Download or read book Social and Environmental Disparities in Physical Activity and Childhood Obesity in 2 5 year old Children written by Alexis Jones and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social and environmental factors are important determinants of physical activity (PA) and childhood obesity. The purposes of this study were to 1) explore associations of social-demographics (i.e., ethnicity, social-economic status [SES], gender), PA, sedentary behavior (SB), and BMI percentile with social/built environment and 2) explore SES disparities in environmental determinants of health. This cross-sectional study recruited 40 preschoolers (Mage=3.55 years; 75% girls; 17.5% low SES; 30% Hispanic; 10% overweight/obese). Parent-report surveys measured social-demographics, PA outcomes, and social/built environment. Results indicated higher SES children engaged in more PA and less SB than low-SES peers. SES significantly associated with PA, obesity, crime safety, inside space, stimulation variety, and fine and gross motor toys (r’s range from -0.5 to 0.57; p.05). Obesity significantly associated with inside space (r=-.54; p

Download or read book Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-01-10 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prevalence of childhood obesity is so high in the United States that it may reduce the life expectancy of today's generation of children. While parents and other adult caregivers play a fundamental role in teaching children about healthy behaviors, even the most positive efforts can be undermined by local environments that are poorly suited to supporting healthy behaviors. For example, many communities lack ready sources of healthy food choices, such as supermarkets and grocery stores. Or they may not provide safe places for children to walk or play. In such communities, even the most motivated child or adolescent may find it difficult to act in healthy ways. Local governments-with jurisdiction over many aspects of land use, food marketing, community planning, transportation, health and nutrition programs, and other community issues-are ideally positioned to promote behaviors that will help children and adolescents reach and maintain healthy weights. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity presents a number of recommendations that touch on the vital role of government actions on all levels-federal, state, and local-in childhood obesity prevention. The book offers healthy eating and physical activity strategies for local governments to consider, making it an excellent resource for mayors, managers, commissioners, council members, county board members, and administrators.

Download or read book Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-12-01 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Childhood obesity is a serious health problem that has adverse and long-lasting consequences for individuals, families, and communities. The magnitude of the problem has increased dramatically during the last three decades and, despite some indications of a plateau in this growth, the numbers remain stubbornly high. Efforts to prevent childhood obesity to date have focused largely on school-aged children, with relatively little attention to children under age 5. However, there is a growing awareness that efforts to prevent childhood obesity must begin before children ever enter the school system. Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies reviews factors related to overweight and obese children from birth to age 5, with a focus on nutrition, physical activity, and sedentary behavior, and recommends policies that can alter children's environments to promote the maintenance of healthy weight. Because the first years of life are important to health and well-being throughout the life span, preventing obesity in infants and young children can contribute to reversing the epidemic of obesity in children and adults. The book recommends that health care providers make parents aware of their child's excess weight early. It also suggests that parents and child care providers keep children active throughout the day, provide them with healthy diets, limit screen time, and ensure children get adequate sleep. In addition to providing comprehensive solutions to tackle the problem of obesity in infants and young children, Early Childhood Obesity Prevention Policies identifies potential actions that could be taken to implement those recommendations. The recommendations can inform the decisions of state and local child care regulators, child care providers, health care providers, directors of federal and local child care and nutrition programs, and government officials at all levels.

Download or read book Preventing Childhood Obesity written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-01-31 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children's health has made tremendous strides over the past century. In general, life expectancy has increased by more than thirty years since 1900 and much of this improvement is due to the reduction of infant and early childhood mortality. Given this trajectory toward a healthier childhood, we begin the 21st-century with a shocking developmentâ€"an epidemic of obesity in children and youth. The increased number of obese children throughout the U.S. during the past 25 years has led policymakers to rank it as one of the most critical public health threats of the 21st-century. Preventing Childhood Obesity provides a broad-based examination of the nature, extent, and consequences of obesity in U.S. children and youth, including the social, environmental, medical, and dietary factors responsible for its increased prevalence. The book also offers a prevention-oriented action plan that identifies the most promising array of short-term and longer-term interventions, as well as recommendations for the roles and responsibilities of numerous stakeholders in various sectors of society to reduce its future occurrence. Preventing Childhood Obesity explores the underlying causes of this serious health problem and the actions needed to initiate, support, and sustain the societal and lifestyle changes that can reverse the trend among our children and youth.

Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Download or read book Examining the Influence of the Neighbourhood Environment on Childhood Obesity written by Lisa Nicole Oliver and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rising rates of childhood obesity in Canada, linked to a changing environment, may have considerable health and societal costs. This dissertation investigates the influence of the neighbourhood environment on childhood overweight and physical activity. This research asks three questions. First, are there disparities in childhood obesity and physical activity by neighbourhood socioeconomic status? Second, are there critical periods during childhood when neighbourhood socioeconomic disparities in overweight develop? Third, do aspects of the proximate social and physical environment explain relations between neighbourhood socioeconomic status and childhood overweight and physical activity? To answer questions one and two data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY, Cycles 1 to 5, 1994/5 to 2002/3) are used. Nationally representative cross-sectional data from Cycle 4 (2000/2001) for children ages 5 to 17 years are used to assess if neighbourhood socioeconomic status has an independent influence on overweight. Longitudinal data from Cycles 1 to 5 are used to assess when the development of disparities in overweight by neighbourhood socioeconomic status occur. Multilevel analysis methods are used. To answer question three, eight neighbourhoods with contrasting income (higher and lower) and residential density (higher and lower) in the Vancouver Census Metropolitan Area are studied. Information on childrenś bodyweight, physical activity and perception of the neighbourhood social and physical environment is obtained from a telephone survey. Each neighbourhood is directly assessed by raters using the Neighbourhood Observational Survey Instrument and the Park Observational Survey Instrument. Analysis using the NLSCY finds a gradient in which increasing neighbourhood socioeconomic status is associated with a decreased incidence of overweight. Longitudinal analysis finds that neighbourhood disparities in overweight widen as children age. The analysis of eight neighbourhoods finds lower quality social and physical environments in lower income neighbourhoods. Findings suggest that reducing the incidence of childhood obesity requires policies to target the conditions of daily life including the places children live.

Download or read book The Surgeon General s Vision for a Healthy and Fit Nation 2010 written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 2001 Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity, former Surgeon General David Satcher, MD, PhD, warned of the negative effects of the increasing weight of American citizens and outlined a public health response to reverse the trend. The Surgeon General plans to strengthen and expand this blueprint for action created by her predecessor. Although the country has made some strides since 2001, the prevalence of obesity, obesity-related diseases, and premature death remains too high.

Download or read book Obesogenic Environments written by Amelia Lake and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-09 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a world where obesity has now reached epidemic proportions, a thorough understanding of the underlying causes of the problem is essential if society, public health initiatives and government policies are to successfully address the issue. The obesogenic environment describes all the possible influences that our environment presents which encourage overweight and obesity in individuals and populations. Beginning with an overarching introduction to obesity and its implications for health and wellbeing, the book will move on to consider such crucial areas as eating behaviours and food environments, physical activity and the environment, the urban environment, methods, policy and future research directions. Brings together expertise from across a range of disciplines Written by a truly multidisciplinary team of international authors Presents some of the most innovative thinking in the battle against obesity This groundbreaking book brings together for the first time the knowledge of experts with backgrounds in nutrition and dietetics, policy, epidemiology, environmental sciences, medical sciences, town planning and urban design, transport, geography and physical activity in order to offer a multidisciplinary approach to public health, suggesting new and exciting ways to shape our environment to better support healthful decisions.

Download or read book Childhood Obesity in the United States 1976 2008 written by Gopal K. Singh and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Educating the Student Body written by Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-11-13 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical inactivity is a key determinant of health across the lifespan. A lack of activity increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Emerging literature has suggested that in terms of mortality, the global population health burden of physical inactivity approaches that of cigarette smoking. The prevalence and substantial disease risk associated with physical inactivity has been described as a pandemic. The prevalence, health impact, and evidence of changeability all have resulted in calls for action to increase physical activity across the lifespan. In response to the need to find ways to make physical activity a health priority for youth, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment was formed. Its purpose was to review the current status of physical activity and physical education in the school environment, including before, during, and after school, and examine the influences of physical activity and physical education on the short and long term physical, cognitive and brain, and psychosocial health and development of children and adolescents. Educating the Student Body makes recommendations about approaches for strengthening and improving programs and policies for physical activity and physical education in the school environment. This report lays out a set of guiding principles to guide its work on these tasks. These included: recognizing the benefits of instilling life-long physical activity habits in children; the value of using systems thinking in improving physical activity and physical education in the school environment; the recognition of current disparities in opportunities and the need to achieve equity in physical activity and physical education; the importance of considering all types of school environments; the need to take into consideration the diversity of students as recommendations are developed. This report will be of interest to local and national policymakers, school officials, teachers, and the education community, researchers, professional organizations, and parents interested in physical activity, physical education, and health for school-aged children and adolescents.

Download or read book Obesity and Lipotoxicity written by Ayse Basak Engin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-05 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the resultant health consequences and considerable increase in prevalence, obesity has become a major worldwide health problem. “Obesity and Lipotoxicity” is a comprehensive review of the recent researches to provide a better understanding of the lipotoxicity-related mechanisms of obesity and the potential for the development of new treatment strategies. This book overviews the biochemical pathways leading to obesity-related metabolic disorders that occur subsequent to lipotoxicity. Chapters examine the deleterious effects of nutrient excess at molecular level including the cellular and molecular aspects of breast cancer, resistance to leptin, insulin, adiponectin, and interconnection between the circadian clock and metabolic pathways during high-fat feeding. “Lipotoxicity and Obesity” will be a useful resource for clinicians and basic science researchers, such as biochemists, toxicologists, immunologists, nutritionists, adult and pediatric endocrinologists, cardiologists, as well as students who are thought in this field.

Download or read book Infant Formula written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-06-10 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infant formulas are unique because they are the only source of nutrition for many infants during the first 4 to 6 months of life. They are critical to infant health since they must safely support growth and development during a period when the consequences on inadequate nutrition are most severe. Existing guidelines and regulations for evaluating the safety of conventional food ingredients (e.g., vitamins and minerals) added to infant formulas have worked well in the past; however they are not sufficient to address the diversity of potential new ingredients proposed by manufacturers to develop formulas that mimic the perceived and potential benefits of human milk. This book, prepared at the request of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health Canada, addresses the regulatory and research issues that are critical in assessing the safety of the addition of new ingredients to infants.

Download or read book Childhood Obesity Factors Affecting Physical Activity written by Cynthia A. Bascetta and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2006 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Socioeconomic Disparities Unaffordable Housing and Obesity Among Low income Preschool aged Children in Los Angeles written by Tabashir Sadegh-Nobari and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Childhood obesity has been declared the most important public health issue of the 21st century by the World Health Organization. In the United States, the prevalence of obesity among children aged 2-19 years increased three-fold in the past forty years. In recent years, this prevalence has begun to plateau and even decrease among preschool-aged children. For example, in Los Angeles County, obesity prevalence among low-income 4-year old children reached a peak of 22.4% in 2009 and then decreased to 20.3% in 2011. However, a recent report showed that this trend was not experienced uniformly across the county and that obesity rates have not abated in some of the poorest neighborhoods. The goal of this dissertation was to evaluate the contribution of socioeconomic factors, at both household and neighborhood levels, to these varying neighborhood trends in obesity rates among low-income children, ages 2-5 years, in Los Angeles County. Three separate but related studies were conducted. The first study examined trends in early childhood obesity by household and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics over 12 years (2003-2014). The study used administrative data from children, ages 2-5 years, participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC, the second largest federal nutrition assistance program in the country) in Los Angeles County. While childhood obesity rates increased until approximately 2008, a decreasing trend was observed beginning in 2010/2011, a time that coincides with the end of the 2008/09 economic recession. However, the trends varied by socioeconomic indicator, child's age, and child's race/ethnicity with obesity rates among children in some higher SES groups back to 2003 levels, while obesity rates among children in some lower SES groups higher than 2003 levels. Using the same administrative data, the second study built on the first study by determining whether disparities in early childhood obesity rates by socioeconomic factors have widened in the years following the economic recession when compared to the years prior to the recession. Logistic regression analyses examined whether the time period modified the effect of the socioeconomic factor on early childhood obesity. We found that disparities in early childhood obesity by household-level socioeconomic factors widened for children, although the results varied by child's age. Disparities in early childhood obesity by household education widened for 2- and 3-year-old children and remained the same for 4-year-old children. Disparities in early childhood obesity by household income widened for 3- and 4-year-old children. The disparities in early childhood obesity by neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors (median household income and share of residents living in unaffordable housing, a major source of family financial strain) did not change between the two time periods. The third study investigated the contribution of this source of family financial strain - unaffordable housing - to early childhood obesity risk and investigated the potential mechanisms involved. The study used survey data gathered from a random sample of WIC families living in Los Angeles County in 2011 and 2014. Analytic procedures included multivariate linear regression and mediation analyses. Unaffordable housing increased the risk of early childhood obesity and household size was found to modify the effect of unaffordable housing on early childhood obesity. Unaffordable housing, however, was not found to increase adiposity in growing children and mother's mental health, and child's diet and sedentary behavior were not found to be mechanisms of this relationship. Findings of these three studies contribute to the knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms by which socioeconomic factors and financial strain influence growth and obesity risk in young children from lower income communities.

Download or read book The New Public Health written by Theodore H. Tulchinsky and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-03-26 with total page 911 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New Public Health has established itself as a solid textbook throughout the world. Translated into 7 languages, this work distinguishes itself from other public health textbooks, which are either highly locally oriented or, if international, lack the specificity of local issues relevant to students' understanding of applied public health in their own setting. This 3e provides a unified approach to public health appropriate for all masters' level students and practitioners—specifically for courses in MPH programs, community health and preventive medicine programs, community health education programs, and community health nursing programs, as well as programs for other medical professionals such as pharmacy, physiotherapy, and other public health courses. Changes in infectious and chronic disease epidemiology including vaccines, health promotion, human resources for health and health technology Lessons from H1N1, pandemic threats, disease eradication, nutritional health Trends of health systems and reforms and consequences of current economic crisis for health Public health law, ethics, scientific d health technology advances and assessment Global Health environment, Millennium Development Goals and international NGOs

Download or read book Reducing Childhood Obesity written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Social Aspects of Obesity written by Igor De Garine and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays examines obesity not as an objective medical or psychological problem, but as a subjective social and cultural phenomenon. The contributors take a cross-cultural perspective, examining both the negative casting of obesity in developed countries and the traditional view of obesity as a positive characteristic in subsistence societies which is threatened by the dominance of Western culture.