Download or read book Socio Economic Impacts of Carbon Sequestration on Livelihoods and Future Climate written by Marina Cabral Pinto and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2022-01-24 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the modern era of industrial revolution, urbanization, and deforestation of forest land, carbon (C) sequestration through well-known activities called "land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF)" could establish a win-win situation from a climate change and sustainable development perspective. Equally important are the socio-economic co-benefits of C sequestration, given their implications on properly designed policies, especially on restoration and/or conservation of forests located in the tropical eco-regions. Further, the huge contribution of C sequestered in the vegetation and its underlain soil helps to protect socio-economic damages from climate change. This book explores the C sequestration of vegetation and its underlying soil, deforestation, as well as its impact on climate change, a vulnerability risk assessment for the climate, socio-economic impacts, and the mitigation of future climate impact strategies. The theme of the book extends across environmental policy (e.g., the Paris Agreement and REDD+), C sequestration in the terrestrial ecosystems, the applicability of land use, and the C credit generated at regional and global scales. This book is highly useful for environmentalists, hydrologists, soil scientists, and policymakers to understand the C sequestration potential of the vegetation and underlying soil in the terrestrial ecosystems at the regional, national and global scale to further study the long-term impacts on socio-economic development resulting from its implementation via climate change modeling.

Download or read book Socio Economic Impacts of Carbon Sequestration on Livelihoods and Future Climate written by Marina Cabral Pinto and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the modern era of industrial revolution, urbanization, and deforestation of forest land, carbon (C) sequestration through well-known activities called “land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF)” could establish a win-win situation from a climate change and sustainable development perspective. Equally important are the socio-economic co-benefits of C sequestration, given their implications on properly designed policies, especially on restoration and/or conservation of forests located in the tropical eco-regions. Further, the huge contribution of C sequestered in the vegetation and its underlain soil helps to protect socio-economic damages from climate change. This book explores the C sequestration of vegetation and its underlying soil, deforestation, as well as its impact on climate change, a vulnerability risk assessment for the climate, socio-economic impacts, and the mitigation of future climate impact strategies. The theme of the book extends across environmental policy (e.g., the Paris Agreement and REDD+), C sequestration in the terrestrial ecosystems, the applicability of land use, and the C credit generated at regional and global scales. This book is highly useful for environmentalists, hydrologists, soil scientists, and policymakers to understand the C sequestration potential of the vegetation and underlying soil in the terrestrial ecosystems at the regional, national and global scale to further study the long-term impacts on socio-economic development resulting from its implementation via climate change modeling.

Download or read book Ecosystem Diversity and Carbon Sequestration written by P. L. Gautam and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon Sequestration in nature is of critical value for resolving vital issues of our times, namely the state of ecological paucity natural resource management global warming, climate change and sustainable development. It is free carbon in nature, particularly in the from of CO2 that is responsible for most of the ills of our environment and that makes future of life on earth bleak and unsustainable. Earth s gradually but steadily becoming warmer is one of the grimmest and the gravest issues humanity on earth has ever faced in the recorded history. We have a variety of ecosystems to remove free carbon from the environment and fix it into plant biomass and soil. The earth s ecosystems, however, present a somber picture and sequestration of increasing carbon sequestration issues together as both are interrelated and are responsible for the rapidly going on processes leading to global warming and climate change. We can meet climate change challenges and usher in a sustainable future blossoming with humanity by enhancing carbon sequestration in nature, which eventually would be done by maintaining the health of our ecosystems in the first place, and by controlling carbon emissions through a number of technological, institutional, and political measures. Divided in to eight sections, the book comprises 39 chapters contributed by many eminent scientists concerned with the state of the earth. The First section attempts to present an agenda for the ecologically shattered and economically globalised world which might help us understand the gravity of the word s common future and guide us to take up effective measures to mitigate the problems and revive our tormented earth. The subsequent section present and discuss scenarios, anthropogenic dimensions and management of ecosystem diversity; climate change, critical environmental problems, alarming trends, species extinction and all that; a search for viable options; Himalayan mountains; carbon sequestration as a life-building, life-enhancing and life-conserving phenomenon; potential technological and institutional mechanisms, carbon trading, policies; eco-ethics, eco-philosophy and psychology as vital elements pivoting conservation-oriented transcendental development. The book would prove to be of extraordinary value towards resolving the most crucial issues of our times. Contents Agenda For The Revival of Our Tormented Planet; Issues Facing the Ecologically shattered and Economically Globalised World; Chapter 1: Ecosystem Diversity and Carbon Sequestration: Some Issues Confronting Humanity by Vir Singh and PL Gautam; Chapter 2: Global Climate Change: A Challenge before Humanity by S P Singh; Chapter 3: Management of Ecosystems for Livelihoods and Carbon Sequestration in India: Harmony within Natural Elements a Mantra for Human Happiness by J S Bali; Chapter 4: Carbon Sequestration: A Vision by Vishal Mahajan and Kamal Kishor Sood; Chapter 5: Carbon-A Material for the Twenty First Century: Prospects and Promises by B S Tewari and Ajay; Ecosystem Diversity in India; Scenarios, Anthropogenic Dimensions and Management; Chapter 6: Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration in India: Keeping the Greenhouse Gas at Bay by J B Lal; Chapter 7: Operationalizing CDM Afforestation and Reforestation Projects in India: Analysis of Barriers at National and International Level by Sandeep Tripathi and V R S Rawat; Chapter 8: Microbial Diversity as an Indicator of Soil Organic Carbon Status: Redevelopment of Humid Subtropical Perturbed Ecosystem by Saurindra Nr Goswami and Soneswar Sarma; Chapter 9: Ecosystem Diversity and Sustainability: Towards Middle Path by B Mohan Kumar; Chapter 10: Sacred Groves in India: Celebrating Sanctity of Life through Biodiversity Conservation by Anubhav, Kundan Singh, Akanksha Rastogi and Vir Singh; Life on Edge; Climate Change, Critical Environmental Problems, Alarming Trends, Species Extinction and the Likes; Chapter 11: Climate Change and its Effects on Global Biodiversity: Evidences of Alarming Trends and Species Extinction in Different Eco-Regions of the World by Ragupathy Kannan; Chapter 12: Climate Change and its Effects on Global Biodiversity: Triggering Effects and Frightening Prospects by B S Mahapatra, A P Singh, A K Chaubey and D K Shukla; Chapter 13: Impact of Climate Change on Crop Productivity: Need of Adjustments in Agriculture by S K Saini, Yogendra Pal and Amit Bhatnagar; Chapter 14: Global Warming: Contribution of Livestock and its Control by D N Kamra and Someshwar S Zadbuke; Environmental Management A Search for Viable Options; Chapter 15: Role of Biofertilizer to Mitigate Environmental Problems: Soil Fertility Management in Hill Agro-ecosystems by Susheela Negi, G K Dwivedi and R V Singh; Chapter 16: Effect of Sugar Industry Effluents on Seeds Germination and Seedling Growth of Linum usitatissimum L.: The Green Revolution Bowl Reels Under Industrial Pollution by Neelam and Ila Prakash; Chapter 17: Soil Carbon Sequestration: A Study in Eucalyptus Hybrid Plantations by Asha Upadhyay and Uma Melkania; Chapter 18: Alternate Use of Biomass for Sustainable Development: Gasification Technology for Solving Energy Crisis in Rural Areas by Raj Narayan Pateriya and Sadachari Singh Tomar; Chapter 19: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: A Unique Organism of Potential Implications for Carbon Sequestration by Rashmi Srivastava, Shruti Chaturvedi, Preeti Chaturvedi and A K Sharma; Chapter 20: Role of Plant Transcription Factor-DOF in Enhancing Nitrogen Use Efficiency: Molecular Means for Promoting Organic Farming by Dinesh Yadav, Nidhi Gupta, Anil Kumar, Pushpa Lohani, Munna Singh and U S Singh; Chapter 21: Fibre Yielding Plants and Carbon Sequestration: Banking on Ecological Attributes of Economic Plants by Sapna Gautam and Uma Melkania; Himalyan Mountains; Rejuvenated Fragile Ecosystems can Give Appropriate Response to Global Warming; Chapter 22: Sustainable Sloping Land Management Options: potential Effects on Carbon Sequestration in Upland Soils in the Himalayas by Isabelle Providoli, Sanjeev Bhuchar, Keshar Man Sthapit, Madhav Dhakal and Eklabya Sharma; Chapter 23: Rangelands Resources in the Mountains: Management Objective Should Focus on Carbon Sequestration enhancement by R D Gaur, Vir Singh and Babita Bohra; Chapter 24: Himalayan Conservation and Development: The Mighty Mountains can put the Earth s Climate Systems in Order by M L Dewan; Carbon Sequestration: A Life-Building, Life-Sustaining and Life-enhancing Phenomenon on Earth; Chapter 25: Carbon Sequestration; A Life-building, Life-Sutaing and Life-Enhancing Phenomenon on Earth; Chapter 25: Carbon Sequestration: Global Warming Mitigation through Improved Carbon Economy Linked with Photosynthesis by Munna Singh; Chapter 26: Carbon Sequestration on Agricultural Lands: Ameliorating Sustainability and Environmental Security by B Mishra and K P Raverkar; Chapter 27: Soil Carbon Sequestration: A Potential Approach to Climate Change Mitigation by J S Chauhan, Bineet Singh and J P N Rai; Chapter 28: Enhancing Carbon Sequestration: Pondering over Some Strategies by Shiwani Bhatnagar and AK Karnatak; Enhancing Carbon Sequestration in Nature; Potential Technological and Institutional Mechanisms, Carbon Trading and Policies: Chapter 29 Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Sequestering Carbon Directly by Geological Repositories and Phytoplankton Fertilization: Workable Strategies for Maintaining Ecological Integrity by Alok Mukherjee; Chapter 30: Carbon Sequestration: Mitigating Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts of Global Warming and Climate Change by Vikram S Rathe; Chapter 31: Forest Management: Carbon Mitigation and Social Issues by Govind Singh Kushwaha; Chapter 32: Enhancing Carbon Sequetration in India: Economic Issues and Mechanisms by A K Singh and Virendra Singh; Chapter 33: Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol: Global and Indian Concerns by Tirthankar Banerjee, Jyotsana Pathak and R K Srivastava; Chapter 34: Carbon Sequestration, Global Climate and Laws: What Has Been Done and What Remains? by Rinku Verma; Ushering in a Sustainable Future; Eco-ethics, Eco-philosophy and Psychology as Core Elements Pivoting Conservation-oriented Transcendental Development; Chapter 35: Conservation of Biodiversity for Sustainable Development: Eco-ethics as an Indispendable Element by Vanmathy and Abha Ahuja; Chapter 36: Conservation of Biodiversity for Sustainable Development: Eco-ethics as an Indispensable Element by A Vanmathy and Abha Ahuja; Chapter 36: Environmental Services Emanating from the Himalayan Mountains: Valuation Against the Backdrop of eco-philosophy and Chasing the Goal of Global Happiness by Vir Singh; Chapter 37: Ecosystem Conservation for Carbon Sequestration: Let it be in the Popular Psyche of India by Subaran Singh; Chapter 38: Socio-Cultural Values Promoting Conservation on Natur s Biodiversity: Heal the Earth for Enhancing Carbon Sequestration by A Vanmathy and Abha Ahuja; Chapter 39: Environmental Psychology in Landscaping: A Dimension of Sustainability Operations by Govind Singh Kushwaha and Vir Singh

Download or read book Valuing Climate Damages written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-05-23 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The social cost of carbon (SC-CO2) is an economic metric intended to provide a comprehensive estimate of the net damages - that is, the monetized value of the net impacts, both negative and positive - from the global climate change that results from a small (1-metric ton) increase in carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions. Under Executive Orders regarding regulatory impact analysis and as required by a court ruling, the U.S. government has since 2008 used estimates of the SC-CO2 in federal rulemakings to value the costs and benefits associated with changes in CO2 emissions. In 2010, the Interagency Working Group on the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases (IWG) developed a methodology for estimating the SC-CO2 across a range of assumptions about future socioeconomic and physical earth systems. Valuing Climate Changes examines potential approaches, along with their relative merits and challenges, for a comprehensive update to the current methodology. This publication also recommends near- and longer-term research priorities to ensure that the SC- CO2 estimates reflect the best available science.

Download or read book The Livelihood Improvement Impacts of Carbon Sequestration Project Humbo Wereda specially Abela SNNPRS written by Zerihun lemma and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2021-09-21 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Academic Paper from the year 2019 in the subject Sociology - Economy and Industry, grade: 1, , course: land admnstration, language: Geez, abstract: African countries need increased investment to support poverty alleviation and infrastructure development. With high dependence on land and forest resource for subsistence, there is also a growing threat of widespread natural resource degradation. Accordingly, efforts to mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration projects can bring in money both to regenerate natural resource and raise local incomes.However, little is known about the status of existing carbon sequestration projects in Africa.

Download or read book Carbon Sequestration and Sustainable Livelihoods A Workshop Synthesis written by Daniel Murdiyarso and published by CIFOR. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Decarbonizing Development written by Marianne Fay and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015-06-09 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The science is unequivocal: stabilizing climate change implies bringing net carbon emissions to zero. This must be done by 2100 if we are to keep climate change anywhere near the 2oC warming that world leaders have set as the maximum acceptable limit. Decarbonizing Development: Three Steps to a Zero-Carbon Future looks at what it would take to decarbonize the world economy by 2100 in a way that is compatible with countries' broader development goals. Here is what needs to be done: -Act early with an eye on the end-goal. To best achieve a given reduction in emissions in 2030 depends on whether this is the final target or a step towards zero net emissions. -Go beyond prices with a policy package that triggers changes in investment patterns, technologies and behaviors. Carbon pricing is necessary for an efficient transition toward decarbonization. It is an efficient way to raise revenue, which can be used to support poverty reduction or reduce other taxes. Policymakers need to adopt measures that trigger the required changes in investment patterns, behaviors, and technologies - and if carbon pricing is temporarily impossible, use these measures as a substitute. -Mind the political economy and smooth the transition for those who stand to be most affected. Reforms live or die based on the political economy. A climate policy package must be attractive to a majority of voters and avoid impacts that appear unfair or are concentrated on a region, sector or community. Reforms have to smooth the transition for those who stand to be affected, by protecting vulnerable people but also sometimes compensating powerful lobbies.

Download or read book Carbon Sequestration for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation written by David A. N. Ussiri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-28 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an understanding of the role of human activities in accelerating change in global carbon cycling summarizes current knowledge of the contemporary carbon budget. Starting from the geological history, this volume follows a multidisciplinary approach to analyze the role of human activities in perturbing carbon cycling by quantifying changes in different reservoirs and fluxes of carbon with emphasis on the anthropogenic activities, especially after the industrial revolution. It covers the role of different mitigation options – natural ecological, engineered, and geoengineered processes as well as the emerging field of climate engineering in avoiding dangerous abrupt climate change. Although the targeted audience is the educators, students, researchers and scientific community, the simplified analysis and synthesis of current and up to date scientific literature makes the volume easier to understand and a tool policy makers can use to make an informed policy decisions.

Download or read book Climate Crisis Adaptive Approaches and Sustainability written by Uday Chatterjee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-01 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to contribute to the discourse on climate crisis by bringing together high-quality empirical research on adaptive approaches and sustainability case studies from across the world. The book is divided into six sections. The introductory section has two chapters which sets the ground of the book as it discusses the framing of climate crisis and the different approaches towards it. It also situates the book within the global discourse. The first chapter seeks the traditional approaches to bridge the gap in the new climate science, while the second chapter delivers the ultimate reasons for temperature change, global warming and its consequences (extreme weather events) in a comprehensive way. It is hoped that the book as a whole will provide a timely synthesis of a rapidly growing and important field of climate science but will also bring forward new and stimulating ideas that will shape a coherent and fruitful vision for future work for the community of Undergraduates, Postgraduates, Ph.D. Scholars and Researchers in the fields of environmental sciences, humanistic and social sciences and geography. In addition, policy and decision makers, environmentalists, NGOs, corporate sectors, social scientists, and government organizations will find this book to be of great value. We believe that a diverse group of academics, scientists, geographers, environmentalists, environmental regulators, social scientists, and sustainable scientists with a common interest within the earth environmental sciences and humanistic and social sciences will find this book to be a comprehensive source for reference. Also, we strongly deemed that it will also provide some support for various levels of organizations and administrations for developing and achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 in purview of climate change.

Download or read book The Global Carbon Crisis written by Timo Busch and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For at least a decade the science of climate change has warned us of the dire need for action – particularly by corporations who are the main engines of economic production and consumption. Yet managerial and corporate understanding of climate change and related energy issues remains fragmented and present actions lack the urgency this critical problem deserves. There is a whole new economy – the low-carbon economy – looming on the horizon. But our consumption and production patterns remain in a carbon-locked position. What we are risking is a global carbon crisis and a case of history repeating. Humankind's failure to adequately recognise the onset of and address the effects of the global financial crisis mirrors our similar failures with the carbon crisis. There are many parallels: both are and were predictable and both will have direct implications on humanity on a sweeping, indiscriminate and severe scale. The difference is that we cannot reverse the effects of climate change and fossil fuel scarcity as easily as we can repair the global financial system. It is of paramount importance that we wake up to the risks and begin tackling the issues early enough. To successfully address the risks, business needs to be aware of the consequences that a changing climate and finite carbon resources will have on their business performance. The element carbon – both as a resource and as an emission – is both an economic threat as well as an opportunity for companies. It is a threat for carbon-intense production systems that will need to be changed to avoid further harmful climatic change, and take into account the limited availability of carbon-based fuels. At the same time, new opportunities will emerge for companies who can creatively design and produce goods and services that fit the new emerging carbon-constrained business environment. Many sectors of the economy – for example, renewable energy, energy and resources conservation, waste reduction and management, carbon finance markets – will expand rapidly, as other carbon- and resource-intensive sectors decline. The Global Carbon Crisis succinctly translates important insights from the natural sciences, economics and equity discussions, for the business reader. It reviews important aspects of these discussions and clarifies misunderstandings with respect to climate change and fossil fuel availability and their implications for business. The book provides simple, direct, pragmatic and effective solutions that policy-makers and corporate managers can implement. The aim is to provoke action – thoughtful action – towards developing a low-carbon future for companies on three levels. At the macro level, the authors discuss the importance of tough industrial policies for climate change and propose the idea of an international carbon-equal fund. At the meso level, they elaborate on the role of inter-firm collaborations for establishing low-carbon industries and production systems. At the micro level, they illustrate the virtue of proactive carbon strategies and suggest a corporate carbon management framework. Getting the message of the carbon crisis across to a business audience has proved challenging. This book successfully makes the case that they are intricately connected to one another and practising managers and business students will benefit from viewing the carbon crisis in parallel to the financial meltdown. The book will be essential reading for all businesses grappling with carbon-related issues and for many in academia, including those in management, strategy, finance, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development, globalisation and innovation studies.

Download or read book Measuring the Socio economic Impact of Carbon Sequestration on Local Communities written by Rohit Jindal and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Land Degradation Desertification and Climate Change written by Mark S. Reed and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-28 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although much is known about the processes and effects of land degradation and climate change, little is understood about the links between them. Less still is known about how these processes are likely to interact in different social-ecological systems around the world, or how societies might be able to adapt to this twin challenge. This book identifies key vulnerabilities to the combined effects of climate change and land degradation around the world. It identifies triple-win adaptations that can tackle both climate change and land degradation, whilst supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services. The book discusses methods for monitoring effects of climate change and land degradation, and adaptations to these processes. It argues for better co-operation and knowledge exchange, so that the research, land user and policy communities can work together more effectively to tackle these challenges, harnessing the "wisdom of crowds" to assess vulnerability and adapt to climate change and land degradation, whilst protecting livelihoods and biodiversity.

Download or read book Shock Waves written by Stephane Hallegatte and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015-11-23 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ending poverty and stabilizing climate change will be two unprecedented global achievements and two major steps toward sustainable development. But the two objectives cannot be considered in isolation: they need to be jointly tackled through an integrated strategy. This report brings together those two objectives and explores how they can more easily be achieved if considered together. It examines the potential impact of climate change and climate policies on poverty reduction. It also provides guidance on how to create a “win-win†? situation so that climate change policies contribute to poverty reduction and poverty-reduction policies contribute to climate change mitigation and resilience building. The key finding of the report is that climate change represents a significant obstacle to the sustained eradication of poverty, but future impacts on poverty are determined by policy choices: rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development can prevent most short-term impacts whereas immediate pro-poor, emissions-reduction policies can drastically limit long-term ones.

Download or read book Three Essays on the Economics of Climate Change Land Use and Carbon Sequestration written by David Haim and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation's three essays explore the effects of climate change on land use changes in the U.S., how future land areas in all major land uses change by projecting land use at the regional scale under two IPCC climate change scenarios. Investigate how and what role should carbon sequestration plays as a mitigation strategy given uncertainty of climate impacts and, estimate how responsive the demand for and the supply of urban land is to changes in its price and how different climatic variables effect both the supply and the demand for urban land. The first essay uses an econometric model to project regional and national landuse changes in the U.S. under two IPCC climate change scenarios. The key driver of land-use change in the model is county-level measures of net returns to five major land uses. The net returns are modified for the IPCC scenarios according to assumed trends in population and income and projections from integrated assessment models of agricultural prices and agricultural and forestry yields. For both scenarios, we project large increases in urban land by the middle of the century, while the largest declines are in cropland area. Significant differences among regions in the projected patterns of land-use change are evident, including an expansion of forests in the Mountain and Plains regions with declines elsewhere. Comparisons to projections with no climate change effects on prices and yields reveal relatively small differences. Thus, our findings suggest that future land use patterns in the U.S. will be shaped largely by urbanization, with climate change having a relatively small influence. The second essay explores the optimal time path of carbon sequestration and carbon abatement in stabilizing CO2 levels under uncertainty of climate impacts. We question the conventional wisdom that carbon sequestration should be used as a near term strategy by recognizing the fact that sequestration, unlike abatement, can actually remove CO2 from the atmosphere. Two related models are examined: a deterministic fixed end point and finite time horizon model and a two-period sequential decision making model. In the latter, uncertainty regard the stabilization level of the atmospheric stock is resolved prior to the decision on how much to control the stock in the second period. Present value costs of abatement and sequestration are minimized subject to two state variables; the level of CO2 stock in the atmosphere and the stock of suitable land that can be converted to forestland. Both models show that carbon sequestration may play an important role in climate change mitigation under certain conditions. In addition, the stochastic model finds that an increase in the variability of climate impacts results in higher rates of abatement today while leaving some sequestration capacity as a safety value for the future. In the third essay, a structural model of the demand for and the supply of urban land is estimated using panel data on 3032 counties in the contiguous U.S for the four time periods 1982, 1987, 1992 and, 1997. A two-step estimation procedure is applied. In the first step, fixed effects and time-varying variables are used to estimate the structural system of demand and supply equations via Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) procedure. This yields consistent estimates of the structural equations' parameters. The model is then extended to a hierarchical linear model. The contribution of observed time-invariant variables in explaining counties fixed effects is investigated. Among these variables are climatic and geographical variables that are assumed to affect both the supply and the demand for urban land, though in potentially different ways. Results suggest inelastic supply and demand at the national and regional levels with the exception of an elastic demand in the West region. Examined climatic and geographical variables are found to have significant effects on both the supply of and the demand for urban land.

Download or read book Climate Impacts on Economic Growth as Drivers of Uncertainty in the Social Cost of Carbon written by Elisabeth J. Moyer and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the central ways that the costs of global warming are incorporated into U.S. law is in cost-benefit analysis of federal regulations. In 2010, to standardize analyses, an Interagency Working Group (IAWG) established a central estimate of the social cost of carbon (SCC) of $21/tCO2 drawn from three commonly-used models of climate change and the global economy. These models produced a relatively narrow distribution of SCC values, consistent with previous studies. We use one of the IAWG models, DICE, to explore which assumptions produce this apparent robustness. SCC values are constrained by a shared feature of model behavior: though climate damages become large as a fraction of economic output, they do not significantly alter economic trajectories. This persistent growth is inconsistent with the widely held belief that climate change may have strongly detrimental effects to human society. The discrepancy suggests that the models may not capture the full range of possible consequences of climate change. We examine one possibility untested by any previous study, that climate change may directly affect productivity, and find that even a modest impact of this type increases SCC estimates by many orders of magnitude. Our results imply that the SCC is far more uncertain than shown in previous modeling exercises and highly sensitive to assumptions. Understanding the societal impact of climate change requires understanding not only the magnitude of losses at any given time but also how those losses may affect future economic growth.

Download or read book Blue Carbon written by C. Nellemann and published by UNEP/Earthprint. This book was released on 2009 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report explores the potential for mitigating the impacts of climate change by improved management and protection of marine ecosystems and especially the vegetated coastal habitat, or blue carbon sinks. The objective of this report is to highlight the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems in maintaining our climate and in assisting policy makers to mainstream an oceans agenda into national and international climate change initiatives. While emissions' reductions are currently at the centre of the climate change discussions, the critical role of the oceans and ocean ecosystems has been vastly overlooked.

Download or read book Climate Change 2014 written by Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: