Download or read book Somatic Ultrastructure Enables Precise Predictions of Calcium Signaling Dynamics Within Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons written by Yuning Wang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Somatic Ultrastructure May Affect Calcium Signaling Dynamics in Purkinje Neurons written by Lukas Paul Makrakis and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The organization of intracellular organelles is crucial to understanding how intracellular communication, which is shaped by signaling messengers, occurs within neurons in the brain. Neuronal communication through electrical and chemical signals causes dramatic fluctuations in calcium concentration, which regulates many neuronal processes such as synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and learning. Due to calcium's high-stakes involvement, much work has been done to understand its role, function, and regulatory mechanisms. However, it is still unclear how the spatiotemporal dynamics of calcium are influenced by the precise orientation and positioning of the intracellular ultrastructure. While previous research has focused on the ultrastructure's influence in small spatial compartments, such as dendritic spines, its role in regulating calcium dynamics within large spatial compartments, such as the somatic space, remains unclear. In this study, we used a combination of high-resolution electron tomography (ET) and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) to create a precise three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the intracellular space of the cerebellar Purkinje soma. From these 3D reconstructions, we were able to quantify and characterize the heterogeneous nature of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Furthermore, we were able to quantify the cell-wide distribution patterns of integral calcium-signaling proteins using fluorescent immunohistochemistry to determine if protein populations were also heterogeneously distributed across the soma. Overall, we found that ER acts as a diffusion barrier and signal amplifier in regards to calcium/IP3 signaling. These findings demonstrate how the precise localization of membrane structures and calcium-signaling proteins influence neuronal signaling within the soma.
Download or read book Somatic Ultrastructure May Shape Calcium Dynamics in Purkinje Neurons written by Kaitlyn Robinson and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The spatiotemporal organization of intracellular features is fundamental to understanding the intercommunication of neurons in the brain. Neuronal communication is regulated by receptor activation, which is influenced by signaling messenger availability and internal calcium (Ca2+) concentrations. An excess or deficiency of cytoplasmic Ca2+ can lead to changes in secondary messenger diffusion, synaptic plasticity, gene expression, and even cause cell apoptosis. Existing models of intracellular calcium movement have used image-based recording methods to approximate a uniform distribution within the cytosolic space, but it is still unclear whether or how somatic features shape calcium mobility. A methodic analysis of the relationship between somatic arrangement and the Ca2+ signaling pathway does not currently exist. In this study, we used fine-scale electron tomogram reconstructions of cerebellar Purkinje neurons to create a precise model of the interior of the cell. We established structural motifs of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and noticed a heterogeneous arrangement of organelles within the soma. In addition, we used fluorescent immunohistochemistry to analyze localization patterns of signaling proteins and observed how two receptors that mediate Ca2+ efflux from internal ER stores: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 (IP3R1) and ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) have distinct angular and radial domains. Overall, we found that ER serves as a diffusion barrier and can cause nonuniform diffusion of Ca2+. This thesis demonstrates how the localization organelles and calcium modulating proteins significantly contribute to intracellular communication and provides an architectural reference for emerging research on somatic neuronal signaling.
Download or read book The olivo cerebellar system written by Egidio D'Angelo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last decades, investigations on the olivo-cerebellar system have attained a high level of sophistication, which led to redefinitions of several structural and functional properties of neurons, synapses, connections and circuits. Research has expanded and deepened in so many directions and so many theories and models have been proposed that an ensemble review of the matter is now needed. Yet, hot topics remain open and scientific discussion is very lively at several fronts. One major question, here as well as in other major brain circuits, is how single neurons and synaptic properties emerge at the network level and contribute to behavioural regulation via neuronal plasticity. Other major aspects that this Research Topic covers and discusses include the development and circuit organization of the olivo-cerebellar network, the established and recent theories of learning and motor control, and the emerging role of the cerebellum in cognitive processing. By touching on such varied and encompassing subjects, this Frontiers Special Topic aims to highlight the state of the art and stimulate future research. We hope that this unique collection of high-quality articles from experts in the field will provide scientists with a powerful basis of knowledge and inspiration to enucleate the major issues deserving further attention.
Download or read book The Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine written by John C. Eccles and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has had a three-fold origin, corresponding to the discoveries made by the three authors and their collaborators during the last few years - mostly since 1962. A most fruitful symposium on the cerebellum was held in Tokyo at the time of the International Physiological Congress in September 1965, and there was then formulated the project of writing this book so as to organize all this new knowledge and make it readily available, and to give opportunity for the con ceptual developments that may be seen in Chapters XI, XII and XV in particular. The present account of the physiological properties of the cerebellar cortex is based to a large extent on systematic investigations that were concerned with discovering the mode of operation of the constituent neuronal elements of the cerebellar cortex. This work was carried out in the Physiology Department of the Australian National University from 1963 to 1966 in collaboration with several visiting scientists - initially Drs. ANDERSEN, OscARssaN and VooRHOEVE and later Drs. LuNAs, SAsAKI and STRATA - to all of whom grateful thanks are extended for a great many of the figures, and even more significantly for the original and critical contributions that they made to so many aspects of this exploration into the mode of operation of the neural machinery of the cerebellar cortex.
Download or read book Cerebellar Learning written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-07 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progress in Brain Research is the most acclaimed and accomplished series in neuroscience, firmly established as an extensive documentation of the advances in contemporary brain research. The volumes, some of which are derived from important international symposia, contain authoritative reviews and original articles by invited specialists. The rigorous editing of the volumes assures that they will appeal to all laboratory and clinical brain research workers in the various disciplines: neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, neuroendocrinology, neuropathology, basic neurology, biological psychiatry, and the behavioral sciences. This volume, The Cerebellum and Memory Formation: Structure, Computation and Function, covers topics including feedback control of cerebellar learning; cortico-cerebellar organization and skill acquisition; cerebellar plasticity and learning in the oculomotor system, and more. Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation, and provide their views and perspectives for future research The volume reflects current thinking about the ways in which the cerebellum can engage in learning, and the contributors come from a variety of research fields The chapters express perspectives from different levels of analysis that range from molecular and cellular mechanisms through to long-range systems that allow the cerebellum to communicate with other brain areas
Download or read book Cerebellar Cortex written by S.L. Palay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The origins of this book go back to the first electron microscopic studies of the central nervous system. The cerebellar cortex was from the first an object of close study in the electron microscope, repeating in modern cytology and neuroanatomy the role it had in the hands of RAMON y CAJAL at the end of the nineteenth century. The senior author vividly remembers a day early in 1953 when GEORGE PALADE, with whom he was then working, showed him an electron micrograph of a cerebellar glomerulus, saying "That is what the synapse should look like. " It is true that the tissue was swollen and the mitochondria were exploded, but all of the essentials of synaptic structure were visible. At that time small fragments of tissue, fixed by immersion in osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate, were laboriously sectioned with glass knives without any predetermined orientation and then examined in the electron microscope. After much searching, favorably preserved areas' were studied at the cytological level in order to recognize the parts of neurons and characterize them. Such procedures, dependent upon random sections and uncontrollable selection by a highly erratic technique of preservation, precluded any systematic investigation of the organization of a particular nucleus or region of the central nervous system. It was difficult enough to distinguish neurons from the neuroglia.
Download or read book Cerebellar Disorders written by Mario Ubaldo Manto and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-03-25 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last three decades, many laboratories worldwide have dedicated their research activities to understanding the roles of the cerebellum in motor control, cognitive processes and the biology of mental processes, behavioral symptoms and emotion. These advances have been associated with discoveries of new clinical disorders, in particular in the field of genetic ataxias, and the growing number of diseases presents a source of difficulty for clinicians during daily practice. This practical guide summarizes and evaluates current knowledge in the field of cerebellar disorders. Encompassing details of both common and uncommon cerebellar ataxias, including vascular, immune, neoplastic, infectious, traumatic, toxic and inherited disorders, this book will assist clinicians in the diagnosis and management of the full spectrum of cerebellar ataxias encountered in daily practice. Essential reading for clinicians, including general practitioners, neurologists, pediatricians, radiologists, psychiatrists and neuropsychologists, this will also prove a valuable tool for students, trainees and researchers.
Download or read book Calcium Signaling written by Md. Shahidul Islam and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-23 with total page 1110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains a unique selection of chapters covering a wealth of contemporary topics in this ubiquitous and diverse system of cell signaling. It offers much more than the accessibility and authority of a primary text book, exploring topics ranging from the fundamental aspects of calcium signaling to its varied clinical implications. It presents comprehensive discussion of cutting-edge research alongside detailed analysis of critical issues, at the same time as setting out testable hypotheses that point the way to future scientific endeavors. The contributions feature material on theoretical and methodological topics as well as related subjects including mathematical modeling and simulations. They examine calcium signaling in a host of contexts, from mammalian cells to bacteria, fruit fly and zebrafish. With much of interest to newcomers to the field as well as seasoned experts, this new publication is both wide-ranging and authoritative. The chapter “Calcium Signaling: From Basic to Bedside” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Download or read book Brain Neurotrauma written by Firas H. Kobeissy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-02-25 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the contribution from more than one hundred CNS neurotrauma experts, this book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the latest developments in the area of neurotrauma including biomarker studies, experimental models, diagnostic methods, and neurotherapeutic intervention strategies in brain injury research. It discusses neurotrauma mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Also included are medical interventions and recent neurotherapeutics used in the area of brain injury that have been translated to the area of rehabilitation research. In addition, a section is devoted to models of milder CNS injury, including sports injuries.
Download or read book Disorders of Voluntary Muscle written by George Karpati and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-07-12 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rewritten and redesigned, this remains the one essential text on the diseases of skeletal muscle.
Download or read book Neuroscience in the 21st Century written by Donald W. Pfaff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its second edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.
Download or read book Criticality in Neural Systems written by Dietmar Plenz and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-04-14 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurowissenschaftler suchen nach Antworten auf die Fragen, wie wir lernen und Information speichern, welche Prozesse im Gehirn verantwortlich sind und in welchem Zeitrahmen diese ablaufen. Die Konzepte, die aus der Physik kommen und weiterentwickelt werden, können in Medizin und Soziologie, aber auch in Robotik und Bildanalyse Anwendung finden. Zentrales Thema dieses Buches sind die sogenannten kritischen Phänomene im Gehirn. Diese werden mithilfe mathematischer und physikalischer Modelle beschrieben, mit denen man auch Erdbeben, Waldbrände oder die Ausbreitung von Epidemien modellieren kann. Neuere Erkenntnisse haben ergeben, dass diese selbstgeordneten Instabilitäten auch im Nervensystem auftreten. Dieses Referenzwerk stellt theoretische und experimentelle Befunde internationaler Gehirnforschung vor zeichnet die Perspektiven dieses neuen Forschungsfeldes auf.
Download or read book The NEURON Book written by Nicholas T. Carnevale and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-01-12 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authoritative reference on NEURON, the simulation environment for modeling biological neurons and neural networks that enjoys wide use in the experimental and computational neuroscience communities. This book shows how to use NEURON to construct and apply empirically based models. Written primarily for neuroscience investigators, teachers, and students, it assumes no previous knowledge of computer programming or numerical methods. Readers with a background in the physical sciences or mathematics, who have some knowledge about brain cells and circuits and are interested in computational modeling, will also find it helpful. The NEURON Book covers material that ranges from the inner workings of this program, to practical considerations involved in specifying the anatomical and biophysical properties that are to be represented in models. It uses a problem-solving approach, with many working examples that readers can try for themselves.
Download or read book The Synapse written by Morgan Sheng and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A subject collection from Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology"--T.p. verso.
Download or read book Cerebellar Dentate Nucleus written by V. Chan-Palay and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-20 with total page 569 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent physiologic investigations have shown that the deep cerebellar nuclei may play an important role in the initiation and monitoring of skilled move ments. Much of this physiologic work has been carried out in the absence of a secure foundation in neuroanatomical information. Although the main sources of the afferent fibers and the major terminations of the efferent fibers related to these nuclei have been known for many years, remarkably little information about the organization of the nuclei themselves has been collected. The kinds of nerve cells, their arrangement within the nuclei, the patterns of their dendritic arborizations, the distribution of incoming fibers among the neurons, the relationship between the outgoing nerve fibers and the nerve cells from which they originate - these and many other morphologic features were either unknown or only superficially explored. In fact, so little was known about the deep cerebellar nuclei when I began to work on this subject that the investigations reported here are virtually without antecedents, a refreshing change from the cerebellar cortex which has been repeatedly and exhaustively surveyed. My studies on the cerebellar nuclei began in the spring of 1972. They were initiated with the intent of applying the principles of analysis that had been developed for the cerebellar cortex to a different but related part of the brain.
Download or read book Leong s Manual of Diagnostic Antibodies for Immunohistology written by Runjan Chetty and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-11-28 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a unique A-Z guide to antibodies for immunohistology, this is an indispensable source for pathologists to ensure the correct application of immunohistochemistry in daily practice. Each entry includes commercial sources, clones, descriptions of stained proteins/epitopes, the full staining spectrum of normal and tumor tissues, staining pattern and cellular localization, the range of conditions of immunoreactivity, and pitfalls of the antibody's immunoprofile, giving pathologists a truly thorough quick-reference guide to sources, preparation and applications of specific antibodies. Appendices provide useful quick-reference tables of antibody panels for differential diagnoses, as well as summaries of diagnostic applications. Expanded from previous editions with over forty new entries, this handbook for diagnostic, therapeutic, prognostic and research applications of antibodies is an essential desktop book for practicing pathologists as well as researchers, residents and trainees.
