with detailed process based representations of carbon dynamics become attractive, because those models can readily incorporate a variety of additional ecosystem processes (such as dispersal, establishment, growth, mortality etc.) and environmental factors (such as landscape position, pest populations, disturbances, resource manipulations, etc.), and provide information to frame policy options for climate change impact analysis.

Download or read book Modeling Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Soil Organic Carbon in Two Montane Landscapes written by Kristofer Dee Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forest soils contribute to a significant portion of the world's carbon flux due to both natural and anthropogenic changes. In terms of human management of carbon pools, forest soil organic matter (SOM) is important because it potentially stores carbon more permanently than living vegetation. Yet, this potential is poorly understood or managed for because of the difficulty in measuring changes in SOM pools over time and space. Modeling combined with intensive field sampling can help overcome these limitations because it extracts from empirically observed relationships to account for the components of SOM formation (topography, time, parent material, organisms and climate [fns2] ). This study utilizes intensive field data, statistical models and process-based ecosystem models to investigate the spatial distribution and dynamics of soil organic carbon dynamics in two contrasting ecosystems--the northern hardwood forest in the Green Mountains, VT and the tabonuco forest in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, PR. In both forests landscape position emerged as the dominate factor in explaining SOM distribution. In Vermont, additional variation was explained by aspect and slope and in Puerto Rico additional variation was explained by landscape factors interrelated to soil drainage. Process-based modeling proved to be a useful management and experimental tool in cases were empirical approaches were impractical for both forests. In Vermont, three ecosystem models demonstrated a substantial reduction of soil organic carbon and harvestable biomass due to the removal of woody carbon by logging after 240 years of rotations. In Puerto Rico, the Century model showed that changes in litter quality and quantity were not likely responsible in explaining landscape level SOM differences. Overall, well drained soils located in colder climates stored the highest SOM whereas poorly drained and highly disturbed soils in steep humid climates stored the lowest SOM. This research demonstrates that although SOM amounts are highly variable over many spatial and temporal scales, intuitive relationships are borne out with modeling tools and by careful investigation of the five soil forming factors. Results also raise questions about how these ecosystems and their SOM pools may change in response to changing climate conditions of the future.

Download or read book Spatial Modeling of Carbon Sequestraton by Forest Ecosystems in the Hudson River Valley New York written by Mary Elizabeth Killilea and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.

Download or read book Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment written by R. Nieder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-05-30 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary description of C and N fluxes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere; issues related to C and N management in different ecosystems and their implications for the environment and global climate change; and the approaches to mitigate emission of greenhouse gases. Drawing upon the most up-to-date books, journals, bulletins, reports, symposia proceedings and internet sources documenting interrelationships between different aspects of C and N cycling in the terrestrial environment, Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment fills the gap left by most of the currently available books on C and N cycling. They either deal with a single element of an ecosystem, or are related to one or a few selected aspects like soil organic matter (SOM) and agricultural or forest management, emission of greenhouse gases, global climate change or modeling of SOM dynamics.

Download or read book Ecological Climatology written by Gordon B. Bonan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-09-18 with total page 1209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces an interdisciplinary framework to understand the interaction between terrestrial ecosystems and climate change. It reviews basic meteorological, hydrological and ecological concepts to examine the physical, chemical and biological processes by which terrestrial ecosystems affect and are affected by climate. The textbook is written for advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying ecology, environmental science, atmospheric science and geography. The central argument is that terrestrial ecosystems become important determinants of climate through their cycling of energy, water, chemical elements and trace gases. This coupling between climate and vegetation is explored at spatial scales from plant cells to global vegetation geography and at timescales of near instantaneous to millennia. The text also considers how human alterations to land become important for climate change. This restructured edition, with updated science and references, chapter summaries and review questions, and over 400 illustrations, including many in colour, serves as an essential student guide.

Download or read book Terrestrial Carbon Observation written by Global Terrestrial Observing System (Organization) and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2002 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term 'terrestrial carbon' refers to carbon contained in vegetation or soil stocks. The global carbon cycle plays an important role in sustaining agricultural productivity, biodiversity and forest ecosystems processes. This report presents the results of a workshop, held in Canada in February 2000 and organised by the Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) in collaboration with the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). The workshop was designed to review existing data and observation requirements regarding terrestrial carbon, identify major gaps and propose solutions.

Download or read book Belowground Carbon Fluxes and Changing Climatic Conditions written by Danielle M. Berardi and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forests have an important role in the global carbon cycle, are a known regulator of climate, and are valued globally for the ecosystem services they provide to society. It is critical to improve our understanding about the exchange of carbon dioxide between forest ecosystems and Earth's atmosphere. Specifically, there is a need for improved mechanistic understanding of the component fluxes of soil respiration (Rs): autotrophic respiration (Ra; roots and associated mycorrhizae) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh; free-living soil microbes and soil fauna involved in decomposition). We examined the responses and relative contributions of these components to manipulated soil moisture. We found that heterotrophic respiration significantly responds to moisture additions regardless of season while autotrophic respiration did not. We also found that widely used and accepted methods for survey measurements (versus automated) were not sufficient to build relationships with abiotic factors for diurnal, monthly, and annual scaling, thus eliminating commonly used gap-filling procedures. Because survey measurements are often used to validate model results, it is critical that they be done over varying time periods (some diurnal) and be paired with automated measurements. When comparing our experimental data to modeled results, we found that DayCent, a daily time-step process-based biogeochemical model, underestimates annual heterotrophic respiration by several magnitudes compared to our temperate mixed conifer forest site. This is likely because DayCent, like most traditional ecosystem models, simulates decomposition through first order kinetics which inadequately represents microbial processes. Recent research has found that including microbial mechanisms explains 20 percent more spatial heterogeneity. We manipulated the DayCent heterotrophic respiration model to include a more mechanistic representation of microbial dynamics and compared the new model with our continuous and survey observations. By using a more representative and fully calibrated model of soil carbon dynamics, we are better able to predict feedbacks between climate and soil carbon pools to inform decisions and provide benefits to society through improvements to ecosystem modeling.

Download or read book Land Carbon Cycle Modeling written by Yiqi Luo and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Carbon moves through the atmosphere, through the oceans, onto land, and into ecosystems. This cycling has a large effect on climate - changing geographic patterns of rainfall and the frequency of extreme weather - and is altered as the use of fossil fuels adds carbon to the cycle. The dynamics of this global carbon cycling are largely predicted over broad spatial scales and long periods of time by Earth system models. This book addresses the crucial question of how to assess, evaluate, and estimate the potential impact of the additional carbon to the land carbon cycle. The contributors describe a set of new approaches to land carbon cycle modeling for better exploring ecological questions regarding changes in carbon cycling; employing data assimilation techniques for model improvement; doing real- or near-time ecological forecasting for decision support; combining newly available machine learning techniques with process-based models to improve prediction of land carbon cycle under climate change. This new edition includes 7 new chapters on machine learning and its applications to carbon cycle research (5 chapters). on principles underlying carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere (1 chapter), a contemporary active research and management issue, and on community infrastructure for ecological forecasting"--

Download or read book Soil Carbon Dynamics written by Werner L. Kutsch and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-01-07 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon stored in soils represents the largest terrestrial carbon pool and factors affecting this will be vital in the understanding of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This book provides an integrated view on measuring and modeling soil carbon dynamics. Based on a broad range of in-depth contributions by leading scientists it gives an overview of current research concepts, developments and outlooks and introduces cutting-edge methodologies, ranging from questions of appropriate measurement design to the potential application of stable isotopes and molecular tools. It includes a standardised soil CO2 efflux protocol, aimed at data consistency and inter-site comparability and thus underpins a regional and global understanding of soil carbon dynamics. This book provides an important reference work for students and scientists interested in many aspects of soil ecology and biogeochemical cycles, policy makers, carbon traders and others concerned with the global carbon cycle.