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Book Simulation of Groundwater Flow and the Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water in the Willamette Basin and Central Willamette Subbasin Oregon

Download or read book Simulation of Groundwater Flow and the Interaction of Groundwater and Surface Water in the Willamette Basin and Central Willamette Subbasin Oregon written by Nora B. Herrera and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Full appropriation of tributary streamflow during summer, a growing population, and agricultural needs are increasing the demand for groundwater in the Willamette Basin. Greater groundwater use could diminish streamflow and create seasonal and long-term declines in groundwater levels. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Oregon Water Resources Department (OWRD) cooperated in a study to develop a conceptual and quantitative understanding of the groundwater-flow system of the Willamette Basin with an emphasis on the Central Willamette subbasin. This final report from the cooperative study describes numerical models of the regional and local groundwater-flow systems and evaluates the effects of pumping on groundwater and surface-water resources. The models described in this report can be used to evaluate spatial and temporal effects of pumping on groundwater, base flow, and stream capture. The regional model covers about 6,700 square miles of the 12,000-square mile Willamette and Sandy River drainage basins in northwestern Oregon--referred to as the Willamette Basin in this report. The Willamette Basin is a topographic and structural trough that lies between the Coast Range and the Cascade Range and is divided into five sedimentary subbasins underlain and separated by basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group (Columbia River basalt) that crop out as local uplands. From north to south, these five subbasins are the Portland subbasin, the Tualatin subbasin, the Central Willamette subbasin, the Stayton subbasin, and the Southern Willamette subbasin. Recharge in the Willamette Basin is primarily from precipitation in the uplands of the Cascade Range, Coast Range, and western Cascades areas. Groundwater moves downward and laterally through sedimentary or basalt units until it discharges locally to wells, evapotranspiration, or streams. Mean annual groundwater withdrawal for water years 1995 and 1996 was about 400 cubic feet per second; irrigation withdrawals accounted for about 80 percent of that total. The upper 180 feet of productive aquifers in the Central Willamette and Southern Willamette subbasins produced about 70 percent of the total pumped volume. In this study, the USGS constructed a three-dimensional numerical finite-difference groundwater-flow model of the Willamette Basin representing the six hydrogeologic units, defined in previous investigations, as six model layers. From youngest to oldest, and [generally] uppermost to lowermost they are the: upper sedimentary unit, Willamette silt unit, middle sedimentary unit, lower sedimentary unit, Columbia River basalt unit, and basement confining unit. The high Cascade unit is not included in the groundwater-flow model because it is not present within the model boundaries. Geographic boundaries are simulated as no-flow (no water flowing in or out of the model), except where the Columbia River is simulated as a constant hydraulic head boundary. Streams are designated as head-dependent-flux boundaries, in which the flux depends on the elevation of the stream surface. Groundwater recharge from precipitation was estimated using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), a watershed model that accounts for evapotranspiration from the unsaturated zone. Evapotranspiration from the saturated zone was not considered an important component of groundwater discharge. Well pumping was simulated as specified flux and included public supply, irrigation, and industrial pumping. Hydraulic conductivity values were estimated from previous studies through aquifer slug and permeameter tests, specific capacity data, core analysis, and modeling. Upper, middle and lower sedimentary unit horizontal hydraulic conductivity values were differentiated between the Portland subbasin and the Tualatin, Central Willamette, and Southern Willamette subbasins based on preliminary model results."--Summary.

Book Estimates of Ground water Recharge Base Flow and Stream Reach Gains and Losses in the Willamette River Basin Oregon

Download or read book Estimates of Ground water Recharge Base Flow and Stream Reach Gains and Losses in the Willamette River Basin Oregon written by Karl K. Lee and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Modeling Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions Near Milton Freewater Oregon

Download or read book Modeling Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions Near Milton Freewater Oregon written by Aristides Criśostomos Petrides Jiménez and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The gravel aquifer of the Oregon side of Walla Walla River Basin has a strong hydrologic connection to surface water through a series of springs, unlined irrigation canals, the Walla Walla River, numerous wells and, since 2004, artificial recharge to the shallow aquifer using infiltration basins. The finite element Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) developed by California Department of Water Resources was used to quantify all of the major hydrologic features of the basin. Using the information provided by the Walla Walla Basin Watershed Council, irrigation districts, and previous studies conducted at Oregon State University and by consultants, the model was setup and calibrated, and a water budget simulation was performed for the years of 2003 to 2006. It is shown that close to 96 percent of the land use water demand goes to agriculture growing 16 major crops. 60 percent of the water comes from surface water diversions flowing through unlined irrigation canals , which themselves lose 28 percent of their inflow to the unconfined gravel aquifer. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate the flow of the Johnson Creek Springs, which were shown to have increased flow due to the artificial recharge project.

Book Simulation of regional ground water flow in the upper Deschutes basin Oregon

Download or read book Simulation of regional ground water flow in the upper Deschutes basin Oregon written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Groundwater Simulation and Management Models for the Upper Klamath Basin Oregon and California

Download or read book Groundwater Simulation and Management Models for the Upper Klamath Basin Oregon and California written by Marshall W. Gannett and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The upper Klamath Basin encompasses about 8,000 square miles, extending from the Cascade Range east to the Basin and Range geologic province in south-central Oregon and northern California. The geography of the basin is dominated by forested volcanic uplands separated by broad interior basins. Most of the interior basins once held broad shallow lakes and extensive wetlands, but most of these areas have been drained or otherwise modified and are now cultivated. Major parts of the interior basins are managed as wildlife refuges, primarily for migratory waterfowl. The permeable volcanic bedrock of the upper Klamath Basin hosts a substantial regional groundwater system that provides much of the flow to major streams and lakes that, in turn, provide water for wildlife habitat and are the principal source of irrigation water for the basin's agricultural economy. Increased allocation of surface water for endangered species in the past decade has resulted in increased groundwater pumping and growing interest in the use of groundwater for irrigation. The potential effects of increased groundwater pumping on groundwater levels and discharge to springs and streams has caused concern among groundwater users, wildlife and Tribal interests, and State and Federal resource managers. To provide information on the potential impacts of increased groundwater development and to aid in the development of a groundwater management strategy, the U.S. Geological Survey, in collaboration with the Oregon Water Resources Department and the Bureau of Reclamation, has developed a groundwater model that can simulate the response of the hydrologic system to these new stresses. The groundwater model was developed using the U.S. Geological Survey MODFLOW finite-difference modeling code and calibrated using inverse methods to transient conditions from 1989 through 2004 with quarterly stress periods. Groundwater recharge and agricultural and municipal pumping are specified for each stress period. All major streams and most major tributaries for which a substantial part of the flow comes from groundwater discharge are included in the model. Groundwater discharge to agricultural drains, evapotranspiration from aquifers in areas of shallow groundwater, and groundwater flow to and from adjacent basins also are simulated in key areas. The model has the capability to calculate the effects of pumping and other external stresses on groundwater levels, discharge to streams, and other boundary fluxes, such as discharge to drains. Historical data indicate that the groundwater system in the upper Klamath Basin fluctuates in response to decadal climate cycles, with groundwater levels and spring flows rising and declining in response to wet and dry periods. Data also show that groundwater levels fluctuate seasonally and interannually in response to groundwater pumping. The most prominent response is to the marked increase in groundwater pumping starting in 2001. The calibrated model is able to simulate observed decadal-scale climate-driven fluctuations in the groundwater system as well as observed shorter-term pumping-related fluctuations. Example model simulations show that the timing and location of the effects of groundwater pumping vary markedly depending on the pumping location. Pumping from wells close (within a few miles) to groundwater discharge features, such as springs, drains, and certain streams, can affect those features within weeks or months of the onset of pumping, and the impacts can be essentially fully manifested in several years. Simulations indicate that seasonal variations in pumping rates are buffered by the groundwater system, and peak impacts are closer to mean annual pumping rates than to instantaneous rates. Thus, pumping effects are, to a large degree, spread out over the entire year. When pumping locations are distant (more than several miles) from discharge features, the effects take many years or decades to fully impact those features, and much of the pumped water comes from groundwater storage over a broad geographic area even after two decades. Moreover, because the effects are spread out over a broad area, the impacts to individual features are much smaller than in the case of nearby pumping. Simulations show that the discharge features most affected by pumping in the area of the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Irrigation Project are agricultural drains, and impacts to other surface-water features are small in comparison. A groundwater management model was developed that uses techniques of constrained optimization along with the groundwater flow model to identify the optimal strategy to meet water user needs while not violating defined constraints on impacts to groundwater levels and streamflows. The coupled groundwater simulation-optimization models were formulated to help identify strategies to meet water demand in the upper Klamath Basin. The models maximize groundwater pumping while simultaneously keeping the detrimental impacts of pumping on groundwater levels and groundwater discharge within prescribed limits. Total groundwater withdrawals were calculated under alternative constraints for drawdown, reductions in groundwater discharge to surface water, and water demand to understand the potential benefits and limitations for groundwater development in the upper Klamath Basin. The simulation-optimization model for the upper Klamath Basin provides an improved understanding of how the groundwater and surface-water system responds to sustained groundwater pumping within the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project. Optimization model results demonstrate that a certain amount of supplemental groundwater pumping can occur without exceeding defined limits on drawdown and stream capture. The results of the different applications of the model demonstrate the importance of identifying constraint limits in order to better define the amount and distribution of groundwater withdrawal that is sustainable.

Book Chemical Study of Regional Ground water Flow and Ground water surface water Interaction in the Upper Deschutes Basin Oregon

Download or read book Chemical Study of Regional Ground water Flow and Ground water surface water Interaction in the Upper Deschutes Basin Oregon written by Rodney R. Caldwell and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Modeling Steady State Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions

Download or read book Modeling Steady State Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions written by Sherry Mitchell-Bruker and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Investigating the Link Between Surface Water and Groundwater in the Tule Lake Subbasin Oregon and California

Download or read book Investigating the Link Between Surface Water and Groundwater in the Tule Lake Subbasin Oregon and California written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water allocation in the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California has been challenging. Irrigators have increasingly turned to groundwater to make up for surface water shortages because of shifts in allocation toward in-stream flows for Endangered Species Act listed fishes. The largest increase in groundwater pumping has been in and around the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Irrigation Project, which includes the Tule Lake subbasin in the southern part of the upper Klamath Basin. Previous groundwater flow model simulations indicate that water level declines from pumping may result in decreased flow to agricultural drains in the Tule Lake subbasin. Agricultural drains on the Klamath Project are an important source of water for downstream irrigators and for the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges. To better assess the impact of increased pumping on drain flow and on the water balance of the groundwater system, flow data from agricultural drains were evaluated to investigate the changes that have taken place in groundwater discharge to drains since pumping volumes increased. Additionally, a fine-grid groundwater model of the Tule Lake subbasin was developed based on the existing regional flow model. The fine-grid model has sufficient vertical and horizontal resolution to simulate vertical head gradients, takes advantage of time-series data from 38 observation wells for model calibration, and allows agricultural drains to be more explicitly represented. Results of the drain flow analysis show that the groundwater discharge to agricultural drains has decreased by approximately 4000 hectare-meters from the 1997-2000 average discharge. Most of this decrease takes place in the northern and southeastern portions of the subbasin. Results of the groundwater model show that the initial source of water to wells is groundwater storage. By 2006, approximately 56% of the water from wells is sourced from agricultural drains.

Book Scientific Investigations Report

Download or read book Scientific Investigations Report written by Sharon E. Kroening and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book System and Boundary Conceptualization in Ground water Flow Simulation

Download or read book System and Boundary Conceptualization in Ground water Flow Simulation written by Thomas E. Reilly and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Simulation of Ground water Flow Surface water Flow and a Deep Sewer Tunnel System in the Menomonee Valley Milwaukee Wisconsin

Download or read book Simulation of Ground water Flow Surface water Flow and a Deep Sewer Tunnel System in the Menomonee Valley Milwaukee Wisconsin written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Water Scarcity and Reservoir Reliability in Basins Affected by Climate and Land Use Change

Download or read book Water Scarcity and Reservoir Reliability in Basins Affected by Climate and Land Use Change written by M. Cristina Mateus and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multipurpose management of hydrosystems face a number of uncertainties related to hydrologic variability and nonstationarity. Anticipated air temperature increases in the Pacific Northwest region are projected to alter the timing and quantity of streamflow associated with precipitation shifting from snow to rain, including shorter winter runoff periods, earlier spring runoff, and longer and drier summers. Changes in land use, such as urbanization, can reduce infiltration and groundwater recharge, thus lowering base-flow levels. Furthermore, these future changes in water supply are likely to vary across catchments with sensitivity to climate and land use changes. In this dissertation, I investigate hydrosystem sensitivities to climate and land use change considering modeling uncertainty across two different hydrologic settings in the Santiam River Basin in Oregon (Chapter 2), the reliability of reservoirs to accommodate these changes given current operating procedures (Chapter 3), and the performance of alternative reservoir operations scenarios in mitigating projected future hydrologic changes (Chapter 4). This research is based on modeled future streamflows forced by temperature and precipitation projections from eight global climate models and two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. To represent the uncertainty associated with future streamflow, I apply global climate model projections to a groundwater-surface water model (GSFLOW), coupled with a formal Bayesian uncertainty analysis. The land use changes were simulated in GSFLOW by adjusting model parameters based on the proportion of change in land use area within hydrologic response units. I apply streamflow projections as inputs to a reservoir operation model (HEC-ResSim) to analyze reservoir system reliability under future climate. I then use historical records to identify what outcomes are unacceptable to stakeholders, a condition labeled as vulnerable, and establish thresholds of reservoir reliability. I then use projections of future hydrology to identify the likelihood of the system being pushed to that vulnerable state under current and alternate reservoir operations. Modeling and analysis is conducted in the North and South Santiam River basin, Oregon. The North Santiam sub-basin is sourced by the High Cascades, with high elevations but low in relief, deep groundwater and spring-dominated drainage system that sustain base flow during the dry summer months. In contrast, the South Santiam sub-basin is entirely sourced by the Western Cascades geology, with steep drainage network and relatively impermeable rock that generates rapid runoff responses, high peak flows, high flow variability and little groundwater storage. In the context of water scarcity, Chapter 2 presents an analysis of the influence of climate and land use change on the future availability of water resources across sub-basins with different hydrogeological and land use characteristics. In this analysis, I investigate how sub-basin characteristics, including elevation, intensity of water demands, and apparent intensity of groundwater interactions, contribute to hydrologic sensitivity, to climate and land use change response, and to water scarcity. Across the entire SRB, water demand exerts the strongest influence on basin sensitivity to water scarcity, regardless of hydrogeology, with the highest demand located in the lower reaches dominated by agricultural and urban land uses. Results highlight how seasonal runoff responses to climate and land use change vary across sub-basins with differences in hydrogeology, land use, and elevation. In Chapter 3, I investigate the impact and importance of climate-related uncertainties and hydrologic variability on reliability and sensitivity of current reservoir operations for meeting water resources objectives. I assess whether and how projected future changes in the timing and quantity of water resources affect the reliability of reservoir systems to meet flood management, spring and summer environmental flows, and hydropower generation objectives. I evaluate which sub-basin and reservoir operations are more sensitive to hydrologic variability, and the sensitivity of different elements of reservoir operations to climate variability. Despite projected increases in winter flows and decreases in summer flows, results suggested little evidence of a response in reservoir operation performance to a warming climate, with the exception of summer flow targets in the SSB. Independent of climate impacts, historical prioritization of reservoir operations appeared to impact reliability, suggesting areas where operation performance may be improved. Results also highlighted how hydrologic uncertainty is likely to complicate planning for climate change in basins with substantial groundwater interactions. In Chapter 4, I apply a bottom-up approach to identify reservoir system sensitivities and vulnerabilities to changes in operations considering hydrologic variability and uncertainty. I compare historical reservoir reliability to projected future reliability to evaluate how well climate information can capture historical conditions that determine when the system is in a vulnerable state, and evaluate the effectiveness of implementing variable rule curves to current reservoir operations. Results highlight the poor fit between coupled GCM and hydrologic models and historical summer streamflows in this basin. Results illustrate how increases in air temperature appear to reduce the reliability of meeting summer flow targets, but have negligible impacts on reservoir refilling and flooding. Variable rule curves appear to mitigate the impact of atmospheric warming on summer target reliability to some extent, without compromising flood risk. Across the two hydrogeologic settings, results indicate that the mixed groundwater-surface water basin has higher sensitivity to changes in climate and reservoir operations than the basin with streamflows derived primarily from surface water. The studies presented herein provide useful information about the causes (e.g. climate change, land use change, water demands) and degree of future changes in the performance of hydrosystem, as well as the potential benefits of changes in reservoir operations. The results highlight several important conclusions. First, in addition to hydrogeology and elevation, considering water demands is a key mechanism needed to translate the analysis of atmospheric warming on low flows into the impacts on people. Second, the impact of climate variability on reservoir reliability was only evident for summer low flow targets. However, implementing variable rule curves to current reservoir operations appears to be an effective strategy to reduce the impact of atmospheric warming on summer target reliability, without increasing the risk of flooding. Finally, higher sensitivity to changes in climate and reservoir operations were projected for the mixed groundwater-surface water basin than the basin sourced primarily from surface water. Though, higher uncertainty is related with the basin with substantial groundwater interactions complicating the planning for climate change because water resources may be less predictable at these locations. While the results from this study are specific to the Santiam River Basin in Oregon, USA, the analyses and general findings regarding governing mechanisms for vulnerability to climate and land use change will be relevant to hydrosystems with similar hydrogeologic characteristics around the world.