Download or read book Spanish State Policy Basque Nationalism and ETA Terrorism written by J. Macdougall Hislop and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The ETA written by Wayne Anderson and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 2002-12-15 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the worlds most active and violent terrorist groups is also one of its least well-known. The ETA is committed to creating an ethnic Basque homeland independent of Spain. Once hailed as freedom fighters by many Spaniards for resisting the oppressive rule of the dictator Franco, in recent years the group has lost popularity as it has continued to launch its violent attacks against government figures and tourist destinations even after the arrival of democracy in Spain.
Download or read book Counter terror by proxy written by Emmanuel Pierre Guittet and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2021-08-10 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1983 and 1987, mercenaries adopting the pseudonym GAL (Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación, Antiterrorist Liberation Group) paid by the Spanish treasury and relying upon national intelligence support were at war with the Basque militant group ETA (Euskadi (e)Ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). Over four years, their campaign of extrajudicial assassinations spanned the French-Spanish border. Nearly thirty people were killed in a campaign comprised of torture, kidnapping, bombing and the assassination of suspected ETA activists and Basque refugees. This establishment of unofficial counterterrorist squads by a Spanish Government was a blatant detour from legality. It was also a rare case in Europe where no less than fourteen high-ranking Spanish police officers and senior government officials, including the Minister of Interior himself, were eventually arrested and condemned for counter-terrorism wrongdoings and illiberal practices. Thirty years later, this campaign of intimidation, coercion and targeted killings continues to grip Spain. The GAL affair was not only a serious example of a major departure from accepted liberal democratic constitutional principles of law and order, but also a brutal campaign that postponed by decades the possibility of a political solution for the Basque conflict. Counter-terror by proxy uncovers why and how a democratic government in a liberal society turned to a ‘dirty war’ and went down the route of illegal and extrajudicial killing actions. It offers a fuller examination of the long-term implications of the use of unorthodox counter-terrorist strategies in a liberal democracy.
Download or read book ETA s Terrorist Campaign written by Rafael Leonisio and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the rise and decline of the Basque terrorist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA, Basque Homeland and Freedom). ETA declared a unilateral ceasefire in November 2011, bringing to a close a campaign of political violence that started in the late 1960s. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the overwhelming majority of secession supporters agreed that an independent Basque homeland would be realised through ‘ballots’ and not ‘bullets’. Providing an inter-disciplinary overview of radical Basque nationalism that pays special attention to the drivers for ETA’s decline, defeat and disbandment, this book includes chapters by historians, political scientists and sociologists who offer three important theoretical and empirical contributions to the literature on nationhood and security studies. Firstly the book re-assesses the military conflict that opposed ETA and the Spanish state, by paying special attention to tactical and strategic considerations as well as the counter-terrorist policy itself. Secondly it provides an original interpretation of the politics of fear which surrounded the process of victimization, as well as assessing the extent to which the issue of violence led to the polarisation of citizens. Thirdly the authors examine the historical narratives and rituals that contributed to the production and reproduction of identity binaries and memories of war. Arguing that the defeat of ETA must be contextualised within the strategic evolution of Basque nationalism, the declining resonance of the radical message and the effectiveness of the Spanish counter-terrorist effort, this book is essential reading for students and scholars working in the areas of European politics, nationalism and terrorism studies.
Download or read book ETA s Terrorist Campaign written by Rafael Leonisio and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the rise and decline of the Basque terrorist group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA, Basque Homeland and Freedom). ETA declared a unilateral ceasefire in November 2011, bringing to a close a campaign of political violence that started in the late 1960s. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the overwhelming majority of secession supporters agreed that an independent Basque homeland would be realised through ‘ballots’ and not ‘bullets’. Providing an inter-disciplinary overview of radical Basque nationalism that pays special attention to the drivers for ETA’s decline, defeat and disbandment, this book includes chapters by historians, political scientists and sociologists who offer three important theoretical and empirical contributions to the literature on nationhood and security studies. Firstly the book re-assesses the military conflict that opposed ETA and the Spanish state, by paying special attention to tactical and strategic considerations as well as the counter-terrorist policy itself. Secondly it provides an original interpretation of the politics of fear which surrounded the process of victimization, as well as assessing the extent to which the issue of violence led to the polarisation of citizens. Thirdly the authors examine the historical narratives and rituals that contributed to the production and reproduction of identity binaries and memories of war. Arguing that the defeat of ETA must be contextualised within the strategic evolution of Basque nationalism, the declining resonance of the radical message and the effectiveness of the Spanish counter-terrorist effort, this book is essential reading for students and scholars working in the areas of European politics, nationalism and terrorism studies.
Download or read book Ending ETA s Armed Campaign written by Imanol Murua and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-11-10 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains how and why the Basque separatist armed group ETA decided to end its armed campaign against the Spanish state. The ETA’s armed campaign for Basque independence lasted fifty years and led to more than 800 casualties. This book analyzes the factors that led to ETA ending its campaign of violence in 2011, despite having yet to achieve its political objectives. It explains how the Basque pro-independence movement’s political leadership won an internal battle and brought ETA to a position in which abandoning violence was the only feasible choice. The work argues that the key factor leading to the cessation of violence was the loss of support for armed struggle within the pro-independence social base, and it examines why and how that support decreased so decisively. Written by a former journalist, the narrative is based on more than 30 interviews, including former members of ETA, Spanish judges, former ministers of the Spanish government, political leaders of all Basque political parties—from the Nationalist Left to the Partido Popular (PP)—and international mediators. As such, it is the first book to recount in detail the inside story of the internal struggle within the Nationalist Left movement, and particularly between the political party Batasuna and ETA. This book will be of much interest to students of political violence, ethnic conflict, nationalism, Spanish politics, security studies, and IR.
Download or read book The Basques written by Luis C. Núñez and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now back in print, this book explains why the Basque Country has not been officially recognized, why it is politically divided, and why there is discrimination against its language. The book describes the two-fold response of the country itself, first of all in the creation of the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (The Basque Nationalist Party), and then of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, otherwise known as ETA. The book traces the political, cultural, and linguistic history of the Basque people and their struggle for independence from the Spanish and French States.
Download or read book Spain and the ETA written by Edward Moxon-Browne and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spain and the Basque Country A Case Study written by Stefan Vedder and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2010 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2010 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Region: Western Europe, grade: 1,0, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (Department of International Politics), language: English, abstract: Basques are living in seven provinces at the Bay of Biscay on the territories of France (three rather small provinces) and Spain, which constitute the "greater Basque Country‟ or "Euskal Herria‟. In Spain the southern - and by far bigger - part of Euskal Herria consists of the autonomous community Navarra and the autonomous community Basque Country ("Euskadi‟) with its three provinces Álava, Guipúzcoa and Vizcaya. Basque nationalists in Euskadi claim especially Navarra as part of their territory. The Basque conflict can be described as a nationalist struggle based on ethnicity which is particularly vital - and violent - in Euskadi. Nationalists in the Basque Country are claiming the right for self-determination and sovereignty in contrast to the Spanish government, which is reluctant to grant the Basques sovereignty. Attacks executed by the separatist terrorist group ETA, which have yet left more than 800 dead, are the violent excesses of the conflict. The case study pays special attention to the distinct features of the conflict by analysing the Basque society. As there has not yet been any progressed peace process, the hitherto existing efforts towards peace are being traced and those problems revealed (especially the issue of "spoiling‟) that prevented a sustainable peace process from getting kicked off. A glance into the future is then dared that takes into consideration recent political changes.
Download or read book Endgame for ETA written by Teresa Whitfield and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014-07-01 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The violent Basque separatist group ETA took shape in Franco's Spain, yet claimed the majority of its victims under democracy. For most Spaniards it became an aberration, a criminal and terrorist band whose persistence defied explanation. Others, mainly Basques (but only some Basques) understood ETA as the violent expression of a political conflict that remained the unfinished business of Spain's transition to democracy. Such differences hindered efforts to 'defeat' ETA's terrorism on the one hand and 'resolve the Basque conflict' on the other for more than three decades. Endgame for ETA offers a compelling account of the long path to ETA's declaration of a definitive end to its armed activity in October 2011. Its political surrogates remain as part of a resurgence of regional nationalism - in the Basque Country as in Catalonia - that is but one element of multiple crises confronting Spain. The Basque case has been cited as an ex- ample of the perils of 'talking to terrorists'. Drawing on extensive field research, Teresa Whitfield argues that while negotiations did not prosper, a form of 'virtual peacemaking' was an essential complement to robust police action and social condemnation. Together they helped to bring ETA's violence to an end and return its grievances to the channels of normal politics.
Download or read book Women and ETA written by Carrie Hamilton and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2013-07-19 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on a unique body of oral history interviews, archival material and published sources, this book shows how women’s participation in radical Basque nationalism has changed from the founding of ETA in 1959 to the present. It analyses several aspects of women’s nationalist activism: collaboration and direct activism in ETA, cultural movements, motherhood, prison and feminism. By focusing on gender politics Women and ETA offers new perspectives on the history of ETA, including recruitment, the militarization of radical Basque nationalism, and the role of the media in shaping popular understandings of ‘terrorism’. These arguments are directly relevant to the study of women in other insurgence and terrorist movements. The book will be of interest to scholars and students of history, Hispanic studies, gender studies, anthropology and politics, as well as to journalists and readers interested in women’s participation in contemporary conflicts and terrorist movements.
Download or read book Peacemaking in the Basque Country written by Siamak Khatami and published by AuthorHouse. This book was released on 2013 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, not only in Spain but in the West in general, we have been witnesses to a war against phenomena broadly grouped together under the heading of "terrorism," and yet the problem not only continues, but moreover, there does not appear to be any major signal that would indicate to us that those who belong to "the other side"—the "terrorists"—may be weakening. Just as in Afghanistan, President Obama's administration appears to have settled on a policy of separating the moderates from the radicals within the ranks of the Taliban and seeing into the possibilities of negotiating with them. In Spain too, various administrations, ever since democracy returned to Spain with the death of Franco on November 20, 1975, and the promulgation of a new constitution on December 6, 1977, have tried to negotiate with Euskadi eta Askatasuna—ETA (Basque Homeland and Freedom in the Basque language)—in order to end the problem of nationalist-separatist political violence in the Basque Country in northern Spain, including the provinces of Araba, Gipúzkoa, Navarre, and Bizkaia.
Download or read book Territory and Terror written by Jan Mansvelt Beck and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-11-10 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All Basque interpretations of national power have resulted in an uneasy mix of often fragmented and conflicting territorial identifications. Basques can identify themselves with France, Spain or an imagined Basque nation state. Territory and Terror confronts the imagined and actual territorial dimensions of nationalism, shedding new light on the Basque conflict. The study provides a rich description of territoriality analysed from a comparative perspective and explores the relation between territoriality and regional differences in conflict intensity. It supplies an account of the oft-overlooked internal struggles between Basques, arguing that overestimation of Basque nationalism as the ideological force behind the conflict often leads to a disregard of the identification of many with France or Spain. In addition, the author investigates the conflicts between Basque nationalists themselves over key issues such as terrorist activity. Territory and Terror will appeal to students and researchers of nationalism and territoriality, in particular to those with an interest in the Basque country.
Download or read book ETA and Basque Nationalism RLE Terrorism Insurgency written by John L. Sullivan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-04-17 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book traces the formation of ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna) and the tensions created by its combination and aims: socialism and Basque nationalism. The Basque Nationalist movement emerged in the late nineteenth century as a response to the rapid transformation of Basque society by industrialisation. The influx of Spanish-speaking workers to Basque territories seemed to threaten the stability of basque society. Gradually the immigrants became absorbed into the radical struggle, with the creation of illegal trade unions and the need to resist the Franco regimne by whatever means. Over the next half century Basque consicousness developed until the radical nationalist organisation ETA was formed in 1959.
Download or read book Dirty War Clean Hands written by Paddy Woodworth and published by Cork University Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The investigations continue and Garzon is still attempting to establish the full extent of the relationship between the former Spanish Government and the GAL's death squads."--Jacket.
Download or read book Out of Prison written by Nicolás Buckley and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The birth of the Basque insurgent group ETA (Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna [Freedom for the Basque Country]) in 1959 coincided with the beginning of an industrialization process that modernized Spanish society during the 1960s. At that time, in the mid-1960s, ETA already believed that the independence of the Basque people would only be achieved through the workers' struggle. This notion was not only held by the organization. In 1968, when ETA assassinated its first victim, Melitón Manzanas, a police officer and the head of the Political-Social Brigade of the Basque province of Guipúzkoa, many Basque people understood the necessity of the armed struggle against the Franco regime. In 1973, when ETA murdered Admiral Carrero Blanco, who had been appointed president of the government by Franco, the Basque nationalist society and much of the anti-Francoist Spanish movement also began to sympathize with ETA and its armed struggle. However, by 2011 when ETA declared a unilateral cease-fire, the organization had become completely isolated from both Spanish society and the Basque people. What had happened in the intervening sixty years to cause ETA to move from being the vanguard of the struggle against the Franco regime to the context of the twenty-first century in which the majority of the Basque population wanted the organization to abandon the armed struggle? Rather than focusing on what "mistakes" ETA has committed, my work reveals the necessity of understanding how this organization reflects changes in both Basque and Spanish society. Therefore, my intention in this book is to understand the Basque conflict not as an isolated armed struggle between ETA and the Spanish security forces but as a part of recent Spanish contemporary history"--
Download or read book Basque Politics and Nationalism on the Eve of the Millennium written by William A. Douglass and published by Center for Basque Studies Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the summer of 1998 the University of Nevada, Reno hosted an international symposium entitled "Basques in the Contemporary World: Migration, Identity, and Globalization," attended by nearly eighty scholars. Selected papers from the symposium are now available in three volumes published in the Occasional Papers Series of the Basque Studies Program at the University of Nevada, Reno. These eleven essays focus on Basque nationalism and institutions in the European Union in an increasingly globalized world, the image of Basques in the international media, depictions of ETA in the Spanish press and cinema, the status of Navarre and the French Basque country within (or without) Basque nationalism, and the articulation of a Basque foreign policy through the Basque Government's diaspora policy.
