Download or read book Snow Cover Distribution and Dynamics written by Stanzin Passang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Dynamics of the Seasonal Snowcover in the Arctic written by Oddbjørn Bruland and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arctic snow cover is important to life on Earth from the microscale soil microarthropod population, to reindeer at the local scale and even the global scale through its impact on the global climate.There is a consensus that global warming will be enhanced towards the Arctic. This will influence the hydrology and snow cover in these regions, which in turn will provide a feedback to climate. There is still a lack of knowledge regarding the impacts to polar hydrology and snow cover; the gaps are even larger with respect to feedback mechanisms. The objective of this study has been to improve the understanding and description of the dynamic processes of an Arctic snow cover. Here, the Arctic climate is studied from the first snow fall to the end of ablation in a series of nine publications grouped into three topics: "Snow Distribution", "Snowmelt and Energy Balance" and "Measurement Methods". The research is based on measurements and observations of climate, snow properties and snow distribution during the period 1992 to 2000 on the tundra in the vicinity of Ny-Alesund at 78°55'N, 11°56'E Svalbard, Norway. Improvement of existing snowmelt models has been achieved by the implementation of energy balance calculations and improved description of the snow cover. Ground Penetrating Radar systems as a tool for snow surveying have been improved and used to measure and describe snow distributions over large areas. A snow drift model (SnowTran-3D) has been successfully tested for different scales and toaging and melting.

Download or read book Snow Cover Its Dynamics written by Boris Petrovich Veĭnberg and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Snow Ecology written by H. G. Jones and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-01-15 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multidisciplinary 2001 overview of life in, on and under snow for anyone interested in the cryosphere.

Download or read book Estimating the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Snow in Mountainous Terrain written by Keith Newton Musselman and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In-situ measurements and numerical models were used to quantify and improve understanding of the processes governing snowpack dynamics in mountainous terrain. Three studies were conducted in Sequoia National Park in the southern Sierra Nevada, California. The first two studies evaluated and simulated the variability of observed melt rates at the point-scale in a mixed conifer forest. The third study evaluated the accuracy of a distributed snow model run over 1800 km2; a 3600 m elevation gradient that includes ecosystems ranging from semi-arid grasslands to massive sequoia stands to alpine tundra. In the first study, a network of 24 automated snow depth sensors and repeated monthly snow density surveys in a conifer forest were used to measure snow ablation rates for three years. A model was developed to estimate the direct beam solar radiation beneath the forest canopy from upward-looking hemispherical photos and above-canopy measurements. Sub-canopy solar beam irradiance and the bulk canopy metric sky view factor explained the most (58% and 87%, respectively) of the observed ablation rates in years with the least and most cloud cover, respectively; no single metric could explain> 41% of the melt rate variability for all years. In the second study, the time-varying photo-derived direct beam canopy transmissivity and the sky view factor canopy parameter were incorporated into a one-dimensional physically based snowmelt model. Compared to a bulk parameterization of canopy radiative transfer, when the model was modified to accept the time-varying canopy transmissivity, errors in the simulated snow disappearance date were reduced by one week and errors in the timing of soil water fluxes were reduced by 11 days, on average. In the third study, a distributed land surface model was used to simulate snow depth and SWE dynamics for three years. The model was evaluated against data from regional automated SWE measurement stations, repeated catchment-scale depth and density surveys, and airborne LiDAR snow depth data. In general, the model accurately simulated the seasonal maximum snow depth and SWE at lower and middle elevation forested areas. The model tended to overestimate SWE at upper elevations where no precipitation measurements were available. The SWE errors could largely be explained (R2/super” 0.80, p0.01) by distance of the SWE measurement from the nearest precipitation gauge. The results suggest that precipitation uncertainty is a critical limitation on snow model accuracy. Finally, an analysis of seasonal and inter-annual snowmelt patterns highlighted distinct melt differences between lower, middle, and upper elevations. Snowmelt was generally most frequent (70% - 95% of the snow-covered season) at the lower elevations where snow cover was ephemeral and seasonal mean melt rates computed on days when melt was simulated were generally low (3 mm daysuper-1). At upper elevations, melt occurred during less than 65% of the snow-covered period, it occurred later in the season, and mean melt rates were the highest of the region ( 6 mm daysuper-1/super). Middle elevations remained continuously snow covered throughout the winter and early spring, were prone to frequent but intermittent melt, and provided the most sustained period of seasonal mean snowmelt (~ 5 mm day

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Snow Ice and Glaciers written by Vijay P. Singh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-29 with total page 1301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The earth’s cryosphere, which includes snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and permafrost, contains about 75% of the earth’s fresh water. It exists at almost all latitudes, from the tropics to the poles, and plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system. It also provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate change, and, therefore, requires proper understanding of its complex dynamics. This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and provides up-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant topics. It includes alphabetically arranged and professionally written, comprehensive and authoritative academic articles by well-known international experts in individual fields. The encyclopedia contains a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the atmospheric processes responsible for snow formation; transformation of snow to ice and changes in their properties; classification of ice and glaciers and their worldwide distribution; glaciation and ice ages; glacier dynamics; glacier surface and subsurface characteristics; geomorphic processes and landscape formation; hydrology and sedimentary systems; permafrost degradation; hazards caused by cryospheric changes; and trends of glacier retreat on the global scale along with the impact of climate change. This book can serve as a source of reference at the undergraduate and graduate level and help to better understand snow, ice and glaciers. It will also be an indispensable tool containing specialized literature for geologists, geographers, climatologists, hydrologists, and water resources engineers; as well as for those who are engaged in the practice of agricultural and civil engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences and engineering, ecosystem management, and other relevant subjects.

Download or read book Avalanche Dynamics written by S.P. Pudasaini and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-06-30 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Avalanches, mudflows and landslides are common and natural phenomena that occur in mountainous regions. With an emphasis on snow avalanches, this book provides a survey and discussion about the motion of avalanche-like flows from initiation to run out. An important aspect of this book is the formulation and investigation of a simple but appropriate continuum mechanical model for the realistic prediction of geophysical flows of granular material.

Download or read book Monitoring Snow Cover and Snowmelt Dynamics and Assessing Their Influences on Inland Water Resources written by Ya-Lun S. Tsai and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Distribution and Gradual Change of Density in Snow Cover written by A. A. Shepelevskiĭ and published by . This book was released on 19?? with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Snow Cover and Its Dynamics written by B. Weinberg and published by . This book was released on 1940 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain written by Bruce Tremper and published by The Mountaineers Books. This book was released on 2001 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winter recreation in the mountains has increased steadily over the past few years, and so has the number of deaths and injuries caused by avalanches. Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain covers everything you need to know to avoid trouble in avalanche terrain: what avalanches are and how they work, common myths, human activities that lead to avalanche trouble, what happens to victims when an avalanche occurs, and rescue techniques. Provides step- by-step instruction for determining avalanche hazards, using safe travel technique, and making effective rescues.

Download or read book Statistical Analysis of the Distribution of Snow Cover Depth in Small Mountainous Areas written by A. A. Chirkova and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment written by Philippus Wester and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-04 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access volume is the first comprehensive assessment of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region. It comprises important scientific research on the social, economic, and environmental pillars of sustainable mountain development and will serve as a basis for evidence-based decision-making to safeguard the environment and advance people’s well-being. The compiled content is based on the collective knowledge of over 300 leading researchers, experts and policymakers, brought together by the Hindu Kush Himalayan Monitoring and Assessment Programme (HIMAP) under the coordination of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). This assessment was conducted between 2013 and 2017 as the first of a series of monitoring and assessment reports, under the guidance of the HIMAP Steering Committee: Eklabya Sharma (ICIMOD), Atiq Raman (Bangladesh), Yuba Raj Khatiwada (Nepal), Linxiu Zhang (China), Surendra Pratap Singh (India), Tandong Yao (China) and David Molden (ICIMOD and Chair of the HIMAP SC). This First HKH Assessment Report consists of 16 chapters, which comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge of the HKH region, increase the understanding of various drivers of change and their impacts, address critical data gaps and develop a set of evidence-based and actionable policy solutions and recommendations. These are linked to nine mountain priorities for the mountains and people of the HKH consistent with the Sustainable Development Goals. This book is a must-read for policy makers, academics and students interested in this important region and an essentially important resource for contributors to global assessments such as the IPCC reports.

Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Classic Reprint written by Burt J. Morse and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-11-18 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover Abstract. The archive of weekly Northern Hemisphere snow cover maintained by the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service since 1966 has been analyzed using asymptotic singular decomposition. The results are shown on charts covering the months of November through April and the winter season. These suggest that anomalies in snow cover over northwestern North America, the Baltic area, the Caspian Sea and Caucasus, the Tibetan Plateau, and Mongolia and Korea may occur synchronously. In addition, charts of Northern Hemisphere snow cover frequencies and snow transition zones have been included. They cover the winter season and the months of September through May. Comparison of these charts with similar ones derived from surface observations shows quite good agreement. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Download or read book Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Observation Simulation and Evaluation of Snow Dynamics in the Transitional Snow Zone written by Nicholas E. Wayand and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The frequent mid-winter accumulation and ablation cycles of snowpack within the rain-snow transitional zone play an important role for the maritime basins along the western U.S. mountain ranges. Representation of transitional snowpack within hydrological models has remained a challenge, largely because surface and meteorological conditions frequently remain near the freezing point, which allows large errors in modeled accumulation or ablation to result from small forcing or structural errors. This research aims to improve model representation of accumulation and ablation processes by utilizing new observations within the transitional snow zone combined with novel methods of model evaluation. The importance of mid-winter snowmelt during historical flooding events was assessed over three maritime basins in the western US. A physically-based snow model was coupled with an idealized basin representation to quantity how the characteristics of each basin combined with storm strength to control the distribution of snowmelt over a basin. Snowmelt contributions to total basin runoff ranged from 7-29% during historic flooding events between 1980 and 2008. However, poor meteorological forcing data were found to be a major limitation in model evaluation. In response to this limitation, a historical snow study site at Snoqualmie Pass within the Washington Cascades was updated in October 2012 with meteorological, soil, and snow observations to provide an ideal site for model evaluation within the transitional snow zone where existing observations are extremely sparse. The data set includes complete meteorological forcing required for snow models: air temperature, total precipitation, wind speed, specific humidity, air pressure, short- and longwave irradiance. Historical (1980-2015) observations include snow board new snow accumulation, multiple measurements of total snow depth, and manual snow pits, while more recent years (2012-2015) include sub-daily surface temperature, snowpack drainage, soil moisture and temperature profiles, and eddy co-variance derived turbulent heat flux; in short an ideal site to test different hypothesis about snow processes. This unique observational data set was used to illustrate how a novel process-based approach can diagnose model errors in snow accumulation processes (precipitation partitioning, new snow density, and compaction). The main source of model error on each day was identified by comparing observed snow board measurements to a “modeled snow board.” Results found that even after in-situ calibration, new snow density errors were the most common, occurring 53% of available days, followed by precipitation partition errors (43%) and compaction errors (18%). Daily errors canceled out on annual time scales during all years except the anomalously warm winter of 2014-2015. The partitioning of precipitation into rain or snow during water year 2015 was further examined by evaluating surface-based and mesoscale-model-based predictions. Observations of precipitation phase from a disdrometer at Snoqualmie Pass and nearby snow depth sensors were used to evaluate both methods. With calibration, the skill of surface-based methods was greatly improved by using air temperature from a nearby higher-elevation station, which was less impacted by surface inversions at the pass. Without any form of a prior calibration, we found a hybrid method that combines surface-based predictions with output from the Weather Research and Forecasting mesoscale model, to have comparable skill to calibrated surface-based methods. These results suggest that phase prediction in mountain passes can be improved by incorporating observations or models of the atmosphere aloft.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Snow Ice and Glaciers written by Vijay P. Singh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-07-01 with total page 1301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The earth’s cryosphere, which includes snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and permafrost, contains about 75% of the earth’s fresh water. It exists at almost all latitudes, from the tropics to the poles, and plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system. It also provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate change, and, therefore, requires proper understanding of its complex dynamics. This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow, ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and provides up-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant topics. It includes alphabetically arranged and professionally written, comprehensive and authoritative academic articles by well-known international experts in individual fields. The encyclopedia contains a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the atmospheric processes responsible for snow formation; transformation of snow to ice and changes in their properties; classification of ice and glaciers and their worldwide distribution; glaciation and ice ages; glacier dynamics; glacier surface and subsurface characteristics; geomorphic processes and landscape formation; hydrology and sedimentary systems; permafrost degradation; hazards caused by cryospheric changes; and trends of glacier retreat on the global scale along with the impact of climate change. This book can serve as a source of reference at the undergraduate and graduate level and help to better understand snow, ice and glaciers. It will also be an indispensable tool containing specialized literature for geologists, geographers, climatologists, hydrologists, and water resources engineers; as well as for those who are engaged in the practice of agricultural and civil engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences and engineering, ecosystem management, and other relevant subjects.