Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Variation in Pollinator Communities and Plant pollinator Interactions at Different Scales written by Leana Zoller and published by . This book was released on 2023* with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of wild plants and crops depend on animal pollinators for reproduction; hence, animal pollination is essential for maintaining biodiversity and ensuring food security. However, pollinators and plants currently face a variety of anthropogenic threats, including climate change. The impacts of climate change can be complex and operate at different spatial and temporal scales. This dissertation investigates dynamics in plant and pollinator communities and their interactions, as well as the potential effects of climate change on these dynamics, at different temporal and spatial scales. Specifically, (1) within the 24-hour period, (2) across more than a century, and (3) across a latitudinal gradient spanning 750 km. Each chapter presents significant findings, which are then synthesized, and the contributions of these findings to our overall understanding and for future research and conservation action are elucidated.
Download or read book Plant Pollinator Interactions written by Nickolas M. Waser and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Just as flowering plants depend on their pollinators, many birds, insects, and bats rely on plants for energy and nutrients. This plant-pollinator relationship is essential to the survival of natural and agricultural ecosystems. Plant-Pollinator Interactions portrays the intimate relationships of pollination over time and space and reveals patterns of interactions from individual to community levels, showing how these patterns change at different spatial and temporal scales. Nickolas M. Waser and Jeff Ollerton bring together experts from around the world to offer a comprehensive analysis of pollination, including the history of thinking about specialization and generalization and a comparison of pollination to other mutualisms. An overview of current thinking and of future research priorities, Plant-Pollinator Interactions covers an important theme in evolutionary ecology with far-reaching applications in conservation and agriculture. This book will find an eager audience in specialists studying pollination and other mutualisms, as well as with biologists who are interested in ecological, evolutionary, and behavioral aspects of the specialization and generalization of species.
Download or read book Interaction Turnover Among Pollination Networks Across Space Time and Environment written by Michael Peter Simanonok and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollination networks provide an ideal system in which to test hypotheses around interaction turnover across ecologically meaningful gradients, as there is already baseline understanding of plant and pollinator communities. Parallel declines in plants and pollinators imply that disruption of interactions between species in pollination networks may be leading to pollinator declines; therefore, beginning to understand how plant-pollinator interactions turnover through space, time, and environment could be vital for future conservation and management efforts. I investigated i.) how do plant and pollinator species diversity (i.e., richness and evenness), phenology, and composition change across space, time, and environment, ii.) how do interactions between pollination networks turn over across these same gradients (i.e., space, time, and environment), and iii.) what is the relative contribution of species turnover (plant, pollinator, or both simultaneously) vs. host switching to interaction turnover among pollination networks? Field work was conducted during summer 2012 on the Beartooth Plateau, an alpine ecosystem in Montana and Wyoming, with weekly observations of plant-pollinator interactions and the floral community across the growing season. Community diversity and composition were compared across space, time, elevation, slope, and aspect using linear regressions, t-tests, and principle coordinate analysis. Interaction turnover was calculated between all possible pair wise combinations of study site and week and compared across, space, time, elevation, slope, and aspect using a partial Mantel test and linear regressions. We found that interaction turnover mostly occurred due to simultaneous species turnover of both plant and pollinator communities with host-switching having marginal contribution. Furthermore, interaction turnover occurred across temporal and environmental gradients, with no significant variation across spatial scales. These results differ greatly from inter-annual patterns on the contribution of species turnover vs. host switching, however some results may be due to sampling or scale limitations. It is possible that host switching does not readily occur within-season, but more work is needed for confirmation. Spatial and environmental patterns remain possible, but did not emerge at the extents used herein. This study represents the first instance of the partitioning of interaction turnover into individual species components for a pollination network, and the first to do so intra-annually.
Download or read book Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Spatial Variation in Plant pollinator Interactions written by David Alan Moeller and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Influence of Spatial and Temporal Factors on Plants Pollinators and Plant pollinator Interactions in Montane Meadows of the Western Cascades Range written by Vera W. Pfeiffer and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Montane meadows comprise less than 5% of the landscape of the western Cascades of Oregon, but they provide habitat for diverse species of plants and pollinators. Little is known about plant-pollinator network structure at these sites. This study quantified plant-pollinator interactions over the summer of 2011, based on six observations of 10 permanent subplots in 15 meadows, stratified by size and isolation. The study examined (1) relationships between richness and abundance of flowers, pollinators, and interactions; (2) distribution of abundance and richness of flowers, pollinators, and interactions with regards to surrounding meadow habitat; (3) change in flower and pollinator abundance over the season; (4) factors associated with the presence of various guilds of pollinators; and (5) the structure of plant-pollinator networks. The study showed that (1) richness of pollinators increased 2x faster than richness of flowers with increased abundance; (2) density of flowers and interactions was positively correlated with meadow size and diversity of pollinators and interactions were both correlated with surrounding habitat at two spatial scales; (3) peak flower abundance coincided with or preceded peaks in pollinator populations; (4) abundance of three guilds of bees exhibited different patterns of association to surrounding habitat and meadow soil moisture corresponding to various dispersal potential and phenology of guild species; and (5) the number of network pairings for plants and pollinators increased with increasing species richness of potential interaction partners and all networks were found to be significantly nested. Results of this study indicate that plant-pollinator networks are complex assemblages of species, in which spatial and temporal patterns of habitat affect species composition and network structure. In particular, flower and pollinator abundance and richness are depressed in small and isolated meadows. Significant nestedness emerged as a pattern of network level organization across the study meadows.
Download or read book Apoidea written by Barry James Donovan and published by Manaaki Whenua Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to identifying all the species of bees in New Zealand, this revision presents a key, drawings and colour photographs for each species that will allow specimens to be identified.
Download or read book Plant pollinator Interactions in the Face of Global Change written by Megan O'Connell (Ph.D.) and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 80% of terrestrial plant species are dependent on animal pollinators to facilitate their reproduction and survival via pollen dispersal and pollen-mediated gene flow. With anthropogenic habitat destruction, urbanization, and climate change intensifying, the alteration and loss of pollination services may be one of the greatest threats global biodiversity faces today. Plant-pollinator interactions meet a myriad of synergistic challenges, both spatial and temporal, that impact their frequency and efficacy, ultimately altering the movement of pollen-mediated genetic diversity across landscapes and rendering tangible consequences for plant reproduction. Therefore, the ability for ecosystems to support diverse and robust pollinator communities, that can facilitate sufficient pollination services in quickly changing landscapes, may largely determine the future genetic health and survival of plant communities. The spatial impacts of land-use change and urbanization alter both density-dependent dispersal patterns and pollinator foraging behavior, while climate change may exacerbate these issues by further altering floral resource availability and foraging behavior temporally. To explore these dynamics we conducted extensive field surveys (Chapters 1, 2, 3), molecular analyses (Chapters 1, 2), and pollen analyses (Chapters 2, 3) across two systems: the tropical lowland forests of the Panama Canal region (Chapters 1, 2) and a network of urban gardens along the central coast of California (Chapter 3). We explored the scales at which pollen dispersal and pollen-mediated gene flow can be influence by deforestation (Chapter 1), finding measurable fine-scale effects in a multipaternal tropical tree species. We then added a temporal aspect to our tropical study system to explore how density-dependence may interact with climate change to impact pollination services after a plant-pollinator network experienced a discrete phenological shift (Chapter 2), finding that the distribution of genetic diversity and the robustness of plant-pollinator networks may play important roles in buffering plants from the negative effects of climatic extremes. We also investigated how the most extreme form of habitat degradation, urbanization, impacts pollinator foraging preferences across a network of urban gardens (Chapter 3), finding clear patterns of how pollinators utilize resource patches within cities as a function of the surrounding urban matrix and the richness of plant communities in these patches. Lastly, I present a portfolio of professional science media products I produced and/or co-produced throughout the course of my dissertation studies (Chapter 4), illustrating the importance of science communication for the fields of ecology and conservation, and the potential ways researchers can participate in the creation of compelling science media products
Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Variation in Wild Pollination Service in the Mongolian Steppe written by Daniel Sung Song and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the importance of wild pollination as an ecosystem service, little is known about the spatial and temporal variation of pollination services. Variation in insect pollinator emergence or forb flowers can lead to inconsistent delivery of pollination service to the forb community. A variety of factors, such as air temperature, flower abundance, pollinator abundance, and forb species richness influence the stability of pollination service. All of these factors exhibit spatial and temporal variability. Furthermore, anthropogenic disturbances endanger the persistence of pollination service. To assess the variability of pollination we compared the number of insect flower visits at different locations throughout the summer for two consecutive years in Dalbay Valley, Mongolia. Within this spatio-temporal framework, we investigated the stability of plant-pollinator networks and the effect of ungulate grazing cessation on pollinator visits.
Download or read book Restoration Community Assembly and Indirect Defense written by Jennifer Irene Van Wyk and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Understanding ecological interactions in a changing world is a complex task. I investigated plant-pollinator interactions in response to two large scale drivers: restoration and grazing. The goal of the first two chapters of my dissertation was to measure multitrophic responses to restoration over time by using a space for time proxy constructed through a series of restored meadow complexes in the Sierra. In chapter 1 I looked at the plant and pollinator community responses to pond and plug restoration by comparing diversity metrics and species composition in restored meadows to degraded and remnant meadows. Restored meadows have similar diversity to remnant meadows and have more rich and abundant pollinator communities than degraded meadows. The identity of the insect species in restored meadows is not significantly different from remnant or degraded meadows. I found that abundance and richness of pollinators responds positively to time since restoration. Across all meadow types there is strong year to year variation in community composition. In chapter 2 I measured pollination function following restoration and managed grazing on two sentinel plant species: Camassia quamash and Penstemon rydbergii, using five measures: pollinator visitation, pollen deposition, pollen tube growth, seed set, and pollen limitation. I found hydrologic restoration and managed grazing both have independent positive influences on plant and pollinator community diversity, and pollination success of the two sentinel plants. To address these questions about the broader ecological impacts of restoration more studies on species interactions, community structure, and nontarget responses are needed. In chapter 3 I examined tritrophic interactions and indirect defense. To do so I supplemented pollen to the wooly leaves of turkey mullein, Croton setiger, to determine if pollen entrapped on leaves supplements predatory arthropods and reduces herbivore populations and damage to the plant. Pollen supplementation decreased the amount of leaf damage experienced by plants over the season, suggesting that pollen entrapment can act as an indirect defense.
Download or read book Diversity Generalization and Specialization in Plant Pollinator Networks of Montane Meadows Western Cascades Oregon written by Edward Helderop and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the importance of plant-pollinator interactions for ecological communities, few long-term observational studies have been conducted of plant-pollinator networks. Using four years of plant-pollinator interaction data from 18 meadows in the Willamette National Forest, Oregon, this thesis examined how meadow size, the amount of nearby meadow habitat, weather, degree days, and soil moisture are related to the frequency of plant-pollinator interactions. Spatial and temporal turnover of plant and pollinator assemblages (based on the Jaccard dissimilarity index) were compared between meadows in a given year and within a meadow in different years. The degree distributions of these plant-pollinator networks were constructed, and analyses were conducted to determine the prevalence of generalization in the component species, and the possible presence of modularity in some of the meadows. Pollinator assemblages varied little in space: pollinator communities were very similar in the 18 study meadows in a given year, but pollinator communities differed dramatically between years. In contrast, plant assemblages had high turnover: plants differed dramatically between nearby meadows in the same year, and plant turnover was also high within meadows between years. Network structures were dominated by species that were very well connected, and they contained more well-connected species than would occur in a randomly-assembled network. Plant and pollinator assemblages in interaction networks also were dominated by generalist species. Some evidence of modularity occurred in small meadows in the network. The results of this study are consistent with many published studies that have found that generalization in plant-pollinator networks promotes their resilience over time in spite of the high component species turnover occurring between growing seasons. These results provide little support for the hypothesis that pollinator networks in fragmented habitats are fragile and highly sensitive to the loss of individual species. However, the high spatial heterogeneity among the meadows in this study, shown by dissimilarity in flowering plants, and the high permeability of the forest separating the meadow habitats, shown by the similarity among pollinators, both contribute to the generalization and resilience of these networks. Future work on plant-pollinator networks should focus on naturally fragmented, heterogeneous habitats, and continue to observe long-term changes in pollinator assemblages.
Download or read book Status of Pollinators in North America written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-05-13 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pollinators-insects, birds, bats, and other animals that carry pollen from the male to the female parts of flowers for plant reproduction-are an essential part of natural and agricultural ecosystems throughout North America. For example, most fruit, vegetable, and seed crops and some crops that provide fiber, drugs, and fuel depend on animals for pollination. This report provides evidence for the decline of some pollinator species in North America, including America's most important managed pollinator, the honey bee, as well as some butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds. For most managed and wild pollinator species, however, population trends have not been assessed because populations have not been monitored over time. In addition, for wild species with demonstrated declines, it is often difficult to determine the causes or consequences of their decline. This report outlines priorities for research and monitoring that are needed to improve information on the status of pollinators and establishes a framework for conservation and restoration of pollinator species and communities.
Download or read book The Effect of Landscape on the Distribution and Dynamics of Pollinators in Anthropogenically Modified Landscapes written by Vera Pfeiffer and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insect-mediated pollination supports flowering plants in almost every ecosystem on earth. Consequently, current global declines in pollinators and pollination services have the potential to impact global ecosystem productivity and food security. Most wild plants rely on insect pollinators to produce abundant fruit and seed, and maintain genetic diversity within populations. Declines in insect-mediated pollination services reduce the quantity and quality of seed production. These pollinator declines are associated with causal factors such as parasites, pathogens, and pesticides, but habitat loss is considered to be the primary driver. This global circumstance of pollinator loss has triggered a vibrant investment of communities in pollinator conservation leading to a call for robust conservation science that investigates pollinator habitat and resource requirements. Research that builds our understanding of the ecological mechanisms that sustain rich pollinator communities can tailor restoration practice most effectively to target the limiting factors that shape pollinator diversity in urban and agricultural systems. My dissertation work investigates the influence of landscape and local site level factors on pollinator communities in urban and agricultural ecosystems. These studies emphasize the influence of temporal variation in nesting and food resources at two scales, by evaluating the impact of neighborhood development on local bee communities in Madison, WI in Chapter 1, and the influence of the temporary resource pulse of cranberry flowers in Central Wisconsin on bumble bee foraging behavior in Chapter 3. I investigate the spatial distribution of floral resource variables and foraging bumble bees across an urban ecosystem in Chapter 2, and the availability of semi-natural habitat in the landscapes surrounding bee sampling sites at multiple scales in Chapters 1 and also in Chapter 3. Improving our understanding of the interplay between physical and biological resources, and pollinator population dynamics furthers the ecological foundation of pollination conservation to maintain biodiversity and bolster food security. Each chapter elucidates ecological mechanisms that drive the spatial and temporal variation in pollinator density. Understanding the relative influence of various landscape factors on ecological processes associated with pollinator habitat use is the most essential goal of this dissertation, and multiple approaches have been applied to that end.
Download or read book The Solitary Bees written by Bryan N. Danforth and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most up-to-date and authoritative resource on the biology and evolution of solitary bees While social bees such as honey bees and bumble bees are familiar to most people, they comprise less than 10 percent of all bee species in the world. The vast majority of bees lead solitary lives, surviving without the help of a hive and using their own resources to fend off danger and protect their offspring. This book draws on new research to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview of solitary bee biology, offering an unparalleled look at these remarkable insects. The Solitary Bees uses a modern phylogenetic framework to shed new light on the life histories and evolution of solitary bees. It explains the foraging behavior of solitary bees, their development, and competitive mating tactics. The book describes how they construct complex nests using an amazing variety of substrates and materials, and how solitary bees have co-opted beneficial mites, nematodes, and fungi to provide safe environments for their brood. It looks at how they have evolved intimate partnerships with flowering plants and examines their associations with predators, parasites, microbes, and other bees. This up-to-date synthesis of solitary bee biology is an essential resource for students and researchers, one that paves the way for future scholarship on the subject. Beautifully illustrated throughout, The Solitary Bees also documents the critical role solitary bees play as crop pollinators, and raises awareness of the dire threats they face, from habitat loss and climate change to pesticides, pathogens, parasites, and invasive species.
Download or read book Bee Foraging in Space and Time written by Jane Elizabeth Ogilvie and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pollinators and Pollination written by Jeff Ollerton and published by Pelagic Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2021-01-18 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique and personal insight into the ecology and evolution of pollinators, their relationships with flowers, and their conservation in a rapidly changing world. The pollination of flowers by insects, birds and other animals is a fundamentally important ecological function that supports both the natural world and human society. Without pollinators to facilitate the sexual reproduction of plants, the world would be a biologically poorer place in which to live, there would be an impact on food security, and human health would suffer. Written by one of the world’s leading pollination ecologists, this book provides an introduction to what pollinators are, how their interactions with flowers have evolved, and the fundamental ecology of these relationships. It explores the pollination of wild and agricultural plants in a variety of habitats and contexts, including urban, rural and agricultural environments. The author also provides practical advice on how individuals and organisations can study, and support, pollinators. As well as covering the natural history of pollinators and flowers, the author discusses their cultural importance, and the ways in which pollinator conservation has been portrayed from a political perspective. The book draws on field work experiences in South America, Africa, Australia, the Canary Islands and the UK. For over 30 years the author has spent his career researching how plants and pollinators evolve relationships, how these interactions function ecologically, their importance for society, and how we can conserve them in a rapidly changing world. This book offers a unique and personal insight into the science of pollinators and pollination, aimed at anyone who is interested in understanding these fascinating and crucial ecological interactions.
Download or read book Species Diversity and Genetic Diversity written by Mark Vellend and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Pollinator Sharing and Spatial Partitioning Affect Flowering Plant Coexistence written by Aubrie James and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Models are central to the role of science as a tool to make sense of the natural world. In ecology, coexistence theory fundamentally relies on population models to understand diversity maintenance in biological communities. Models of coexistence historically simplify the biology of diverse systems into equations of pairwise species competition, an abstraction that is often imported into empirical tests of coexistence theory. As a result, empirical coexistence studies often overlook the role of trophic interactions, mutualisms, spatial heterogeneity, and facilitation in their formulations of what is important for diversity maintenance. My dissertation asks if and how overlooking such dynamics matters for understanding plant interactions and thus coexistence. I determine the roles of pollinators and spatial heterogeneity on plant performance in annual plant communities using (1) field tests in a system of sympatric flowering plants in the genus Clarkia (Onagraceae) and (2) simulation models. In Chapter 1, I ask how shared pollinators affect Clarkia interactions using a combination of interaction plots, pollen supplementation, and pollinator behavior experiments. I find the effect of pollinator sharing on co-occurring Clarkia is to amplify the effect of plant interactions over vegetative growth- i.e. sharing pollinators intensifies both facilitative and competitive interactions between Clarkia, implying thatsharing pollinators destabilizes plant coexistence. In Chapter 2, I use a reciprocal transplant experiment to ask how spatial variation in hydrology affects Clarkia performance. I find that hydrological variation corresponds to Clarkia spatial partitioning by driving spatially variable germination rates, resulting in highest population growth rates in the home patches in three of four species. This evidence is the first step in determining if Clarkia coexist via the spatial storage effect, an oft- overlooked coexistence mechanism. In Chapter 3, I use simulation models to ask if plant species facilitate each other by better supporting pollinator populations in two- species communities compared to single-species communities. I find that such facilitation via pollinator support can occur in two-species communities that exhibit low-germination rates and species-specific responses to the environment. My findings indicate that facilitation can be incredibly important for understanding plant diversity maintenance.
