Download or read book Soil Plant and Atmosphere written by Klaus Reichardt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-16 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook presents the concepts and processes involved in the soil-plant-atmosphere system as well as its applications in the water cycle in agriculture. Although reaching the frontier of our knowledge in several subjects, each chapter starts at the graduation level and proceeds to the post-doctoral level. Its more complicated subjects, as math and physics, are well explained, even to readers not well acquainted with these tools. Therefore, it helps students read, understand, and developing their thoughts on these subjects. Instructors also find it an easy book with the needed depth to be adopted in courses related to Soil Physics, Agricultural Management, Environmental Protection, Irrigation and Agrometeorology. It serves also as “lexicon” to engineers and lawyers involved in agricultural, environmental cases.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Agrophysics written by Jan Gliński and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-07 with total page 1075 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Encyclopedia of Agrophysics will provide up-to-date information on the physical properties and processes affecting the quality of the environment and plant production. It will be a "first-up" volume which will nicely complement the recently published Encyclopedia of Soil Science, (November 2007) which was published in the same series. In a single authoritative volume a collection of about 250 informative articles and ca 400 glossary terms covering all aspects of agrophysics will be presented. The authors will be renowned specialists in various aspects in agrophysics from a wide variety of countries. Agrophysics is important both for research and practical use not only in agriculture, but also in areas like environmental science, land reclamation, food processing etc. Agrophysics is a relatively new interdisciplinary field closely related to Agrochemistry, Agrobiology, Agroclimatology and Agroecology. Nowadays it has been fully accepted as an agricultural and environmental discipline. As such this Encyclopedia volume will be an indispensable working tool for scientists and practitioners from different disciplines, like agriculture, soil science, geosciences, environmental science, geography, and engineering.

Download or read book Soil Aeration and Its Role For Plants written by Glinski and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-18 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is directed to the interests of workers on soil aeration. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the subject it may also be read by researchers, teachers, and students of agronomy, soil physics, soil chemistry, soil biology, ecology, and plant physiology.

Download or read book Plant Environment Interactions written by Robert E. Wilkinson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-07-12 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents comprehensive coverage of differentiated plant responses to changing environments. It focuses on how multiple and combined stress factors influence plant survival. It examines the latest data on the capacity of roots to alter growth patterns due to disturbances in physical and/or chemical soil constraints, water supply, and other traumas. It contains over 85% new and updated material with more than 1500 new citations, tables, drawings, and photographs.

Download or read book Climate Change Impacts on Soil Plant Atmosphere Continuum written by Himanshu Pathak and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 792 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Emerging Contaminants in the Environment written by Hemen Sarma and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-01-08 with total page 713 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging Contaminants in the Environment: Challenges and Sustainable Practices covers all aspects of emerging contaminants in the environment, from basic understanding to different types of emerging contaminants and how these threaten organisms, their environmental fate studies, detection methods, and sustainable practices of dealing with contaminants. Emerging contaminant remediation is a pressing need due to the ever-increasing pollution in the environment, and it has gained a lot of scientific and public attention due to its high effectiveness and sustainability. The discussions in the book on the bioremediation of these contaminants are covered from the perspective of proven technologies and practices through case studies and real-world data. One of the main benefits of this book is that it summarizes future challenges and sustainable solutions. It can, therefore, become an effective guide to the elimination (through sustainable practices) of emerging contaminants. At the back of these explorations on sustainable bioremediation of emerging contaminants lies the set of 17 goals articulated by the United Nations in its 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all its member states. This book provides academics, researchers, students, and practitioners interested in the detection and elimination of emerging contaminants from the environment, with the latest advances by leading experts in emerging contaminants the field of environmental sciences. - Covers most aspects of the most predominant emerging contaminants in the environment, including in soil, air, and water - Describes the occurrence of these contaminants, the problems they cause, and the sustainable practices to deal with the contaminants - Includes data from case studies to provide real-world examples of sustainable practices and emerging contaminant remediation

Download or read book Environmental Soil Science Third Edition written by Kim H. Tan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2009-04-23 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reworked to be up to date with current standards, this new edition of a bestseller provides comprehensive and authoritative information on environmental issues in soil science. The book covers new topics such as effects of agricultural operations on changing soils properties and the environment, beneficial organisms and their role in nutrient cycling, organic farming, advances in agricultural biotechnology, global warming and acid rain, soil contamination, and soil conservation. It also includes information on soil classification, inorganic soil constituents, gas and liquid phases of soil, soil physics in the environment, soils and crop production, biotechnology and soilless agriculture methods, and soil pollution.

Download or read book Nitrogen in the Environment Sources Problems and Management written by R.F. Follett and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2001-12-03 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management is the first volume to provide a holistic perspective and comprehensive treatment of nitrogen from field, to ecosystem, to treatment of urban and rural drinking water supplies, while also including a historical overview, human health impacts and policy considerations. It provides a worldwide perspective on nitrogen and agriculture. Nitrogen is one of the most critical elements required in agricultural systems for the production of crops for feed, food and fiber. The ever-increasing world population requires increasing use of nitrogen in agriculture to supply human needs for dietary protein. Worldwide demand for nitrogen will increase as a direct response to increasing population. Strategies and perspectives are considered to improve nitrogen-use efficiency. Issues of nitrogen in crop and human nutrition, and transport and transformations along the continuum from farm field to ground water, watersheds, streams, rivers, and coastal marine environments are discussed. Described are aerial transport of nitrogen from livestock and agricultural systems and the potential for deposition and impacts. The current status of nitrogen in the environment in selected terrestrial and coastal environments and crop and forest ecosystems and development of emerging technologies to minimize nitrogen impacts on the environment are addressed. The nitrogen cycle provides a framework for assessing broad scale or even global strategies to improve nitrogen use efficiency. Growing human populations are the driving force that requires increased nitrogen inputs. These increasing inputs into the food-production system directly result in increased livestock and human-excretory nitrogen contribution into the environment. The scope of this book is diverse, covering a range of topics and issues from furthering our understanding of nitrogen in the environment to policy considerations at both farm and national scales.

Download or read book Soil Physical Environment and Plant Growth written by Pradeep K Sharma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-08-28 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook on the applied aspects of soil physics covers introduction to soil physical properties and processes, and their evaluation and management in relation to plant growth. It distinguishes physical properties that directly influence plant growth from those that indirectly affect agricultural productivity. Chapters are also devoted to the concept of soil health and the role of soil physics on preservation of soil health and environmental quality. As such, this book fills a unique knowledge gap for agriculture and agronomy students, course directors as well as field professionals.

Download or read book Soils in Our Environment written by Duane T. Gardiner and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 2008 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the most current scientific developments in all areas, this time-honored, broad introduction to soil sciences covers the complete spectrum of traditional and state-of-the-art soil topics-e.g., taxonomy, soil formation, properties of soils, common soil problems and their solutions, evaluation of soils, pollution from use of soils, precision agriculture, GIS and GPS. The volume examines soil composition and importance, soil's physical, water and chemical properties, organisms and their residues, soil formation and morphology, soil taxonomy, plant nutrients, soil fertility management, tillage systems and alternatives, soil erosion, water resources and irrigation, wetlands and land drainage, pollution of soil, water, and air, environmental integrity, soil surveys and land-use planning, greenhouse soils and soulless culture. For Environmental scientists, consultants and engineers, soil scientists, plant scientists, crop consultants, irrigation consultants, farmers and land developers.

Download or read book Principles of Soil Physics written by Rattan Lal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-05-28 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Soil Physics examines the impact of the physical, mechanical, and hydrological properties and processes of soil on agricultural production, the environment, and sustainable use of natural resources. The text incorporates valuable assessment methods, graphs, problem sets, and tables from recent studies performed around the globe and offers an abundance of tables, photographs, and easy-to-follow equations in every chapter. The book discusses the consequences of soil degradation, such as erosion, inhibited root development, and poor aeration. It begins by defining soil physics, soil mechanics, textural properties, and packing arrangements . The text continues to discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of soil structure and explain the significance and measurement of bulk density, porosity, and compaction. The authors proceed to clarify soil hydrology topics including hydrologic cycle, water movement, infiltration, modeling, soil evaporation, and solute transport processes. They address the impact of soil temperature on crop growth, soil aeration, and the processes that lead to the emission of greenhouse gases. The final chapters examine the physical properties of gravelly soils and water movement in frozen, saline, and water-repellant soils. Reader-friendly and up-to-date, Principles of Soil Physics provides unparalleled coverage of issues related to soil physics, structure, hydrology, aeration, temperature, and analysis and presents practical techniques for maintaining soil quality to ultimately preserve its sustainability.

Download or read book Soil Plant Relationships written by D.W. Jeffrey and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil-plant relationships once had a limited meaning. To the student of agriculture it meant creating optimum conditions for plant growth. To the ecologist it meant explaining some plant community distribu tion patterns by correlation with soil type or conditions. This dual view has been greatly expanded at an academic level by the discovery of the ecosystem as a practical working unit. A flood of concepts and information subsequently emerged from the International Biological Programme. At a totally different level of resolution, it is appreciated that certain soil-based ecological problems have a molecular basis, and must be addressed by physiological or biochemical approaches. From ecosystem to molecule we have powerful new tools to increase the flow of ecological data and process it for interpretation. Society is now experiencing a series of adverse global phenomena which demand an appreciation of soil-plant relationships. These include desertification leading to famine, soil degradation accom panying forest destruction, acidification of watersheds and the spasmodic dispersal of radionuclides and other pollutants. It is public policy, not merely to identify problems, but to seek strategies for minimising their ill effects. This book is written as a guide to soil-plant relationships, cen trally oriented towards ecology, but of interest to students of geo graphy and agriculture. For ecology students it will bring together subfields such as microbiology, plant physiology, systematics and pro vide interfaces with animal biology, meteorology and soil science.

Download or read book Environmental Impacts of Mining Activities written by Jose M. Azcue and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the mining industry is still expanding, comprehensive information on the effects of mining activities on the environment is needed. This book provides information on biological and physico-chemical treatments of mining effluents, on factors affecting human health and on environmental effects that have to be taken into account by the mining industry when aiming for sustainable development of their industry. Further regulatory guidelines and legislation relevant to the decommissioning of mining sites are reviewed. Mining industry, consulting companies, and governmental agencies alike will find a wealth of valuable information in this book.

Download or read book Soil Liquid Phase Composition written by V.V. Snakin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-05-21 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Front Cover; Soil Liquid Phase Composition; Copyright Page; CONTENTS; INTRODUCTION; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; CHAPTER 1. SOIL LIQUID PHASE AS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT OF AN ECOSYSTEM; CHAPTER 2. SOIL LIQUID PHASE INVESTIGATION; CHAPTER 3. STUDY AREAS; CHAPTER 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON THE SOIL LIQUID PHASE; CHAPTER 5. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL LIQUID PHASE; CHAPTER 6. MATERIAL AND ENERGY EXCHANGE IN ECOSYSTEMS; CHAPTER 7. ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES AND SOIL LIQUID PHASE; SUMMARY; GLOSSARY; REFERENCES; CORRELATION BETWEEN SOIL NAMES; SUBJECT INDEX; AUTHOR INDEX.

Download or read book Environment Problems and Solutions written by D K Asthana and published by S. Chand Publishing. This book was released on 2001 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For Degree and Post Graduate Students.

Download or read book Issues in Agriculture and the Environment 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-06-20 with total page 995 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Agriculture and the Environment / 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Agricultural Ecosystems. The editors have built Issues in Agriculture and the Environment: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Agricultural Ecosystems in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Agriculture and the Environment: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Download or read book ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY WATER AND SOIL POLLUTION written by Dr. Vijendra Singh and published by Horizon Books ( A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd). This book was released on with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INTRODUCTION Environmental science is the systematic study of the interaction of two worlds. The word ‘Environment’ is derived from an old French word ‘environ’ meaning ‘encircle’. The environment consists of four segments: atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Among all of substances, water is a marvelous substance on earth. Water is one of the abundantly available substances in nature. Water is essential for all kinds of life and is the medium in which all living processes occur. Water is renewable source, but renewable takes time. The hydrological cycle constantly purifies and redistributes fresh water on landmasses, providing endless renewable resource. At present, there are many environmental issues, which have grown in size and complexity day by day, threatening the survival of mankind and all living organisms on earth. Unfortunately, with progress in science and technology, man has been dumping waste material into atmosphere and causing pollution. Environmental pollution can be divided among the categories of water, air and soil pollution. Emission of pollutants in air, water and soil has caused considerable damage to our environment. Water pollution disturbs the normal uses of water for irrigation, agriculture, industries, public water supply and aquatic life. Most of the human activities produce liquid effluents, which are the prime cause of water pollution. Rapid increase in population, intensive agriculture, growing industrialization and urbanization has resulted in progressive deterioration in the quality of water in our natural reservoirs. Most of the water related diseases are some way or other concerned with the polluted water supply. Water borne infections diseases like cholera, dysentery, typhoid, jaundice and worm infection are still the major public health problems in developing countries. Another substance, which plays a very important role, is soil as it produces food for human beings and animals. Soil is a complex of physical and biological systems, which give support to the plants and supplies water and essential nutrients to them. It is the main reservoir of the minerals essential for normal growth of the plants. The soil consists of four major components, i.e. mineral matter, organic matter, soil air and soil water. All these components cannot be separated with much satisfaction because they are present very intimately mixed with each other. With careful husbandry, soil can be replenished and renewed indefinitely. Hazardous chemicals heavily pollute soil day by day. Disposal of industrial waste is the major problem responsible for soil pollution. These waste products are also tipped on soil, enhancing the extent of soil pollution. As a result, hazardous chemicals can enter into human food chain from the soil or water, disturb the biochemical process and finally lead to serious effects on living organisms. Large-scale soil and water pollution is one of the primary factors behind the high prevalence of soil and water borne diseases. Soil degradation can reduce the quality of our food, whereas deforestation can reduce the availability plants to make current medicines and medicines for the future. Heavy metal pollution has also a serious impact. Metal pollution can affect all environments but its effects most long lasting in soil. Drinking is one of the major routes of intake of heavy metals by the human body. Soil contamination should be a primary concern in India, because the country relies heavily on agriculture. Toxic metal is the one, which is neither essential nor beneficial but exhibits a positive catastrophic effect on normal metabolic function even when present in small amounts and may, at times, be responsible for permanent disorders or malfunctioning of organ system leading finally to death. This BOOK consists of five chapters. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter is divided into two parts: 1A: WATER This part contains Introduction of Water, Properties of Water, Major Water Compartments, Types & Forms of Water, Water and its Significance, Potability of Water, Water Consumption Pattern & Demand, Water Resources, Water Quality for Irrigation and Ground Water Quality Status in Rajasthan. 1B: SOIL & VEGETATION This part contains Introduction of Soil, What is Soil?, Composition of Soil, Process of Soil Formation, Soil Profile, Soil Texture, Types of Soil, Soil pH, Life on Soil, Macro and Micro Plant Nutrients, Functions of Various Nutrients and Agricultural Status w.r.t. Soil. CHAPTER 2: WATER & SOIL POLLUTION This chapter is divided into two parts: 2A: WATER POLLUTION (i) This part contains Environmental Pollution, Water Pollution, Causes of Water Pollution, Sources of Water Pollution, Types of Water Pollution, Classification of Pollutants, Types of Pollutants, Characteristics of Fresh Water, Chemical Characteristics of Water, Characteristics of Industrial Wastes, Control of Water Pollution, Diseases Caused by Water Pollution, Various Effluents and Their Effects on Aquatic Organisms, Fluoridation and Defluoridation of Water, Water Management, Water Pollution in India and Water Pollution in Rajasthan. (ii) 2B: SOIL POLLUTION This part contains Soil Pollution, Sources of Soil Pollution, Diseases Caused by Soil Pollution, Control of Soil Pollution, Heavy Metal Toxicology, Sources of Heavy Metals and Environment Friendly Technologies. CHAPTER 3: METHODS & METHODOLOGY METHODOLOGY FOR WATER Wastewater samples were collected from eleven different sites from the ‘AMANISHAH NALA’ and groundwater (Hand pump) samples were taken from nine different vicinal locations of various industrial sites. Samples were collected in good quality screw–capped polyethylene bottles of one litre capacity, labeled properly and analyzed in laboratory for their all physico–chemical parameters. Monitoring was done during the three seasons (pre-monsoon, during monsoon and post-monsoon) throughout the two-years from different industrial areas and adjacent places of Jaipur city (June, 2002 to May, 2004). Various physical parameters like pH, EC, DO and TDS, which are important to evaluate the suitability of wastewater for irrigation, were determined on the site with the help of digital portable water analyzer kit (CENTURY–CK–710). For rest of the analysis, water samples were preserved and bought to the laboratory. The chemical analysis carried out for BOD by incubation method, COD by KMnO4 method, Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl–), Sulphate (SO42–), Carbonate (CO32–) and Bicarbonate (HCO3–) by volumetric titration methods; while Fluoride (F–) by spectrophotometric (AIMIL–C160–80314) & ion selective electrode method and Nitrate (NO3–) by spectrophotometric (ELICO–CL–54D) method; Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) by flamephotometry (ELICO–CL–220) and heavy metals by AAS. In order to estimate the quality of the groundwater for drinking purposes, an indexing system, Water Quality Index (WQI), based on Adak and Purohit(20), was determined. Evaluation of the quality of wastewater on the basis of percent sodium (%Na) is excellent, was determined. Quantitatively, United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) proposed, for the first time, a better index called ‘Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)’, was determined. Sodium hazard of irrigation water can be well understood by knowing SAR. There is a significant correlation between SAR values of irrigation water and the extent to which sodium is absorbed by the soil. METHODOLOGY FOR SOIL Soil samples were collected from thirteen different vicinal locations of various industrial sites where industrial wastewater use for irrigation. Samples were collected in good quality polyethylene bags, labeled properly and analyzed in laboratory for their all parameters. Monitoring was done during the four intervals throughout the year from different vicinal locations of various industrial sites of Jaipur city where industrial wastewater use for irrigation (April, 2004 to March, 2005). Soil samples may be analyzed for the following parameters like: pH, EC, Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, etc. CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter is divided into three parts: 4A: WATER FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES In these sites, positive correlation between surface and ground water was recognized. The groundwater near solid waste and liquid waste disposal sites was polluted, whereas the groundwater away from disposal sites was not much affected. The values obtained were compared with standards of ISI, ICMR and WHO. From the observations, it may inferred that the concentration of pH, EC, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, SO42–, CO32–, HCO32–, Cl–, DO and BOD are within permissible limits of ISI, ICMR & WHO but NO3–, TDS, TH, COD and WQI values show the poor water quality in most of the studied groundwater samples taken from vicinal locations of various industrial sites. Concentrations of all heavy metals like Cr, Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, As & Zn are within permissible limits. Higher concentrations of Zn in very few samples have been observed. WQI values of these samples were ranging from 35.08 to 268.78 which means that only 37.5% sample’s water were fit for human consumption directly, but 62.5% water of all sources can be used for domestic consumption after appropriate treatment whereas remaining 37.5% water of samples were of very poor quality and was not recommended for domestic purposes. So it may be accomplished with the help of WQI that the water of the various samples were unfit for drinking purpose without further treatment (mainly disinfections). It may be concluded that the general characteristics of groundwater samples from the study area classify the water under moderate category and are tolerable for household and commercial purposes However, high WQI and COD values suggest purification may be necessary for domestic consumption. 4B: WATER FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES The suitability of groundwater and wastewater for irrigation depends upon its mineral constituents. The salts present in the water, besides affecting the growth of the plants directly also affect the soil structure, permeability and aeration, which indirectly affect the plant growth. Jaipur is undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization. Wastewater generated from various industries discharged into ‘AMANISHAH NALA’ where this water is used for irrigation purpose. The values obtained were compared with standards of ISI, ICMR and WHO. The concentrations of pH, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42–, CO32–, HCO3–, TH, Cl–, NO3–, Oil & Grease, DO and F– are within permissible limits in both groundwater and wastewater but definite contaminations with special reference to EC, TDS, BOD and COD in wastewater have been observed, calls for at least primary treatment of wastewater before being used for irrigation. High EC and TDS values reflect greater salinity of water and it cannot be suitable for irrigation under ordinary conditions. There was also a significant correlation between SAR values of irrigation water and the extent to which sodium is absorbed by the soil. No excellent conclusion can be drawn to observed values but general conclusion can be drawn as: The general characteristics of groundwater and industrial wastewater samples from the study area classify the water under moderate category and are good for household, irrigation and commercial purposes and results of suitability evaluation indicate that there is no major pollution hazard in wastewater of AMANISHAH NALA. However, high BOD and COD values suggest purification may be necessary for sensitive crops and human consumption. 4C: SOIL FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES In all studied locations, soil is moderate for all kinds of crops except sensitive ones. Adjacent locations of all industrial areas under study have concentrations of pH, EC, organic carbon, Fe, Cu and Mn are within permissible limits and show good soil quality in most of the studied soil samples taken from vicinal locations of various industrial sites. There is lack of concentrations of Zn is all soil samples and is need to give zinc sulphate fertilizer to compensate this but definite concentrations of P and K in soil samples have been observed at critical limit. Some samples also have higher pH i.e. alkaline in nature and they need to give gypsum for reducing alkalinity from soil samples. CHAPTER 5: WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND SUGGESTIONS The ultimate disposal of wastewater can only be onto the land or into the water. But whenever the watercourses are used for the ultimate disposal, the wastewater is given a treatment to prevent any injury to the aquatic life in the receiving water. Normally, the treatment consists of the removal of suspended and dissolved solids through different units if the treatment plants. The treatment of industrial wastewater may be accomplished in part or as a whole either by the biological processes, as done in the sanitary sewage, or by processes very special for the industrial wastewater only. Depending upon the constituents present in it, the treatment may consist of any one or more treatment (chemical or biological or both) processes. The chemical treatment should be provided only when it becomes unavoidable. The selection of the particular treatment process depends on the effluent requirements and the characteristics of the waste. Today it is not enough to emphasize the protection of the environment. The fundamental purpose of water treatment is to remove impurities that may be offensive or injurious to health and well being of the individual and community. Disinfectant should kill the pathogens quickly at room temperature. It should be inexpensive, and non-toxic, to humans and should provide protection against only contamination in water during conveyance or storage. The Govt. should immediately make laws banning industrial pollution. Failure to do so will lead to substantial penalties and fine. The water treatment plants should be installed in rural areas. The rural inhabitants should try to avoid the use of pesticides in their fields. All small scale and big industries must have anti-pollution unit. Create the awareness about the effects of high concentration of nitrate, fluoride, solids and hardness among villagers. Through strict implementation of the Government’s Water Treatment Programme, water can be rendered safe for drinking. Chapter 1, 2, 3 & 5 precisely details under various heads and chapter 4 details under water for domestic & irrigation purposes and soil for agricultural purposes, results, discussion, tables and graphs of each parameters results, evaluations, assessments and comparison followed by a comprehensive list of relevant references after everything else of the BOOK.