Download or read book Sound Processing in the Auditory Cortex of Rats During Sensory Decision Making written by Elena Gronskaya and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Coding of Sound Motion in the Rat Auditory Cortex written by Daryl Ebling Doan and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Medial Geniculate Body of the Cat written by Jeffery A. Winer and published by Springer. This book was released on 1985 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Effect of Brain State on Rapid Auditory Processing in the Rat written by Liad Hollender and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The correct interpretation of natural sounds, such as language, depends on an individual's ability to perform rapid auditory processing (RAP) - processing of auditory stimuli that occurs on a time scale of tens of milliseconds. Indeed, individuals who exhibit deficits in RAP also demonstrate impairments in the acquisition of normal language skills. Interestingly, auditory training that is designed to engage the attention of the subject can ameliorate these deficits. Even though the physiological basis of the improvement in language skills in these individuals is currently unknown, one possible correlate could be changes in brain state that occur through training. Indeed, changes in brain state have been shown to influence neuronal responsiveness to sensory stimuli. In addition, changes in the level in alertness, or attention, are associated with changes in the degree of cortical activation. In this thesis, I explored the relationship between brain state and RAP by recording the simultaneous responses of large neuronal populations in the rat auditory cortex to temporally structured auditory stimuli. I systematically quantified the magnitude of evoked responses across different brain states, both under anesthesia and during wakefulness, and assessed the efficiency of RAP by estimating how well the type of sensory stimulus could be predicted from the population activity. First, RAP was assessed during the inactivated state. Surprisingly, even though response amplitude varies systematically with the phase of the slow oscillation, the efficiency of RAP does not. Second, RAP was examined across the different global activated and inactivated states observed under urethane anesthesia. This showed that RAP is overall more efficient in the activated state because of the ability of auditory populations to strongly respond to temporally structured stimuli. Finally, the effect of changes in the instantaneous level of activation during wakefulness on RAP was studied in chronically implanted rats, again showing that the efficiency in the processing of temporally structured stimuli increases with the level of cortical activation. Together, these results establish a significant link between cortical activation and RAP performance. This suggests that improvement in language ability after training in humans might reflect an increased ability to produce cortical activation when required.
Download or read book The Inferior Colliculus written by Jeffery A. Winer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-12-05 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Connecting the auditory brain stem to sensory, motor, and limbic systems, the inferior colliculus is a critical midbrain station for auditory processing. Winer and Schreiner's The Inferior Colliculus, a critical, comprehensive reference, presents the current knowledge of the inferior colliculus from a variety of perspectives, including anatomical, physiological, developmental, neurochemical, biophysical, neuroethological and clinical vantage points. Written by leading researchers in the field, the book is an ideal introduction to the inferior colliculus and central auditory processing for clinicians, otolaryngologists, graduate and postgraduate research workers in the auditory and other sensory-motor systems.
Download or read book Crossmodal Influences in Mouse Auditory Cortex During Passive Stimulation and an Audiovisual Behavior written by Ryan James Morrill and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To enable flexible behavior, the brain utilizes signals from across the sensory modalities, merging some streams while filtering out others in a context-dependent manner. These processes occur at many levels in the sensory hierarchy, but the cerebral cortex appears to play a prominent role in enabling dynamic use of crossmodal sensory information. This dissertation explores the interactions of auditory and visual sensory processing in the auditory cortex (ACtx) of the awake mouse using two experimental approaches. First, the influence of visual stimuli on neural firing in ACtx is investigated using multisite probes to sample activity across cortical layers. Visual stimuli elicit spiking responses in both primary and secondary ACtx. Through fluorescent dye electrode track tracing and optogenetic identification using layer-specific markers, these responses are revealed to be largely restricted to infragranular layers and particularly prominent in layer 6. Presentation of drifting visual gratings show that responses are not orientation-tuned, unlike visual cortex responses. The deepest cortical layers thus appear to be an important locus for crossmodal integration in ACtx. Second, to test the influence of modality-specific attention on ACtx stimulus processing, a novel audiovisual (AV) go/no-go rule-switching task for mice is presented. Translaminar ACtx extracellular recordings from mice performing the task show that attentional state modulates responses to AV stimuli. On average, single-unit firing rates (FRs) in deep and middle cortex are reduced during auditory attention in response to task-relevant stimuli, although a smaller population of units increases FRs. Pre-stimulus activity also decreases when behavior is guided by the auditory rule and appears to account for much of the change in stimulus-evoked activity. This general reduction in activity does not impair decoding with a PSTH-based pattern classifier, but instead increases mutual information encoding efficiency in the deep, putatively-excitatory neurons. Analysis of spectrotemporal receptive field (STRF) nonlinearities calculated from stimuli delivered between behavioral trials suggests that attending to sound increases the selectivity of neurons for STRF-defined sound features. These results suggest that modality-specific attention can act on ACtx in through rapid, context-dependent shifts in activity level as well as information processing.
Download or read book Perceptual Decision making written by Olga Natalia Lapies and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perceptual decision-making, in recent decades, has become one of the central topics in neuroscience. Combining behaviour with techniques for neural activity monitoring and modulation allows to study structures and mechanisms involved in the process. Elucidating its elements and functional connectivity will not only deepen our knowledge of this matter but also provide with information essential to answer more complex questions related to mechanisms guiding our perception of the world. The view on this topic has also been remodelled in recent years switching from seeing the brain as an observer of events to an active analyst.In the past various studies were carried out on the topic of perceptual decision making, basing mainly on visual paradigms in humans and non-human primates.Thanks to developments in technology, genetics and behavioural paradigms, studies in rodents spanning through different sensory modalities are more readily implemented allowing for more in-depth analysis.In this thesis I developed and used auditory-based detection task to study perceptual decision-making on the example of temporal expectations in mice. Further, I combined this paradigm with chemogenetics to examine the results of modulation of activity in auditory cortex on sound detection in behaviour task. Finally, during electrophysiological recordings from auditory cortex, I looked at effects of modulation of neural activity using chemogenetics. These acute experiments were performed in anaesthetized mice.The results have proven that mice model is a highly useful tool in the study of perceptual decision-making, allowing for combination of behavioural task with neural activity monitoring and modulation. In the behavioural task the influence of foreperiod duration on reaction time was not confirmed but a correlation between foreperiod presentation ratio and reaction time was observed.. Implementation of chemogenetics in behavioural paradigm influenced hit rate and reaction time dynamics only for some of the higher sound intensities, therefore not providing confirmation of effect of used technique on behaviour. In electrophysiological recordings, statistically significant changes in levels of neural activity after activation of chemogenetics were reported for both sound- evoked and no-sound related activity in auditory cortex. Altogether, the obtained results do not provide confirmation of presented research theses which presumed the importance of auditory cortex for perceptual decision-making. However, due to the complexity of the matter in question, further studies are needed.
Download or read book Pharmacological and Sensory Stimulation of Auditory Cortex Plasticity in Adult Rats written by Vikram Jakkamsetti and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an adult rat, we paired acoustic input with injections of Rolipram-a drug that increases cortical cAMP levels and observed that Rolipram increased the length of the cortex activated by the paired tone and induced primary cortex neurons to become more selective to the paired tone. In the third part of the dissertation I explored induction of experience-dependent plasticity using modulation of attentional mechanisms. It has been previously demonstrated that paying attention to a tone for a tone discrimination task stimulates the nucleus basalis to release cortical acetylcholine which activates muscarinic M1 receptors to increase the representation of that tone in the primary auditory cortex. We paired acoustic input with injections of M1 agonist Cevemiline and observed an increase in the length of the cortex corresponding to the acoustic input. The experiments in this dissertation attempt to understand experience dependent brain changes and use current understanding of the mechanisms of experience dependent plasticity to research drugs that could help improve neuronal processing for neuronal disorders.
Download or read book Contribution of the Subcortical Auditory Pathway to the Perception and Processing of Sounds written by Natàlia Gorina Careta and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The auditory scene that we face during our day life is highly complex. The human auditory system is able to allow us to maintain a conversation with another person whilst ignoring the surrounding sounds but, at the same time, keeping track of what is happening to detect unexpected sounds that can be critical for survival. This suggests that whilst listening, there is an ongoing storage of information about the sounds we have already heard and how they relate to each other, thus allowing the auditory system to form expectations at different levels of complexity about what is going to come. Indeed, repetitive stimulation has been shown to reduce auditory neural activity in the human cerebral cortex and this neural activity that represents immediate or remembered features of a sensory stimulus can be used as evidence when making simple perceptual decisions. Yet, before reaching the auditory cortex, incoming auditory information is deeply processed by nuclei in the subcortical ascending auditory pathway. In a series of three studies carried out in the University of Barcelona and the University of Jyväskylä, we recorded the auditory frequency – following response (FFR) to study the contribution of the subcortical auditory pathway to sound encoding and processing. The FFR to periodic complex sounds provides a non-invasive measure of the neural transcription of sounds, as well as how auditory experiences transform these representations. Although it has been considered as a correlate of subcortical sound encoding, recent studies challenged this assumption, demonstrating that FFR receives major contribution from the auditory cortex. The objective of the present PhD thesis is to investigate how stimulus statistics and temporal predictability modulate regularity encoding in the subcortical auditory pathway and how the encoding strength of sounds in this pathway influences the latter making of simple auditory perceptual decisions. Additionally, we aimed to further characterize the FFR by means of electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography to understand the role of the frequency of the eliciting stimuli and disentangle the anatomical contribution of the FFRs elicited to sounds of different frequencies. Together our findings support the view that regularity encoding spans across the auditory hierarchy. Going a step further, temporal predictability and the frequency of the incoming stimulation also affect the subcortical sound encoding, which is reflected in the making of latter simple auditory perceptual decisions. Indeed, the frequency is a crucial parameter, as the cortical contribution to the FFR is not observable when the frequency of the sounds is around 300 Hz. Overall, we conclude that the subcortical auditory pathway has an active role in the perception and processing of the incoming sounds, consistent with the hypothesis of a distributed network for perceptual organization. Additionally, although the FFR has a multi-generator nature, it can still be used as a window into human subcortical sound encoding when using the appropriate stimulus parameters." -- TDX.
Download or read book The Auditory Cortex written by Jeffery A. Winer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-02 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There has been substantial progress in understanding the contributions of the auditory forebrain to hearing, sound localization, communication, emotive behavior, and cognition. The Auditory Cortex covers the latest knowledge about the auditory forebrain, including the auditory cortex as well as the medial geniculate body in the thalamus. This book will cover all important aspects of the auditory forebrain organization and function, integrating the auditory thalamus and cortex into a smooth, coherent whole. Volume One covers basic auditory neuroscience. It complements The Auditory Cortex, Volume 2: Integrative Neuroscience, which takes a more applied/clinical perspective.
Download or read book Cortical and Subcortical Mechanisms for Sound Processing written by Jennifer M. Blackwell and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The auditory cortex is essential for encoding complex and behaviorally relevant sounds. Many questions remain concerning whether and how distinct cortical neuronal subtypes shape and encode both simple and complex sound properties. In chapter 2, we tested how neurons in the auditory cortex encode water-like sounds perceived as natural by human listeners, but that we could precisely parametrize. The stimuli exhibit scale-invariant statistics, specifically temporal modulation within spectral bands scaled with the center frequency of the band. We used chronically implanted tetrodes to record neuronal spiking in rat primary auditory cortex during exposure to our custom stimuli at different rates and cycle-decay constants. We found that, although neurons exhibited selectivity for subsets of stimuli with specific statistics, over the population responses were stable. These results contribute to our understanding of how auditory cortex processes natural sound statistics. In chapter 3, we review studies examining the role of different cortical inhibitory interneurons in shaping sound responses in auditory cortex. We identify the findings that support each other and the mechanisms that remain unexplored. In chapter 4, we tested how direct feedback from auditory cortex to the inferior colliculus modulated sound responses in the inferior colliculus. We optogenetically activated or suppressed cortico-collicular feedback while recording neuronal spiking in the mouse inferior colliculus in response to pure tones and dynamic random chords. We found that feedback modulated sound responses by reducing sound selectivity by decreasing responsiveness to preferred frequencies and increasing responsiveness to less preferred frequencies. Furthermore, we tested the effects of perturbing intra-cortical inhibitory-excitatory networks on sound responses in the inferior colliculus. We optogenetically activated or suppressed parvalbumin-positive (PV) and somatostatin-positive (SOM) interneurons while recording neuronal spiking in mouse auditory cortex and inferior colliculus. We found that modulation of neither PV- nor SOM-interneurons affected sound-evoked responses in the inferior colliculus, despite significant modulation of cortical responses. Our findings imply that cortico-collicular feedback can modulate responses to simple and complex auditory stimuli independently of cortical inhibitory interneurons. These experiments elucidate the role of descending auditory feedback in shaping sound responses. Together these results implicate the importance of the auditory cortex in sound processing.
Download or read book Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience written by Jerry J. Buccafusco and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-08-29 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using the most well-studied behavioral analyses of animal subjects to promote a better understanding of the effects of disease and the effects of new therapeutic treatments on human cognition, Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience provides a reference manual for molecular and cellular research scientists in both academia and the pharmaceutic
Download or read book Elementary Signal Detection Theory written by Thomas D. Wickens and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2001-10-11 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Signal detection theory, as developed in electrical engineering and based on statistical decision theory, was first applied to human sensory discrimination about 40 years ago. The theory's intent was to explain how humans discriminate and how we might use reliable measures to quantify this ability. An interesting finding of this work is that decisions are involved even in the simplest of discrimination tasks--say, determining whether or not a sound has been heard (a yes-no decision). Detection theory has been applied to a host of varied problems (for example, measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems, survey research, reliability of lie detection tests) and extends far beyond the detection of signals. This book is a primer on signal detection theory, useful for both undergraduates and graduate students.
Download or read book Measurement Judgment and Decision Making written by Michael H. Birnbaum and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1997-11-27 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measurement, Judgment, and Decision Making provides an excellent introduction to measurement, which is one of the most basic issues of the science of psychology and the key to science. Written by leading researchers, the book covers measurement, psychophysical scaling, multidimensional scaling, stimulus categorization, and behavioral decision making. Each chapter provides a useful handbook summary and unlocks the door for a scholar who desires entry to that field. Any psychologist who manipulates an independent variable that affects a psychological construct or who uses a numerical dependent variable to measure a psychological construct will want to study this book. - Written by leading researchers in fields of measurement, psychophysical scaling, multidimensional scaling, stimulus categorization, and behavioral decision making - Provides basic definitions and summaries of theories - Presents summaries and citations to relevant literature - Contains new developments, current controversies, and open questions - Explains relationships among fields and historical links
Download or read book Categorical Perception written by Stevan R. Harnad and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1990-07-27 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do we sort the objects, people, events, and ideas in the world into their proper categories so that we may experience and interact with them? This fundamental question about human--and animal--perception and cognition is the subject of Categorical Perception, a comprehensive survey of a wide range of important research findings on the subject. The volume brings together all known examples of categorical perception, from research on humans and animals, infants and adults, in all the sense modalities: hearing, seeing, and touch. The perceptual findings are then interpreted in terms of the available cognitive and neuroscientific theories of how categorical perception is accomplished by the brain. Research on elementary perceptual and psychophysical categories is then compared with work on higher order categories such as objects, patterns, and abstract concepts. The book proceeds to an integrative view of categorization in general by exploring the most thoroughly investigated case of categorical perception--speech perception.
Download or read book Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward written by Jay A. Gottfried and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-03-28 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Synthesizing coverage of sensation and reward into a comprehensive systems overview, Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward presents a cutting-edge and multidisciplinary approach to the interplay of sensory and reward processing in the brain. While over the past 70 years these areas have drifted apart, this book makes a case for reuniting sensation a
Download or read book 23 Problems in Systems Neuroscience written by Jan Leonard Hemmen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complexity of the brain and the protean nature of behavior remain the most elusive area of science, but also the most important. van Hemmen and Sejnowski invited 23 experts from the many areas--from evolution to qualia--of systems neuroscience to formulate one problem each. Although each chapter was written independently and can be read separately, together they provide a useful roadmap to the field of systems neuroscience and will serve as a source of inspirations for future explorers of the brain.
