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Book Chase s Calendar of Events 2023

Download or read book Chase s Calendar of Events 2023 written by Editors of Chase's and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-11-21 with total page 753 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Find out what's going on any day of the year, anywhere across the globe! The world’s date book since 1957, Chase's is the definitive, authoritative, day-by-day resource of what the world is celebrating. From national days to celebrity birthdays, from historical milestones to astronomical phenomena, from award ceremonies and sporting events to religious festivals and carnivals, Chase's is the must-have reference used by experts and professionals—a one-stop shop with 12,500 entries for everything that is happening now or is worth remembering from the past. Completely updated for 2023, Chase's also features extensive appendices as well as a companion website that puts the power of Chase's at the user's fingertips. 2023 is packed with special events and observances, including National days and public holidays of every nation on Earth Scores of new special days, weeks and months Famous birthdays of new world leaders, lauded authors and breakout celebrities Info on milestone anniversaries, such as the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's First Folio, the 250th anniversary of the Boston Tea Party, the 125th anniversary of the Curies' discovery of radium, the 100th birth anniversary of Hank Williams, the 75th anniversary of the Marshall Plan, the 50th anniversary of Skylab Information on such special sporting events as the Special Olympics World Summer Games in Berlin, Germany And much more! All from the reference book that Publishers Weekly calls "one of the most impressive reference volumes in the world."

Book The Jewish Book of Days

    Book Details:
  • Author : Jill Hammer
  • Publisher : Jewish Publication Society
  • Release : 2010-01-01
  • ISBN : 0827610130
  • Pages : 449 pages

Download or read book The Jewish Book of Days written by Jill Hammer and published by Jewish Publication Society. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the ages, Jews have connected legends to particular days of the Hebrew calendar. Abraham's birth, the death of Rachel, and the creation of light are all tales that are linked to a specific day and season. The Jewish Book of Days invites readers to experience the connection between sacred story and nature's rhythms, through readings designed for each and every day of the year. These daily readings offer an opportunity to live in tune with the wisdom of the past while learning new truths about the times we live in today. Using the tree as its central metaphor, The Jewish Book of Days is divided into eight chapters of approximately forty-five days each. These sections represent the tree's stages of growth--seed, root, shoot, sap, bud, leaf, flower, and fruit--and also echo the natural cadences of each season. Each entry has three components: a biblical quote for the day; a midrash on the biblical quote or a Jewish tradition related to that day; and commentary relating the text to the cycles of the year. The author includes an introduction that analyzes the different months and seasons of the Hebrew calendar and explains the textual sources used throughout. Appendixes provide additional material for leap years, equinoxes, and solstices. A section on seasonal meditations offers a new way to approach the divine every day.

Book Jews Across the Americas

    Book Details:
  • Author : Adriana M. Brodsky
  • Publisher : NYU Press
  • Release : 2023-09-26
  • ISBN : 1479819328
  • Pages : 552 pages

Download or read book Jews Across the Americas written by Adriana M. Brodsky and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2023-09-26 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Jews Across the Americas, a documentary reader with sources from Latin America, the Caribbean, Canada, and the United States, each introduced by an expert in the field, teaches students to analyze historical sources and encourages them to think about who and what has been and is an American Jew"--

Book Jewish Life in Medieval Spain

Download or read book Jewish Life in Medieval Spain written by Jonathan Ray and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2023-03-28 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jewish Life in Medieval Spain is a detailed exploration of the Jewish experience in medieval Spain from the dawn of Sephardic society in the ninth century to the expulsion of 1492. An important contribution of the book is the integration of the rise and fall of Jewish life in Muslim al-Andalus into the history of the Jews in medieval Christian Spain. It traces the collapse of Jewish life in Muslim Spain, the emigration of Andalusi Jewry to the lands of Christian Iberia, and the long and difficult confluence of these two distinct Jewish subcultures. Focusing on internal developments of Jewish society, it offers a narrative of Jewish history from the inside out, bringing to light the various divisions and rivalries within the Jewish community. This approach, in turn, allows for a deeper understanding of the complex relations between Spanish Jews and their Muslim and Christian neighbors. Jonathan Ray's original perspective on the Jewish experience is particularly instructive when considering the widescale anti-Jewish riots of 1391. The combination of violence and mass conversion of the Jews irrevocably shifted the dynamics of inter-religious relations as well as those within the Jewish community itself. Yet even in the wake of these tragic events, the Jews of Spain continued to flourish, fostering a culture that they would carry into exile and that would preserve the memory of Jewish Spain for centuries to come.

Book The Middle East and South Asia 2022   2023

Download or read book The Middle East and South Asia 2022 2023 written by Ilan Pappe and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-09-18 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The World Today Series: The Middle East and South Asia. More than a quarter of the world’s population live in the Middle East and South Asia, yet our knowledge and understanding of the region is often limited to news updates about the latest conflicts and crises. This edition of the annually updated volume of the World Today Series provides important insights that take the reader beyond the headlines. It offers detailed and up-to-date information about the politics, economies and societies of the twenty-four states that make up the region. Contemporary events are placed in their historical context, through an examination of major civilizations and key historical events. This volume introduces major themes that have shaped the region, including the struggles of ordinary people to achieve democratic rights; the role of oil in shaping society; burgeoning environmental threats; and the rise and fall of the Islamic State caliphate. While there is reason for optimism in regards to the Middle East and South Asia, this is tempered by the very real challenges that confront the region. The general reader will gain an understanding of these challenges and opportunities through an exploration of current and past developments.

Book A Handbook on the Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith

Download or read book A Handbook on the Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith written by Craig A. Evans and published by Hendrickson Publishers. This book was released on 2019-01-01 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Handbook on the Jewish Roots of the Christian Faithis a comprehensive handbook that serves as an introduction to the Jewish roots of the Christian Faith. It includes Old Testament background, Second Temple Judaism, the life of Jesus, the New Testament, and the early Jewish followers of Jesus. It is intended as a resource for college and/or higher education. It is no longer a novelty to say that Jesus was a Jew. In fact, the term Jewish rootshas become something of a buzzword in books, articles, and especially on the internet. But what does the Jewishness of Jesus actually mean, and why is it important? This collection of articles aims to address those questions and serve as a comprehensive yet concise primer on the Jewish roots of the Christian faith. It consists of thirteen chapters, most of which are divided into four or five articles. It is in a "handbook" format, meaning that each article is brief but informative. The thirteen chapters are grouped into four major sections: (1) The Soil, (2) The Roots, (3) The Trunk, and (4) The Branches. Craig A. Evans, PhD, DHabil, is the John Bisagno Distinguished Professor of Christian Origins at Houston Baptist University in Texas. He is a frequent contributor to scholarly journals and the author or editor of over seventy books. Evans resides in Houston, TX. David Mishkin, PhD, serves on the faculty of Israel College of the Bible in Netanya, Israel. He is the author of The Wisdom of Alfred Edersheimand Jewish Scholarship on the Resurrection of Jesus.

Book The Jewish Middle Ages

Download or read book The Jewish Middle Ages written by Carol Bakhos and published by SBL Press. This book was released on 2023-03-15 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many, the Middle Ages in general evokes a sense of the sinister and brings to mind a world of fear, superstition, and religious fanaticism. For Jews it was a period marked by persecutions, pogroms, and expulsions. Yet at the same time, the Middle Ages was also a time of lively cultural exchange and heightened creativity for Jews. In The Jewish Middle Ages, contributors explore the ways in which the stories of biblical women, including, Eve, Sarah, Hagar, Rebekah, Zipporah, Ruth, Esther, and Judith, make their way into the rich tapestry of medieval Jewish literature, mystical texts, and art, particularly in works emanating from Ashkenazic circles. Contributors include Carol Bakhos, Judith R. Baskin, Elisheva Baumgarten, Dagmar Börner-Klein, Constanza Cordoni, Rachel Elior, Meret Gutmann-Grün, Robert A. Harris, Yuval Katz-Wilfing, Sheila Tuller Keiter, Katrin Kogman-Appel, Gerhard Langer, Aurora Salvatierra Ossorio, and Felicia Waldman. These essays give us a glimpse into the role women played and the authority they assumed in medieval Jewish culture beyond the rabbinic centers of Palestine and Babylonia.

Book The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible

Download or read book The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible written by James Strong and published by . This book was released on 1890 with total page 1842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book When Scotland Was Jewish

    Book Details:
  • Author : Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman
  • Publisher : McFarland
  • Release : 2015-05-07
  • ISBN : 0786455225
  • Pages : 265 pages

Download or read book When Scotland Was Jewish written by Elizabeth Caldwell Hirschman and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2015-05-07 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The popular image of Scotland is dominated by widely recognized elements of Celtic culture. But a significant non-Celtic influence on Scotland's history has been largely ignored for centuries? This book argues that much of Scotland's history and culture from 1100 forward is Jewish. The authors provide evidence that many of the national heroes, villains, rulers, nobles, traders, merchants, bishops, guild members, burgesses, and ministers of Scotland were of Jewish descent, their ancestors originating in France and Spain. Much of the traditional historical account of Scotland, it is proposed, rests on fundamental interpretive errors, perpetuated in order to affirm Scotland's identity as a Celtic, Christian society. A more accurate and profound understanding of Scottish history has thus been buried. The authors' wide-ranging research includes examination of census records, archaeological artifacts, castle carvings, cemetery inscriptions, religious seals, coinage, burgess and guild member rolls, noble genealogies, family crests, portraiture, and geographic place names.

Book Ignaz Goldziher as a Jewish Orientalist

Download or read book Ignaz Goldziher as a Jewish Orientalist written by Tamás Turán and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-04-26 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Die Reihe Europäisch-Jüdische Studien repräsentiert die international vernetzte Kompetenz des »Moses Mendelssohn Zentrums für europäisch-jüdische Studien« (MMZ). Der interdisziplinäre Charakter der Reihe, die in Kooperation mit dem Selma Stern Zentrum für Jüdische Studien Berlin-Brandenburg herausgegeben wird, zielt insbesondere auf geschichts-, geistes- und kulturwissenschaftliche Ansätze sowie auf intellektuelle, politische, literarische und religiöse Grundfragen, die jüdisches Leben und Denken in der Vergangenheit beeinflusst haben und noch heute inspirieren. Mit ihren Publikationen weiß sich das MMZ der über 250jährigen Tradition der von Moses Mendelssohn begründeten Jüdischen Aufklärung und der Wissenschaft des Judentums verpflichtet. In den BEITRÄGEN werden exzellente Monographien und Sammelbände zum gesamten Themenspektrum Jüdischer Studien veröffentlicht. Die Reihe ist peer-reviewed.

Book Proverbios Morales

    Book Details:
  • Author : Carrión Santob de
  • Publisher : Cambridge University Press
  • Release : 2011-06-02
  • ISBN : 9780521131445
  • Pages : 184 pages

Download or read book Proverbios Morales written by Carrión Santob de and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-06-02 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Hebrew poet, known by his Catilian name, Santob de Carrión, lived in the first half of the fourteenth century. In this text, originally published in 1947, Professor Llubera offers a critical edition, giving the text of the work and a full and detailed introduction to Proverbios Morale.

Book A Thousand Years of Jewish History

Download or read book A Thousand Years of Jewish History written by Maurice H. Harris and published by E-Kitap Projesi & Cheapest Books. This book was released on 2023-12-30 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dual purpose of the revision of this work has been simplification and amplification. The language has been recast in parts and there have been added sub-titles within each chapter, cross-references and an index. Ideas such as "Religion as law," the Logos of Philo and the development of Messianism have been made as simple as these subjects admit of. In seeking illustrations to vivify the narrative it is unfortunate that so little is available. Ah! if we had pictures of Hillel, of Akiba the Martyr, of Judah the Saint, of the Jamnia Academy, of the splendor of the Babylonian Exilarch. But this very absence of pictures is in itself a bit of Jewish history. This new edition contains quotations from the literature of the periods covered, from the Apocrypha, Philo, Josephus and the Mishna. Three chapters have been added, two on "Stories and Sayings of the Sages of the Talmud" and one on "Rabbi Judah and his times." Other chapters have been placed in more logical sequence. Both the Chronological Tables and the Notes are fuller. A new feature has been introduced in a "theme for discussion" at the close of each chapter that may be found helpful to study circles and Chautauqua societies. This has also been introduced in the recently issued "Modern Jewish History." The author expresses his grateful indebtedness to Dr. David de Sola Pool for a most careful reading of the manuscript and for many corrections and suggestions; also to Mr. Philip Cowen for the aid rendered in collecting the illustrations. The author has availed himself of writings that have appeared on this epoch since the edition of 1904. He hopes he has succeeded in producing a more readable book. When the impatient youth demands, like the heathen from Hillel, a definition of Judaism, bid him "go and learn" the history of the Jew. Let him follow the fascinating story from hoar antiquity, when the obscure Hebrews, "leaving kindred and father's house," took a bold and new departure for the land that God would show—the land that would show God. Point to the colossal figure of Moses on Sinai, "greatest of the prophets," who gave the first uplifting impulse with his Ten Words of Faith and Duty. Trace with him the soul struggle of this "fewest of all peoples" to reach the truth of divinity—beginning with a crude conception that became steadily more exalted and more clarified with each successive age, until, at last, the idea is realized of an all-pervading Spirit, with "righteousness and justice as the pillars of His throne," the "refuge of all generations." Make clear to him how the revelation of the divine will came to be expressed in Law. And, how the preservation and development of this Law, in the interpreting hands of prophets, scribes, rabbis, poets and philosophers, became henceforth the controlling motif of the history of the Jew, his modus vivendi, whether under Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabians or Franks. Help him to see that through it the Jew held in his keeping the religious fate of Orient and Occident, that took from him their respective impressions of Islamism and Christianity. Let him see the "God-intoxicated" teaching his message by living it; the Suffering Servant whose martyrdom brought healing to his smiters. Then, perhaps, he may understand that no one definition can completely express the Faith of the Jew and his place in the divine economy. But with this glimpse of his history the grandeur of his inheritance will sink into his consciousness, becoming part of himself, and he will be thrilled with the tremendous responsibility devolving upon him as a member of the priest-people, the witnesses of God, whose mission was and is to "bring light to the Gentiles—that salvation may reach to the ends of the earth." By e-Kitap Projesi, Illustrated by Murat Ukray..

Book Chase s Calendar of Events 2024

Download or read book Chase s Calendar of Events 2024 written by Editors of Chase's and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2023-10-15 with total page 753 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Find out what's going on any day of the year, anywhere across the globe! Since 1957, Chase's Calendar of Events lists everything worth knowing and celebrating for each day of the year: 12,500 holidays, national days, historical milestones, famous birthdays, festivals, sporting events and more. Publishers Weekly has cited it as "one of the most impressive reference volumes in the world." Library Journal named the 67th edition (A 2024 Starred Review) "an invaluable resource for trivia fans, planners, media professionals, teachers, and librarians.” From national days to celebrity birthdays, from historical milestones to astronomical phenomena, from award ceremonies and sporting events to religious festivals and carnivals, Chase's is the must-have reference used by experts and professionals—a one-stop shop with 12,500 entries for everything that is happening now or is worth remembering from the past. Completely updated for 2024, Chase's also features extensive appendices as well as a companion website that puts the power of Chase's at the user's fingertips. 2024is packed with special events and observances, including National days and public holidays of every nation on Earth Scores of new special days, weeks and months--such as International Day of Zero Waste or World Eel Day Famous birthdays of new world leaders, lauded authors and breakout celebrities Info on the 2024 Great North American Eclipse. Info on the restoration and reopening of Notre-Dame de Paris. Info on milestone anniversaries, such as the 300th birth anniversary of Immanuel Kant, the 250th anniversary of the First Continental Congress, the 100th birth anniversary of James Baldwin and more. Information on such special events as the International Year of Camelids and the Paris Olympics or Euro 2024. And much more!

Book The World s Greatest Book

    Book Details:
  • Author : Jerry Pattengale
  • Publisher : Tyndale House Publishers
  • Release : 2023-07-04
  • ISBN : 1496478347
  • Pages : 257 pages

Download or read book The World s Greatest Book written by Jerry Pattengale and published by Tyndale House Publishers. This book was released on 2023-07-04 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Welcome to the fascinating story of how we got the world’s greatest book—the Bible. It is a captivating story that includes a little bit of everything: adventure and violence, mystery and bravery, history and romance, and dumb luck or divine intervention—depending on your point of view. How in the world did we get this book that some people swear by—and other people swear at? You don’t have to be a skeptic to have a grocery list of questions about the making of the Bible, one of the world’s most loved and loathed books: What’s so great about the Bible? Why are there different versions of the Bible? How has this controversial book remained relevant through the ages? Who wrote these books and when? As scribes made copies of copies, didn’t they make mistakes that caused the ancient writings to be changed and corrupted? How was it decided which writings would be included in the Bible? What are the Dead Sea Scrolls, and why are archeological finds like these a big deal? Devoted people dedicated their lives throughout time, putting this unique book into the hands of people worldwide. Let this book deepen your engagement with God’s Word as you retrace the passion and intrigue behind the origin of the Bible.

Book The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise

Download or read book The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise written by Dario Fernandez-Morera and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2023-07-11 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A finalist for World Magazine's Book of the Year! Scholars, journalists, and even politicians uphold Muslim-ruled medieval Spain—"al-Andalus"—as a multicultural paradise, a place where Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived in harmony. There is only one problem with this widely accepted account: it is a myth. In this groundbreaking book, Northwestern University scholar Darío Fernández-Morera tells the full story of Islamic Spain. The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise shines light on hidden history by drawing on an abundance of primary sources that scholars have ignored, as well as archaeological evidence only recently unearthed. This supposed beacon of peaceful coexistence began, of course, with the Islamic Caliphate's conquest of Spain. Far from a land of religious tolerance, Islamic Spain was marked by religious and therefore cultural repression in all areas of life and the marginalization of Christians and other groups—all this in the service of social control by autocratic rulers and a class of religious authorities. The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise provides a desperately needed reassessment of medieval Spain. As professors, politicians, and pundits continue to celebrate Islamic Spain for its "multiculturalism" and "diversity," Fernández-Morera sets the historical record straight—showing that a politically useful myth is a myth nonetheless.

Book From Time to Time

    Book Details:
  • Author : Dalia Marx
  • Publisher : CCAR Press
  • Release : 2023-11-28
  • ISBN : 0881236144
  • Pages : 400 pages

Download or read book From Time to Time written by Dalia Marx and published by CCAR Press. This book was released on 2023-11-28 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Time is fundamental to the human experience, and in Judaism it is even more—time is sanctified. Understanding the Jewish calendar is thus essential for fully comprehending Judaism. In From Time to Time, Rabbi Dalia Marx, PhD, presents a fascinating exploration of the treasures of the Jewish year. The book artfully blends traditional and contemporary perspectives on each Hebrew month and its holidays. Rabbi Marx's insights are paired with striking illustrations; each month also features a diverse selection of poetry, prayers, and songs. Taking a distinctively Israeli, feminist, and progressive approach, From Time to Time is a comprehensive, indispensable companion you will want to return to each season. I have no doubt that this new book will contribute a great deal to the global Jewish cultural field, offering Dalia Marx's evocative and singular voice of insight and wisdom to the interpretation of our Jewish calendar, and greatly enriching the ongoing and vital conversation that is our Jewish heritage with Jews around the world. —Isaac Herzog, President of the State of Israel Dalia Marx's brilliant book From Time to Time offers extraordinary new ways of understanding Jewish time. With poetry, ancient and modern texts, ritual suggestions, and historical reflections, Marx illuminates traditional holidays, features lesser-known celebrations such as Moroccan Mimouna and Ethiopian Sigd, and brings an evolved scholarship that includes feminist, pluralist, and gender-fluid perspectives. This rich tapestry allows us not only to learn more about the expanded Israeli calendar, but about Jewish views of time across the world and the centuries. This indispensable volume will help every one of us make our time more meaningful and sacred. —Rabbi Angela Warnick Buchdahl, Senior Rabbi, Central Synagogue, NYC This is, quite simply, a genius of a book, not just the best of its kind but the only thing of its kind: a moving combination of scholarly depth and mastery of Jewish tradition---served up with personal anecdote, poetic sensitivity, and an uncanny ability to make the seasons, the holidays, and even ordinary time come alive with meaning. —Rabbi Lawrence A. Hoffman, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Hebrew Union College--Jewish Institute of Religion "God's glory is the human being fully alive," declared Saint Irenaeus of Lyon. Rabbi Dalia Marx's book offers a vade mecum for human flourishing. Her expansive compendium opens horizons on Israeli Jewish cultures and religious expressions---and takes readers beyond that world. From Time to Time is an evocative read, a splendid resource, and a powerful reminder that the diverse ways in which humans ritualize our longings and seek meaning connect us across boundaries of difference. —Sr. Mary C. Boys, Professor, Union Theological Seminary This book is a delightful and insightful road map for Jewish time travel, helping modern readers navigate the deeper meanings of each moment and season on the Jewish calendar. Rabbi Marx makes sacred time accessible and exciting through a fusion of historical clarity, cultural diversity, and contemporary relevance, revealing the essence of our ever-evolving traditions. —Rabbi Amichai Lau-Lavie, Founding Spiritual Leader, Lab/Shul If, as Rabbi Heschel once said, our Sabbaths are cathedrals in time, Rabbi Dalia Marx has constructed a wonderland of the entire Jewish calendar. Her poetic imagination ranges across text and time, from Israel to Diaspora, across gender and geography and liturgy. This gorgeous book will be indispensable for those trying to find their way through the Jewish calendar, and also for those who may already live the Jewish calendar, yet seek to find themselves more deeply within it. —Dahlia Lithwick, Senior Editor, Slate The book's intellectual depth is balanced by an accessible writing style that successfully engages lay readers with applications to contemporary life, including prayers for schoolchildren and families. This emphasis on accessibility is reflected in the book's ample appendices, which include a glossary and a diagram of the Hebrew calendar year. While Marx's perceptive analysis is the star, this book is also a visually stunning volume, full of text-box vignettes, gorgeous illuminations, and other decorative flairs, as well as frequent parallel texts juxtaposing Hebrew scripture with English translations. This work is a welcome reminder of King David's adage to "count our days rightly...that we may obtain a wise heart." A brilliant introduction to the Jewish calendar that's both visually and intellectually striking. — Kirkus Reviews

Book Manual of Judaeo Romance Linguistics and Philology

Download or read book Manual of Judaeo Romance Linguistics and Philology written by Guido Mensching and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-10-23 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual provides a detailed presentation of the various Romance languages as they appear in texts written by Jews, mostly using the Hebrew alphabet. It gives a comprehensive overview of the Jews and the Romance languages in the Middle Ages (part I), as well as after the expulsions (part II). These sections are dedicated to Judaeo-Romance texts and linguistic traditions mainly from Italy, northern and southern France (French and Occitan), and the Iberian Peninsula (Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese). The Judaeo-Spanish varieties of the 20th and 21st centuries are discussed in a separate section (part III), due to the fact that Judaeo-Spanish can be considered an independent language. This section includes detailed descriptions of its phonetics/phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax.