Download or read book Simulating the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis and Policy Responses on Children in West and Central Africa written by John Cockburn and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The current global financial and economic crisis, which exacerbates the impacts of the energy and food crises that immediately preceded it, has spread to the developing countries endangering recent gains in terms of economic growth and poverty reduction. The effects of the crisis are likely to vary substantially between countries and between individuals within the same country. Children are among the most vulnerable population, particularly in a period of crisis. Especially in least developed countries, where social safety nets programs are missing or poorly performing and public fiscal space is extremely limited, households with few economic opportunities are at a higher risk of falling into (monetary) poverty, suffering from hunger, removing children from school and into work, and losing access to health services. This study simulates the impacts of the global economic crisis and alternative policy responses on different dimensions of child welfare in Western and Central Africa (WCA) over the period 2009-2011. It is based on country studies for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, and Ghana, which broadly represent the diversity of economic conditions in WCA countries. In order to capture the complex macro-economic effects of the crisis and the various policy responses - on trade, investment, remittances, aid flows, goods and factor markets - and to then trace their consequences in terms of child welfare - monetary poverty, hunger (caloric poverty), school participation, child labour, and access to health services - a combination of macro - and micro-analysis was adopted. The simulations suggest that the strongest effects are registered in terms of monetary poverty and hunger, although large differences between countries emerge. More moderate impacts are predicted in terms of school participation, child labour, and access to health care, although these are still significant and require urgent policy responses. Specifically, Ghana is the country where children are predicted to suffer the most in terms of monetary poverty and hunger, while Burkina Faso is where the largest deterioration's in schooling, child labour and access to health services are simulated. Among the policy responses examined to counteract the negative effects of the crisis on child well-being, a targeted cash transfer to predicted poor children is by far the most effective program. A comparison between a universal and targeted approach is also presented.

Download or read book Simulating the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis and Policy written by John Cockburn and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Simulation of the Effects of the Economic Crisis and Response Policies on Children in West and Central Africa written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Knowing When You Do Not Know written by Ambar Narayan and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-01-12 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economists have long sought to predict how macroeconomic shocks will affect individual welfare. Macroeconomic data and forecasts are easily available when crises strike. But policy action requires not only understanding the magnitude of a macro shock, but also identifying which households or individuals are being hurt by (or benefit from) the crisis. A popular solution is to extrapolate the welfare impact of a shock from the historical response of income or consumption poverty to changes in output, by estimating an 'elasticity' of poverty to growth. Although this method provides an estimate for the aggregate poverty impact of a macro shock, it has limited value for analysts and policymakers alike. Aggregate numbers are useful to capture the attention of policymakers and the international community, but in the absence of any information on who is affected and to what extent, provide little guidance on what actions need to be taken. This volume outlines a more comprehensive approach to the problem, showcasing a microsimulation model, developed in response to demand from World Bank staff working in countries and country governments in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2008-09. Starting with the idea of using simple macroeconomic projections as the 'macro linkages' to a micro behavioral model built from household data, the model was conceptualized, refined and tested in a diverse mix of countries: Bangladesh, Philippines, Mexico, Poland and Mongolia. The results fed into country policy dialogue and lending operations of Bank teams, as well as various reports, research papers and briefs.

Download or read book The Socio Economic Impacts of Crisis on Children and Youths in Africa written by Prince O. Amadichukwu and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Paper discusses the economic impacts of youths and children in developing continent like Africa which has had protracted and deep-rooted economic crisis that has had a profoundly negative impacts on youths and children mostly young people growing up in the midst of this crisis. It is motivated by a concern about the effects of past and contemporary financial crisis on children and youths, who are often particularly vulnerable when crises strike. As yet it is too early to appreciate these impacts in full hence we focus here on shocks or crisis episodes in the recent past in most Africa countries alongside an assessment of contemporary crisis impacts from available sources. The paper examines the transmission mechanisms of shocks from the broader macro economy, through meso-level channels (such as unemployment, reduced public services and credit) to impacts at the household level and specifically on children's and youth rights. Whilst none of the country cases are the same but they can be similarly comparable with the most current crisis, in view of this, substantial amount of lessons can be learnt from previous crises, the impacts of which were often as significant in the selected cases countries affects as those anticipated to result from today's crisis mainly children and youths, both immediately and in the longer term. Using a general conceptual framework, nuanced to examine the effects of different types of crises in different countries, the significant effects at the meso level, including large increases in unemployment characterised by important gender and age dimensions, public service cuts - themselves varying in effect according to strategic policy choices concerning social sector composition and pre-existing social and economic conditions - and reduced access to credit and declining social capital. Children and youth rights are compromised as it effect are mediated through households coping with reduced consumption capacity, changed gender relations related to a shifting locus of financial responsibility, increased stress levels and resulting increases in domestic tension and violence and reduced mental health, as well as reduced time and capacity for protection, nurture and care. These effects, compounded by governments' reduced fiscal capacity can have moderate to severe impacts on children and youth in these countries but policy responses can mitigate these effects, in particular strategic uses of aid, social protection sensitive to age and gender, policy choices which protect investments in basic and social services and a new sharper policy focus on issues of nurture, care and protection. This paper aims at assessing the impacts of the 2008/9 global financial and economic crisis on children and youths in Nigeria. Especially, it focuses on the analysis of the multidimensional poverty of children and youths and also appraises the potential effects of consecutive policy responses. Four primary transmission channels through which the crisis has most likely shocked the Nigeria economy are considered: trade (fall in international demand and/or prices of agricultural products like cassava, maize, palm oil, wood, aluminium and other mining products, rubber, etc.), foreign direct investments, remittances, and foreign aid. The methodological approach used is a top-down/bottom-up framework, which encompasses a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model on the one hand, and a micro simulation module on the other hand. The CGE model is used to simulate the various scenarios of external shocks or policy responses, considering the production sectors and agents interacting within the economy, as well as the labour market structure. Simulation results generated by the CGE model (mainly the changes in prices, consumptions and incomes) are then used within the micro simulation module in order to assess the poverty impacts of scenarios on households and children. Monetary poverty and caloric poverty impacts on children are measured using a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System, while impacts on school participation of children, child labour, and on children access to health care are appraised through bi-variate Probit econometric regression within the same micro simulation module. This study aims at assessing the impacts of the 2008/9 global financial and economic crisis on children in Nigeria. Especially, it focuses on the analysis of the multidimensional poverty of children and also appraises the potential effects of consecutive policy responses. Four primary transmission channels through which the crisis has most likely shocked Nigeria economy are considered: trade (fall in international demand and/or prices of coffee, banana, cotton, wood, aluminium and other mining products, rubber, etc.), foreign direct investments, remittances, and foreign aid. In order to assess the methodological approach used through a top-down/bottom-up framework, which encompasses a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model on the one hand, and a micro simulation module on the other hand. The CGE model is used to simulate the various scenarios of external shocks or policy responses, considering the production sectors and agents interacting within the economy, as well as the labour market structure. Simulation results generated by the CGE model (mainly the changes in prices, consumptions and incomes) are then used within the micro simulation module in order to assess the poverty impacts of scenarios on youths and children. The given results show that, the crisis engenders increase of the number of poor youths and children annually as Foreign aid transferred is revealed here to be the most efficient of the youth and children-sensitive policy responses. Finally, the paper it examines Nigeria's experience in the implementation of the policy recommendations to contain the crises, and emphasizes the socio-economic impact and cost of the adjustment policies and programmes on the youth and children group in Nigeria. Actions taken to mitigate the social cost and lessons from Nigeria's experience relevant will be prospects for future challenges.

Download or read book The Global Economic Crisis and Impacts on Children and Caregivers written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Impacts of the Global Economic Crisis on Child Poverty and Options for a Policy Response in Cameroon written by Christian Arnault Emini and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study aims to evalua ...

Download or read book Children of Austerity written by Bea Cantillon and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2008 financial crisis triggered the worst global recession since the Great Depression. Many OECD countries responded to the crisis by reducing social spending. Through 11 diverse country case studies (Belgium, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States), this volume describes the evolution of child poverty and material well-being during the crisis, and links these outcomes with the responses by governments. The analysis underlines that countries with fragmented social protection systems were less able to protect the incomes of households with children at the time when unemployment soared. In contrast, countries with more comprehensive social protection cushioned the impact of the crisis on households with children, especially if they had implemented fiscal stimulus packages at the onset of the crisis. Although the macroeconomic 'shock' itself and the starting positions differed greatly across countries, while the responses by governments covered a very wide range of policy levers and varied with their circumstances, cuts in social spending and tax increases often played a major role in the impact that the crisis had on the living standards of families and children.

Download or read book Policy responses to the global economic crisis in Africa written by Augustin Kwasi Fosu and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Children of the Recession written by United Nations Publications and published by UN. This book was released on 2014 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The data and observations in this Innocenti Report Card reveal a strong and multifaceted correlation between the impact of the Great Recession on national economies and a decline in children's well-being since 2008. Children are suffering most, and will bear the consequences longest, in countries where the recession has hit hardest. For each country, the extent and character of the crisis's impact on children has been shaped by the depth of the recession, pre-existing economic conditions, the strength of the social safety net and, most importantly, policy responses. Remarkably, amid this unprecedented social crisis, many countries have managed to limit - or even reduce - child poverty. It was by no means inevitable, then, that children would be the most enduring victims of the recession.

Download or read book Children in Crisis written by Caroline Harper and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2012-05-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts from the global North and South analyze the implications of economic crises on children, with a particular focus on the emerging evidence from the recent global economic crisis and food and fuel price volatility of 2008-2010. They point out key policy responses deployed by governments and international agencies.

Download or read book Children and Youth in Crisis written by Mattias Lundberg and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-06-29 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The successful development of children and young people requires that we protect and nurture a set of interrelated physiological, cognitive, and socio-emotional systems. What happens to these systems in early life can have long-term consequences and can even carry over to the next generation. The impact of economic crises on human development is similarly complex and heterogeneous. Some families and some young people display astonishing resilience – either by being comparatively unscathed by crises or by their ability to recover quickly and healthily. Other families and individuals may be unable to prevent exposure, unable to protect themselves, or may not have the same capacity to adapt positively when exposed to a crisis, with potentially serious long-term consequences for healthy development. Human development lies at the intersections of neurology and sociology, genetics and psychology, biology and economics; and this volume approaches the study of shocks and human development from a variety of disciplinary perspectives: economics, sociology, anthropology, and social and developmental psychology. This volume describes the impact of aggregate shocks on human development, and the subtle and intricate settings and pathways through which individuals can be affected. Depending on the timing, duration, transmission mechanisms, and context, the consequences for children's physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development may be costly and irreversible. Fortunately, although children suffer in adversity, they can also benefit positively when exposed to enriching environments. We need to develop and implement effective interventions to prevent the worst consequences of exposure to shocks, and to assist families and young people to recover. This volume explores what we know about protecting young people from lasting harm and promoting healthy development through a crisis. This volume is intended for policymakers, civil society, and others engaged in promoting and protecting human development and in designing and implementing safety nets during crisis. This is a novel approach as it incorporates the experiences from such diverse disciplines to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions that define human development.

Download or read book Global Trends 2040 written by National Intelligence Council and published by Cosimo Reports. This book was released on 2021-03 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come." -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading.

Download or read book The State of the Global Education Crisis written by UNESCO and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-09 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The global disruption to education caused by the COVD-19 pandemic is without parallel and the effects on learning are severe. The crisis brought education systems across the world to a halt, with school closures affecting more than 1.6 billion learners. While nearly every country in the world offered remote learning opportunities for students, the quality and reach of such initiatives varied greatly and were at best partial substitutes for in-person learning. Now, 21 months later, schools remain closed for millions of children and youth, and millions more are at risk of never returning to education. Evidence of the detrimental impacts of school closures on children's learning offer a harrowing reality: learning losses are substantial, with the most marginalized children and youth often disproportionately affected. Countries have an opportunity to accelerate learning recovery and make schools more efficient, equitable, and resilient by building on investments made and lessons learned during the crisis. Now is the time to shift from crisis to recovery - and beyond recovery, to resilient and transformative education systems that truly deliver learning and well-being for all children and youth."--The World Bank website.

Download or read book Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Asia written by John Cockburn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-05 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public spending on infrastructure plays an important role in promoting economic growth and poverty alleviation. Empirical studies unequivocally show that under-investment in infrastructure limit economic growth. At the same time, numerous other studies have shown that investment in infrastructure can be a highly effective tool in fighting poverty reduction1. In that context, the financing of infrastructure has been a critical element of most economic growth and poverty reduction strategies in developing countries, since the start of this millennium. This book provides a comparative analysis of the aggregate and sectoral implications of higher spending on infrastructure in three very different Asian countries: China, Pakistan, and the Philippines. Particular attention is paid to the role of alternative financing mechanisms for increasing public infrastructure investment, namely distortionary and non-distortionary means of financing. The book will be of interest to scholars and policy-makers concerned with economic growth in developing countries.

Download or read book A Recovery for All written by Isabel Ortiz and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's financial and economic crisis has taken a toll on children and poor households. High food and commodity prices, unemployment and austerity measures have aggravated persistent inequalities and contributed to a substantial rise in hunger and social tensions. Now, more than ever, investments for the world's poor are needed to recover lost ground in pursuit of development objectives. People everywhere are demanding change. This book describes the social impacts of the crisis, policy responses to date and United Nations alternative proposals for 'A Recovery for All.' With a foreword by Sir Richard Jolly.

Download or read book The Impact of World Recession on Children written by UNICEF. and published by Pergamon. This book was released on 1984 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: