Download or read book Signaling Pathways Involved in Mechanical Stimulation and ECM Geometry in Bone Cells written by Chang Jiang and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts are influenced by mechanical and geometrical growth environments. A specific aim of my thesis was the elucidation of signaling pathways involved in mechanical stimulation and geometric alterations of the extracellular matrix (ECM). A pair of questions addressed herein was (a) Does mechanical stimulation modulate translational regulation through the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2a (eIF2a)? (b) Do geometric alterations affect the phosphorylation patterns of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling? My hypothesis was mechanical stress enhances the proliferation and survival of osteoblasts through the reduction in phosphorylation of eIF2a, while 3-dimensional (3D) ECM stimulates differentiation of osteoblasts through the elevation of phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. First, mechanical stimulation reduced the phosphorylation of eIF2a. Furthermore, flow pre-treatment reduced thapsigargin-induced cell mortality through suppression of phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (Perk). However, H2O2-driven cell mortality, which is not mediated by Perk, was not suppressed by mechanical stimulation. Second, in the ECM geometry study, the expression of the active (phosphorylated) form of p130Cas, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) was reduced in cells grown in the 3D matrix. Conversely, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was elevated in the 3D matrix and its up-regulation was linked to an increase in mRNA levels of dentin matrix protein 1 and bone sialoprotein. In summary, our observations suggest the pro-survival role of mechanical stimulation and the modulation of osteoblastic fates by ECM geometry.
Download or read book Mechanisms of Mechano Transduction Within Osteoblasts written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanical stimulation is crucial to the homeostasis of adult bone density and mass. The hypothesis of this proposal was that bone cells sense their mechanical environment through specific extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (integrins) that are the ligands for these receptors. These studies focused on osteoblasts and the activation of specific integrin isotypes in response to adhesion and/or mechanical stimulation. The signal transductions system(s) responsible for mediating osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and fibronectin gene expression in response to mechanical stimulation were examined as well as cellular response to variants in frequency, intensity, or duration of the mechanical stimuli. Both mechanical stimulation and cell adhesion specifically stimulated the expression of integrin binding proteins, yet while there are common features in the signal transduction processes, each gene was separately induced by unique mechanisms. Our data illustrate that the induction of intracellular kinase activities are related more to the specific nature of the ligand's interactions with its receptor and less with the process of cellular adhesion alone. They further demonstrate that osteoblast adhesion to different integrin ligands selectively mediates osteopontin gene expression. These data were the foundation for two new in vivo models to further define the role of mechanical stimulation on bone growth and healing.
Download or read book Bone Tissue Engineering written by Jeffrey O. Hollinger and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-10-14 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on bone biology, Bone Tissue Engineering integrates basic sciences with tissue engineering. It includes contributions from world-renowned researchers and clinicians who discuss key topics such as different models and approaches to bone tissue engineering, as well as exciting clinical applications for patients. Divided into four sections, t
Download or read book Lehrstimmen written by and published by . This book was released on 1824 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Intercellular Communication Between Bone Cells Induced by Mechanical Stimulation written by Shu Xing and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Mechanical loading is crucial in modulating the physiology and architecture of bone. Previous experiments indicated intercellular communication among osteoblasts upon mechanical stimulation, suggesting the involvement of a soluble signal mediator. Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as signaling molecules in many cell regulation processes, therefore appears to be a prone candidate. ATP acts on osteoblasts through multiple P2 receptors. To provide insights on the roles of individual receptors, we modeled ATP concentration dependence for different P2 receptors. Next, the process of ATP degradation and the diffusion of ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) are modeled. To confirm the predictions of the model, we initiated experiments to measure ATP release from mechanically stimulated osteoblasts. Firefly luciferase assay successfully measures ATP using a luminometer and a charge coupled device (CCD) camera. Local indentation with a AFM cantilever is applied to mechanically stimulate an osteoblast. Preliminary results on real time imaging of ATP release from osteoblasts are reported." --
Download or read book Signaling Mechanisms that Suppress the Anabolic Response of Osteoblasts and Osteocytes to Fluid Shear Stress written by Julia M. Hum and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bone is a dynamic organ that responds to its external environment. Cell signaling cascades are initiated within bone cells when changes in mechanical loading occur. To describe these molecular signaling networks that sense a mechanical signal and convert it into a transcriptional response, we proposed the mechanosome model. "GO" and "STOP" mechansomes contain an adhesion-associated protein and a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling transcription factor. "GO" mechanosomes functions to promote the anabolic response of bone to mechanical loading, while "STOP" mechanosomes function to suppress the anabolic response of bone to mechanical loading. While much work has been done to describe the molecular mechanisms that enhance the anabolic response of bone to loading, less is known about the signaling mechanisms that suppress bone's response to loading. We studied two adhesion-associated proteins, Src and Pyk2, which may function as "STOP" mechanosomes. Src kinase is involved in a number of signaling pathways that respond to changes in external loads on bone. An inhibition of Src causes an increase in the expression of the anabolic bone gene osteocalcin. Additionally, mechanical stimulation of osteoblasts and osteocytes by fluid shear stress further enhanced expression of osteocalcin when Src activity was inhibited. Importantly, fluid shear stress stimulated an increase in nuclear Src activation and activity. The mechanism by which Src participates in attenuating anabolic gene transcription remains unknown. The studies described here suggest Src and Pyk2 increase their association in response to fluid shear stress. Pyk2, a protein-tyrosine kinase, exhibits nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, increased association with methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MBD2), and suppression of osteopontin expression in response to fluid shear stress. MBD2, known to be involved in DNA methylation and interpretation of DNA methylation patterns, may aid in fluid shear stress-induced suppression of anabolic bone genes. We conclude that both Src and Pyk2 play a role in regulating bone mass, possibly through a complex with MBD2, and function to limit the anabolic response of bone cells to fluid shear stress through the suppression of anabolic bone gene expression. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that "STOP" mechanosomes exist and their activity is simulated in response to fluid shear stress.
Download or read book Genetics of Bone Biology and Skeletal Disease written by Rajesh V. Thakker and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-10-31 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genetics of Bone Biology and Skeletal Disease, Second Edition, is aimed at students of bone biology and genetics and includes general introductory chapters on bone biology and genetics. More specific disease orientated chapters comprehensively summarize the clinical, genetic, molecular, animal model, molecular pathology, diagnostic, counseling, and treatment aspects of each disorder. The book is organized into five sections that each emphasize a particular theme, general background to bone biology, general background to genetics and epigenetics, disorders of bone and joint, parathyroid and related disorders, and vitamin D and renal disorders. The first section is specifically devoted to providing an overview of bone biology and structure, joint and cartilage biology, principles of endocrine regulation of bone, and the role of neuronal regulation and energy homeostasis. The second section reviews the principles and progress of medical genetics and epigenetics related to bone disease, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genomic profiling, copy number variation, prospects of gene therapy, pharmacogenomics, genetic testing and counseling, as well as the generation and utilizing of mouse models. The third section details advances in the genetics and molecular biology of bone and joint diseases, both monogenic and polygenic, as well as skeletal dysplasias, and rarer bone disorders. The fourth section highlights the central role of the parathyroids in calcium and skeletal homeostasis by reviewing the molecular genetics of: hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyrodism, endocrine neoplasias, and disorders of the PTH and calcium-sensing receptors. The fifth section details molecular and cellular advances across associated renal disorders such as vitamin D and rickets. - Identifies and analyzes the genetic basis of bone disorders in humans and demonstrates the utility of mouse models in furthering the knowledge of mechanisms and evaluation of treatments - Demonstrates how the interactions between bone and joint biology, physiology, and genetics have greatly enhanced the understanding of normal bone function as well as the molecular pathogenesis of metabolic bone disorders - Summarizes the clinical, genetic, molecular, animal model, molecular pathology, diagnostic, counseling, and treatment aspects of each disorder
Download or read book Basic and Applied Bone Biology written by David B. Burr and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-06-11 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of skeletal biology from the molecular level to the organ level, including cellular control, interaction and response; adaptive responses to various external stimuli; the interaction of the skeletal system with other metabolic processes in the body; and the effect of various disease processes on the skeleton. The book also includes chapters that address how the skeleton can be evaluated through the use of various imaging technologies, biomechanical testing, histomorphometric analysis, and the use of genetically modified animal models. - Presents an in-depth overview of skeletal biology from the molecular to the organ level - Offers "refresher" level content for clinicians or researchers outside their areas of expertise - Boasts editors and many chapter authors from Indiana and Purdue Universities, two of the broadest and deepest programs in skeletal biology in the US; other chapter authors include clinician scientists from pharmaceutical companies that apply the basics of bone biology
Download or read book Musculoskeletal Research and Basic Science written by Feza Korkusuz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-26 with total page 773 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strong roots in basic science and research enhance clinical practice. This book is a rich source of information for basic scientists and translational researchers who focus on musculoskeletal tissues and for orthopedic and trauma surgeons seeking relevant up-to-date information on molecular biology and the mechanics of musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. The book opens by discussing biomaterials and biomechanics, with detailed attention to the biologic response to implants and biomaterials and to the surface modification of implants, an important emerging research field. Finite element analysis, mechanical testing standards and gait analysis are covered. All these chapters are strongly connected to clinical applications. After a section on imaging techniques, musculoskeletal tissues and their functions are addressed, the coverage including, for example, stem cells, molecules important for growth and repair, regeneration of cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and peripheral nerves, and the genetic basis of orthopedic diseases. State-of-the-art applications such as platellet rich plasma were included. Imaging is a daily practice of scientists and medical doctors. Recent advancements in ultrasonography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance, bone mineral density measurements using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and scintigraphy was covered following conventional radiography basics. Further extensive sections are devoted to pathology, oncogenesis and tumors, and pharmacology. Structure is always related with function. Surgical anatomy was therefore covered extensively in the last section.
Download or read book Extracellular Matrix in Development written by Douglas W. DeSimone and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-15 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cells in the developing embryo depend on signals from the extracellular environment to help guide their differentiation. An important mediator in this process is the extracellular matrix – secreted macromolecules that interact to form large protein networks outside the cell. During development, the extracellular matrix serves to separate adjacent cell groups, participates in establishing morphogenic gradients, and, through its ability to interact directly will cell-surface receptors, provides developmental clocks and positional information. This volume discusses how the extracellular matrix influences fundamental developmental processes and how model systems can be used to elucidate ECM function. The topics addressed range from how ECM influences early development as well as repair processes in the adult that recapitulate developmental pathways.
Download or read book Extracellular and Intracellular Signaling written by James D. Adams and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2011 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intracellular cell signaling is a well understood process. However, extracellular signals such as hormones, adipokines, cytokines and neurotransmitters are just as important but have been largely ignored in other works. Aimed at medical professionals and pharmaceutical specialists, this book integrates extracellular and intracellular signalling processes and offers a fresh perspective on new drug targets.
Download or read book Mimicking the Extracellular Matrix written by Gregory H. Hudalla and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015-11-18 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mimicking the Extracellular Matrix approaches this topic from both basic science and practical engineering perspectives. Suitable for undergraduates, postgraduates, and academics, this text aims to unify the current knowledge of ECM biology and matrix-mimicking biomaterials.
Download or read book Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration written by Alessandro Rozim Zorzi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-08-31 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration is a book that brings together over 15 chapters, written by leading practitioners and researchers, of the latest advances in the area, including surgical techniques, new discoveries, and promising methods involving biomaterials and tissue engineering. This book is intended for all who work in the treatment of disorders involving problems with the regeneration of bone tissue, are doctors or dentists, as well as are researchers and teachers involved in this exciting field of scientific knowledge.
Download or read book Bone Research Protocols written by Miep H. Helfrich and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-01 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last decade has seen a tremendous advance in our understanding of bone biology. The genes responsible for the majority of rare inherited bone disorders have been identified and much progress has been made in the identification of genes in polygenic disorders such as Paget’s disease and complex multigene diseases such as osteoporosis. Transgenic technology has identified further genes, sometimes unexpectedly, with profound effects on bone. This wealth of new genetic information will undoubtedly lead to extensive cell biological studies to understand the mechanisms by which these gene products affect bone mass and bone strength. In Bone Research Protocols a catalogue of protocols has been assembled to perform such mechanistic studies. In the tradition of the Methods in Molecular Medicine series, the chapters are practical laboratory protocols that should enable the reader to carry out the techniques from scratch. To our knowledge this is the first time such a truly practical manual on well-established bone methods has been assembled, and this volume aims to be complementary to and follow on from the more theoretical Methods in Bone Biology, edited by Arnett and Henderson (1).
Download or read book Biological Soft Matter written by Corinne Nardin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-06 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological Soft Matter Explore a comprehensive, one-stop reference on biological soft matter written and edited by leading voices in the field Biological Soft Matter: Fundamentals, Properties and Applications delivers a unique and indispensable compilation of up-to-date knowledge and material on biological soft matter. The book presents a thorough overview about biological soft matter, beginning with different substance classes, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. It goes on to describe a variety of superstructures and aggregated and how they are formed by self-assembly processes like protein folding or crystallization. The distinguished editors have included materials with a special emphasis on macromolecular assembly, including how it applies to lipid membranes, and proteins fibrillization. Biological Soft Matter is a crucial resource for anyone working in the field, compiling information about all important substance classes and their respective roles in forming superstructures. The book is ideal for beginners and experts alike and makes the perfect guide for chemists, physicists, and life scientists with an interest in the area. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: An introduction to DNA nano-engineering and DNA-driven nanoparticle assembly Explorations of polysaccharides and glycoproteins, engineered biopolymers, and engineered hydrogels Discussions of macromolecular assemblies, including liquid membranes and small molecule inhibitors for amyloid aggregation A treatment of inorganic nanomaterials as promoters and inhibitors of amyloid fibril formation An examination of a wide variety of natural and artificial polymers Perfect for materials scientists, biochemists, polymer chemists, and protein chemists, Biological Soft Matter: Fundamentals, Properties and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of biophysicists and physical chemists seeking a one-stop reference summarizing the rapidly evolving topic of biological soft matter.
Download or read book Cell Engineering and Regeneration written by Heinz Redl and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This reference work presents the origins of cells for tissue engineering and regeneration, including primary cells, tissue-specific stem cells, pluripotent stem cells and trans-differentiated or reprogrammed cells. There is particular emphasis on current understanding of tissue regeneration based on embryology and evolution studies, including mechanisms of amphibian regeneration. The book covers the use of autologous versus allogeneic cell sources, as well as various procedures used for cell isolation and cell pre-conditioning , such as cell sorting, biochemical and biophysical pre-conditioning, transfection and aggregation. It also presents cell modulation using growth factors, molecular factors, epigenetic approaches, changes in biophysical environment, cellular co-culture and other elements of the cellular microenvironment. The pathways of cell delivery are discussed with respect to specific clinical situations, including delivery of ex vivo manipulated cells via local and systemic routes, as well as activation and migration of endogenous reservoirs of reparative cells. The volume concludes with an in-depth discussion of the tracking of cells in vivo and their various regenerative activities inside the body, including differentiation, new tissue formation and actions on other cells by direct cell-to-cell communication and by secretion of biomolecules.
Download or read book Decellularized Extracellular Matrix written by Takashi Hoshiba and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-12-05 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using this book, the reader will gain a good foundation to the field complemented with a broad overview of characterisation, microfabrication and applications.
