Download or read book Spatial Dynamics of Labor Markets in Brazil written by Kenneth M. Chomitz and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There was substantial spatial variation in labor market outcomes in Brazil over the 1990's. In 2000, about one fifth of workers lived in apparently economically stagnant municipios where real wages declined but employment increased faster than the national population growth rate. More than one third lived in apparently dynamic municipios experiencing both real wage growth and faster-than-average employment growth; these areas absorbed more than half of net employment growth over the period. To elucidate this spatial variation, we estimated spatial labor supply and demand equations describing wage and employment changes of Brazilian municípios. We used Conley's spatial GMM technique to allow for instrumental variable estimation in the presence of spatially autocorrelated errors. Chief findings include: a very strong influence of initial workforce educational levels on subsequent wage growth (controlling for possibly confounding variables such as remoteness and climate); evidence of positive spillover effects of own-municipio growth onto neighbors' wage and employment levels; an exodus from farming areas; relatively elastic response of wages to an increase in labor supply; and evidence of a local multiplier effect from government transfers.
Download or read book Spatial Dynamics of Labor Markets in Brazil written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There was substantial spatial variation in labor market outcomes in Brazil over the 1990s. In 2000, about one-fifth of workers lived in apparently economically stagnant municipios where real wages declined but employment increased faster than the national population growth rate. More than one-third lived in apparently dynamic municipios, experiencing both real wage growth and faster-than-average employment growth. These areas absorbed more than half of net employment growth over the period. To elucidate this spatial variation, the authors estimate spatial labor supply and demand equations describing wage and employment changes of Brazilian municipios. They use Conley's spatial GMM technique to allow for instrumental variable estimation in the presence of spatially autocorrelated errors. The main findings include: (1) a very strong influence of initial workforce educational levels on subsequent wage growth (controlling for possibly confounding variables such as remoteness and climate); (2) evidence of positive spillover effects of own-municipio growth onto neighbors' wage and employment levels; (3) an exodus from farming areas; (4) relatively elastic response of wages to an increase in labor supply; and (5) evidence of a local multiplier effect from government transfers.
Download or read book Spatial Dynamics of Labor Markets in Brazil written by A. Carvalho and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: O mercado de trabalho brasileiro apresentou uma dinâmica espacial diversa durante a década de 1990. Em 2000, aproximadamente um quinto dos trabalhadores vivia em municípios aparentemente estagnados em termos econômicos, em que os salários reais caíam, mas em que o emprego crescia acima da taxa de crescimento populacional do Brasil.
Download or read book Spartial dynamics of labor markets in Brazil written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spatial Dynamics of Labor Markets in Brazil written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There was substantial spatial variation in labor market outcomes in Brazil over the 1990s. In 2000, about one-fifth of workers lived in apparently economically stagnant municipios where real wages declined but employment increased faster than the national population growth rate. More than one-third lived in apparently dynamic municipios, experiencing both real wage growth and faster-than-average employment growth. These areas absorbed more than half of net employment growth over the period. To elucidate this spatial variation, the authors estimate spatial labor supply and demand equations describing wage and employment changes of Brazilian municipios. They use Conley's spatial GMM technique to allow for instrumental variable estimation in the presence of spatially autocorrelated errors. The main findings include: (1) a very strong influence of initial workforce educational levels on subsequent wage growth (controlling for possibly confounding variables such as remoteness and climate); (2) evidence of positive spillover effects of own-municipio growth onto neighbors' wage and employment levels; (3) an exodus from farming areas; (4) relatively elastic response of wages to an increase in labor supply; and (5) evidence of a local multiplier effect from government transfers.--Cf. Abstract.
Download or read book Who Benefits from Industrial Decentralization written by Michael Storper and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Job Creation and Spatial Reallocation in the Brazilian Labor Market written by Lauro Ramos and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this paper is to investigate the spatial distribution of the jobs created in Brazil between 1992 and 2002, based on the information provided by the PNAD - a national household survey carried out on a yearly basis. In addition to total employment, spatial changes related to specific groups, defined either by economic segments or individuals' attributes, as well as those associated with unemployed workers, are also examined. The results reveal that, on the one hand, overall aggregates (e.g.: total employment or unemployment) did not experience any significant spatial changes in the period, but that, on the other hand, some specific clusters (e.g.: industrial and formal employment and unemployment among household heads) went through substantial spatial reallocation. An important implication of such findings is that the indicators taken from the monthly household surveys, such as the PME - which covers six metropolitan areas, may provide accurate readings of trends in total employment, as well as in unemployment rates, at the national level. Although this is a very useful trait, one must keep in mind that the same conclusion does not hold true when it comes to modifications at a more disaggregated level, such as changes in the composition of employment and/or unemployment according to economic segments or workers' attributes.
Download or read book The Social Dynamics of Industry Location in Brazil written by Michael Storper and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Employment Dynamics and Labor Market Policies in Brazil written by Túlio A Cravo and published by . This book was released on 2021-11-27 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A book for policy makers, development institutions, the academic community and more: A wide spectrum of stakeholders engaged in labor market policy making in Brazil and beyond is the intended audience for this book. It is written in language intended to be also accessible to those who are neither academics nor specialists in the field. Each chapter is based on one background paper that provides technical details on the data and methodology. The book is based on a thorough examination of the Brazilian labor market and has lessons and insights for other developing countries. The book's objective is to present evidence to better understand the dynamics of employment, evaluate the impact of labor market programs, and contribute to the debate on the need to further integrate different labor market policies in times of fiscal consolidation. Such evidence is highly relevant in light of the labor policy decisions to be made in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Download or read book Three Essays on Labor Market Dynamics in Brazil written by Laura Connolly and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the first essay, we use linked employer-employee data for the formal labor market in Brazil to examine the relative importance of firm age and firm size for job creation and destruction in Brazil. We find that firm age is a more important determinant of job creation in Brazil than is firm size; young firms and firm start-ups create a relatively high number of jobs in Brazil. We also find that young firms are more likely to exit the market and have higher levels of employment volatility. We, therefore, condition the job creation analysis on job stability and find that young firms and large firms create most of the stable jobs in Brazil. In the second essay, I analyze the impact of a trade shock on gender-specific local labor market outcomes in Brazil. I use an instrumental variable approach and linked employer-employee data to estimate the effect of both increased imports from China and exports to China on labor market outcomes in Brazil. Exports to China increase female employment growth in both the traded sector and the non-traded sector. Increased trade with China also increases female wage growth in both sectors; however, this does not translate to any improvements in the average wage ratio. In the third and final essay, we analyze the effect of the China trade shock on labor market reallocation and migration in Brazil. Microregions more exposed to exports to China experienced higher migration rates, but those more exposed to imports from China experienced lower migration rates. Additionally, workers employed in microregions more exposed to increased imports are: (1) less likely to transition from the traded sector to nonemployment, but (2) more likely to transition from nonemployment to the nontraded sector. However, we do not find many significant effects of export exposure on labor reallocation across industries or nonemployment.
Download or read book Job Creation and Spatial Real Location in the Brazilian Labor Market written by Lauro Ramos and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this paper is to investigate the spatial distribution of the jobs created in Brazil between 1992 and 2002, based on the information provided by the PNAD - a national household survey carried out on a yearly basis. In addition to total employment, spatial changes related to specific groups, defined either by economic segments or individuals' attributes, as well as those associated with unemployed workers, are also examined. The results reveal that, on the one hand, overall aggregates (e.g.: total employment or unemployment) did not experience any significant spatial changes in the period, but that, on the other hand, some specific clusters (e.g.: industrial and formal employment and unemployment among household heads) went through substantial spatial reallocation. An important implication of such findings is that the indicators taken from the monthly household surveys, such as the PME - which covers six metropolitan areas, may provide accurate readings of trends in total employment, as well as in unemployment rates, at the national level. Although this is a very useful trait, one must keep in mind that the same conclusion does not hold true when it comes to changes at a more disaggregated level, such as changes in the composition of employment and/or unemployment according to economic segments or workers' attributes.
Download or read book Recent Dynamics in Brazil s Labour Market written by Christoph Ernst and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spatial Mismatch Wages and Unemployment in Metropolitan Areas in Brazil written by Eduardo Amaral Haddad and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The spatial mismatch hypothesis states that a lack of connection to job opportunities may affect an individual's prospects in the labour market, especially for low-skilled workers. This phenomenon is especially observed in large urban areas, in which low-skilled minorities tend to live far away from jobs and face geographical barriers to finding and keeping jobs. This paper aims to investigate whether this negative relationship between spatial mismatch and labour market outcomes is valid in Brazil after controlling for individual characteristics. Our conclusions indicate that there is no clear relation between different measures of accessibility to jobs and the probability of being unemployed. However, for wages there is a clear correlation, which is stronger in larger metropolitan areas in the country. Given the exploratory nature of this work, our results still rely on strong identification hypotheses to avoid potential bias related to simultaneous location decisions of workers a
Download or read book Trade Liberalization and Regional Dynamics written by Rafael Carneiro and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Moving for Prosperity written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-06-14 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Migration presents a stark policy dilemma. Research repeatedly confirms that migrants, their families back home, and the countries that welcome them experience large economic and social gains. Easing immigration restrictions is one of the most effective tools for ending poverty and sharing prosperity across the globe. Yet, we see widespread opposition in destination countries, where migrants are depicted as the primary cause of many of their economic problems, from high unemployment to declining social services. Moving for Prosperity: Global Migration and Labor Markets addresses this dilemma. In addition to providing comprehensive data and empirical analysis of migration patterns and their impact, the report argues for a series of policies that work with, rather than against, labor market forces. Policy makers should aim to ease short-run dislocations and adjustment costs so that the substantial long-term benefits are shared more evenly. Only then can we avoid draconian migration restrictions that will hurt everybody. Moving for Prosperity aims to inform and stimulate policy debate, facilitate further research, and identify prominent knowledge gaps. It demonstrates why existing income gaps, demographic differences, and rapidly declining transportation costs mean that global mobility will continue to be a key feature of our lives for generations to come. Its audience includes anyone interested in one of the most controversial policy debates of our time.
Download or read book The Short Term Impact of COVID 19 on Labor Markets Poverty and Inequality in Brazil written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-05 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We document the short-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Brazilian labor market focusing on employment, wages and hours worked using the nationally representative household surveys PNAD-Continua and PNAD COVID. Sectors most susceptible to the shock because they are more contact-intensive and less teleworkable, such as construction, domestic services and hospitality, suffered large job losses and reductions in hours. Given low income workers experienced the largest decline in earnings, extreme poverty and the Gini coefficient based on labor income increased by around 9.2 and 5 percentage points, respectively, due to the immediate shock. The government’s broad based, temporary Emergency Aid transfer program more than offset the labor income losses for the bottom four deciles, however, such that poverty relative to the pre-COVID baseline fell. At a cost of around 4 percent of GDP in 2020 such support is not fiscally sustainable beyond the short-term and ended in late 2020. The challenge will be to avoid a sharp increase in poverty and inequality if the labor market does not pick up sufficiently fast in 2021.
Download or read book Exports to Jobs written by Erhan Artuc and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-02-25 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: South Asia has grown rapidly with significant reductions in poverty, but it has not been able to match the fast-growing working age population, leading to lingering concerns about jobless growth and poor job quality. Could export growth in South Asia result in better labor market outcomes? The answer is yes, according to our study, which rigorously estimates—using a new methodology—the potential impact from higher South Asian exports per worker on wages and employment over a 10-year period. Our study shows the positive side of trade. It finds that increasing exports per worker would result in higher wages—mainly for better-off groups, like more educated workers, males, and more-experienced workers—although less-skilled workers would see the largest reduction in informality. How can the benefits be spread more widely? Our study suggests that scaling up exports in labor-intensive industries could significantly lower informality for groups like rural and less-educated workers in the region. Also, increasing skills, and participation of women and young workers in the labor force could make an even bigger dent in informal employment. The region could achieve these gains by: (i) boosting and connecting exports to people (e.g., removing trade barriers and investment in infrastructure); (ii) eliminating distortions in production (e.g., by more efficient allocation of inputs); and (iii) protecting workers (e.g., by investing in education and skills).
