Download or read book Social Institutions Gender Inequality and Regional Convergence in Developing Countries written by Boris Branisa Caballero and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contributes to the understanding of gender and regional inequalities in developing countries. First, it deals with social institutions related to gender inequality and proposes new composite indices to measure them. Using these indices, some interesting empirical connections between social institutions related to gender inequality and several relevant development outcomes are examined at the cross-country level. The second part of the book is concerned with the historical development of another type of inequality which is relevant for developing countries: inequality between regions. The topic of regional convergence in Colombia during the last quarter of the 20th century is analyzed using different approaches and focusing on both income and social indicators.

Download or read book Social Institutions Gender Inequality and Regional Convergence in Developing Countries written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contributes to the understanding of gender and regional inequalities in developing countries. First, it deals with social institutions related to gender inequality and proposes new composite indices to measure them. Using these indices, some interesting empirical connections between social institutions related to gender inequality and several relevant development outcomes are examined at the cross-country level. The second part of the book is concerned with the historical development of another type of inequality which is relevant for developing countries: inequality between regions. The topic of regional convergence in Colombia during the last quarter of the 20th century is analyzed using different approaches and focusing on both income and social indicators.

Download or read book Social Institutions Gender Inequality and Regional Convergence in Developing Countries written by Boris Branisa Caballero and published by Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften. This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I. Social institutions and gender inequality -- 1. The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The Database -- 1.3. Construction of the Subindices -- 1.3.1. Measuring the Association between Categorical Variables -- 1.3.2. Aggregating Variables to Build a Subindex -- 1.4. The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) -- 1.5. Results -- 1.5.1. Country Rankings and Regional Patterns -- 1.5.2. Simple Correlation with other Gender-related Indices -- 1.5.3. Regression Analysis -- 1.6. Conclusion -- 1.7. Tables -- 1.8. Figures -- 2. Why care about social inst. related to gender ineq. -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Social Institutions and Household Decisions -- 2.2.1. Social Institutions and Female Education -- 2.2.2. Social Institutions and Fertility and Child Mortality Rates -- 2.3. Social Institutions and the Society: Governance -- 2.4. Data -- 2.5. Empirical estimation and Results -- 2.5.1. Empirical estimation -- 2.5.2. Results -- 2.6. Conclusion -- 2.7. Tables -- 3. Reexamining the link between gender and corruption -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Empirical Estimation and Results -- 3.2.1. Data -- 3.2.2. Empirical Estimation -- 3.2.3. Results -- 3.3. Conclusion -- 3.4. Tables -- 3.5. Figures -- II. Regional growth convergence in Colombia -- 4. Regional convergence in Colombia: Income indicators -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Motivation and Background -- 4.2.1. Economic Background -- 4.2.2. Data Issues Affecting Convergence Results in Colombia -- 4.3. The Solow Model and Its Estimation -- 4.3.1. The Solow Model -- 4.3.2. Absolute Beta-Convergence -- 4.3.3. Conditional Convergence -- 4.3.4. Parameter Heterogeneity: Are There Different Steady States? -- 4.3.5. Sigma-Convergence -- 4.4. Distributional Approach: Quah's Critique -- 4.5. Empirical Estimation and Results -- 4.5.1. Sigma-Convergence -- 4.5.2. Absolute Beta-Convergence -- 4.5.3. Conditional Beta-Convergence Using Control Variables -- 4.5.4. Beta-Convergence Using Time-Series Cross-Sectional Data -- 4.5.5. Kernel Density Estimators -- 4.6. Conclusions -- 4.7. Tables -- 4.8. Figures -- 5. Regional convergence in Colombia: Social indicators -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Motivation -- 5.3. Methods for Measuring Convergence -- 5.4. Data and Empirical Estimation -- 5.4.1. Data -- 5.4.2. Empirical estimation -- 5.5. Results -- 5.5.1. Literacy Rate -- 5.5.2. Infant Survival Rate -- 5.5.3. Life Expectancy at Birth -- 5.5.4. Nourishment -- 5.6. Conclusions -- 5.7. Tables -- 5.8. Figures -- Appendices -- Appendix to Essay 1.

Download or read book Changing Social Institutions to Improve the Status of Women in Developing Countries OECD Development Centre Policy Brief written by Johannes: Morrisson Jutting (Christian) and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the long-standing priorities of the international community is to reduce gender disparity in developing countries. Yet, the overall picture is still gloomy: women continue to be excluded from access to resources and employment and are denied basic human rights. This Policy Brief explains why progress has been so minimal and what should be done about it. Recent Development Centre research (Morrisson and Jutting, 2004, 2005; Morrisson and Friedrich, 2004) has shown the institutional framework as key to understanding the economic role of women in developing countries, yet this framework has not received the attention it deserves. This Policy Brief summarises the lessons from this and other research to answer three questions. First, why are social institutions so important for gender equality? Second, what obstacles impede reforms of discriminatory social institutions, and why is progress so limited? Third, what policy lessons emerge for donors? Feminist studies emphasised the major role of institutions for gender inequality early and repeatedly (Elson, 1991; Marchand and Parpart, 1995; Parpart, 1993). They argued that patriarchal structures perpetuate gender inequality. To overcome it, women must challenge existing power relations and change or abolish patriarchal institutions. A landmark World Bank study on gender equality (2001) also puts priority on the need to reform institutions to establish equal rights and opportunities for women and men. Within the overall institutional setting, social institutions and cultural practices -- i.e. laws, norms, traditions and codes of conduct -- often are the main sources of persisting discrimination against women in developing countries. Examples include polygamy, unequal inheritance rights, obstacles to free movement and early, family-imposed marriages of teenagers. Where traditions still largely determine people's behaviour, standard policies to promote gender equality -- building more schools, giving micro-credit to women and so on -- are important but not sufficient. Building schools where custom or tradition forbids girls to leave the house alone after puberty will not make much difference. Giving micro-credit to women in rural villages where they are denied access to land, technology and information will not deliver the desired effects. Finding options to address unfavourable institutional frameworks presents a tremendous challenge. Quick fixes or blueprints of reforms will not work and could be counter-productive. Donor intervention in social institutions is particularly difficult, because they are highly sensitive and action could easily be viewed as "cultural imperialism". The Human Development Report 2004 addresses the definition of cultural liberty and how it relates to social institutions. "... [N]either cultural freedom nor respect for diversity should be confused with the defence of tradition. Cultural liberty is the ability of people to live and be what they choose, with adequate opportunity to consider other options" (UNDP, 2004, p. 4). Promoting change in social institutions is not a step against cultural liberty but allows women to make their own decisions. Promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women is not a western view imposed on developing countries. All 191 member states of the UN unanimously adopted it in the United Nations Development Declaration (Millennium Development Goal Three). (A bibliography is included. Contains 1 footnote, 3 figures and 1 box.).

Download or read book Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth written by Raquel Fernández and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-04 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper considers various dimensions and sources of gender inequality and presents policies and best practices to address these. With women accounting for fifty percent of the global population, inclusive growth can only be achieved if it promotes gender equality. Despite recent progress, gender gaps remain across all stages of life, including before birth, and negatively impact health, education, and economic outcomes for women. The roadmap to gender equality has to rely on legal framework reforms, policies to promote equal access, and efforts to tackle entrenched social norms. These need to be set in the context of arising new trends such as digitalization, climate change, as well as shocks such as pandemics.

Download or read book The Impact of Social Institutions on the Economic Role of Women in Developing Countries OECD Development Centre Working Paper written by Christian Morrisson and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Donor agencies and policy makers tend to agree that increased access of women to education, health, credit, formal legal rights and employment opportunities, in conjunction with economic growth, will substantially improve the socio-economic role of women in developing countries. This paper challenges that view. It argues that these measures might not be sufficient if the institutional framework within a country constrains women from participating in economic activities. It finds that social institutions -- laws, norms, traditions and codes of conduct -- constitute the most important single factor determining women's freedom of choice in economic activities. They have not only a direct impact on the economic role of women but also an indirect one through women's access to resources like education and health care. The findings suggest that an institutional framework that disadvantages half of the adult population hinders development. To address gender inequalities effectively, policy makers and donors must think about and address institutional frameworks that discriminate against women, a task even more difficult than the tough exercises of increasing female enrolment rates or introducing sustainable micro-credit schemes. (A bibliography is included. Annexed information includes tables for data by country, region, religious affiliation, economic development and test of endogeneity. Contains 7 footnotes, 1 figure and 3 tables.).

Download or read book Gender Inequality in West African Social Institutions written by Nejma Bouchama and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discriminatory social institutions - formal and informal laws, social norms and practices - restrict women's rights and empowerment opportunities across 17 West African countries. New laws and measures to protect and promote women's economic, political and human rights have been accompanied by impressive reductions in gender gaps. However, discriminatory social institutions still constitute significant impediments to women's access to land assets and restrict women's physical integrity and decision-making power in both private and public spheres. This holds back women's education and economic empowerment, thereby decreasing countries' potential growth. The data and analysis based on the OECD Development Centre's Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) aims to provide policy makers with the necessary tools and evidence to design more effective gender-responsive policies. Putting social institutions at the core of policy responses may open new and sustainable vistas to promote gender equality in national and regional development agendas.

Download or read book The Impact of Social Institutions on the Economic Role of Women in Developing Countries written by Christian Morrisson and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Download or read book Toward Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-10-01 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toward Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific examines the relationship between gender equality and development and outlines an agenda for public action to promote more effective and inclusive development in East Asian and Pacific countries.

Download or read book Gender Inequality and Economic Growth Evidence from Industry Level Data written by Ata Can Bertay and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-07-03 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study whether higher gender equality facilitates economic growth by enabling better allocation of a valuable resource: female labor. By allocating female labor to its more productive use, we hypothesize that reducing gender inequality should disproportionately benefit industries with typically higher female share in their employment relative to other industries. Specifically, we exploit within-country variation across industries to test whether those that typically employ more women grow relatively faster in countries with ex-ante lower gender inequality. The test allows us to identify the causal effect of gender inequality on industry growth in value-added and labor productivity. Our findings show that gender inequality affects real economic outcomes.

Download or read book Regional Disparities Growth and Inclusiveness written by Mr.Holger Floerkemeier and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-02-12 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We discuss regional disparities in economic performance and living standards. We first set out some key facts, and provide a conceptual framework to help analyze whether such disparities are efficient, or instead reflect market and/or policy failures. We examine whether policy attempts to reduce regional disparities necessarily involve a trade-off between equity and efficiency. We then investigate whether policymakers should focus on boosting the economic performance of lagging regions—or, conversely, accept the presence of regional disparities, and instead assist households in lagging regions through transfer payments, investments in education, health, and other basic services, and by facilitating out-migration.

Download or read book Links Between Growth Inequality and Poverty A Survey written by Ms. Valerie Cerra and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-12 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is there a tradeoff between raising growth and reducing inequality and poverty? This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the complex links between growth, inequality, and poverty, with causation going in both directions. The evidence suggests that growth can be effective in reducing poverty, but its impact on inequality is ambiguous and depends on the underlying sources of growth. The impact of poverty and inequality on growth is likewise ambiguous, as several channels mediate the relationship. But most plausible mechanisms suggest that poverty and inequality reduce growth, at least in the long run. Policies play a role in shaping these relationships and those designed to improve equality of opportunity can simultaneously improve inclusiveness and growth.

Download or read book China s Rebalancing and Gender Inequality written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and expansion of the service sector. Using household data, we provide evidence consistent with a U-shaped relationship between economic development and women's labor market outcomes. Using a model of structural transformation, we show that labor market barriers for women have increased over time. Model counterfactuals suggest that removing these barriers and increasing service sector productivity can boost both gender equality and economic growth in China.

Download or read book Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality written by Ms.Era Dabla-Norris and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.

Download or read book Trends in Gender Equality and Women s Advancement written by Ms.Janet Gale Stotsky and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-02-10 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines trends in indicators of gender equality and women’s development, using evidence derived from individual indicators and gender equality indices. We extend both the United Nations Development Program’s Gender Development Index and Gender Inequality Index to examine time trends. In recent decades, the world has moved closer to gender equality and narrowed gaps in education, health, and economic and political opportunity; however, substantial differences remain, especially in South Asia, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa. The results suggest countries can make meaningful improvements in gender equality, even while significant income differences between countries remain.

Download or read book Trade and Gender written by Anh-Nga Tran-Nguyen and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2004 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Equal rights between men and women are enshrined as a fundamental human right in the UN Charter, and reflected in various internationally agreed instruments, such as the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the 1995 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Although there has been notable progress in some areas, in most nations women are still at a disadvantage in terms of their role and position in the economic and political arenas. This publication examines the gender dimension of trade and seeks to identify policy challenges and responses to promote gender equality in light of increasing globalisation. Issues discussed include: economics of gender equality, international trade and development; multilateral negotiations on agriculture in developing countries; gender-related issues in the textiles and clothing sectors; international trade in services; gender and the TRIPS Agreement; the impact of WTO rules on gender equality; human rights aspects; fair trade initiatives; the role of IT in promoting gender equality, the Gender Trade Impact Assessment and trade reform.