Download or read book Shock Sensitivity of IHE at Elevated Temperatures written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insensitive high explosives (IHE's) based on triamino-trinitrobenzene (TATB) have been demonstrated to be very insensitive to shock, thermal, friction and other stimuli. Hazard scenarios can involve more than one stimulus, such as heating followed by fragment impact (shock). The shock sensitivity of the IHE's LX-17 and PBX-9502 preheated to a temperature (250°C) just below thermal runaway is quantitatively studied using embedded manganin pressure gauges. The thermal expansion of TATB to 250°C is measured to determine the state of the explosive prior to shock initiation. LX-17 and PBX-9502 are found to be significantly more sensitive at 250°C than at lower temperatures, but still less sensitive than ambient temperature HMX-based explosives. An ignition and growth reactive flow computer model of the shock initiation of hot IHE is developed to allow predictions of the response of hot IHE to impact scenarios which can not be tested directly.
Download or read book Increased Shock Sensitivity of the Insensitive Explosive LX 17 at High Temperatures written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explosive formulations based on TATB (1.3.5-trichloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene) have proven to be remarkably insensitive to shock and thermal stimuli. However, hazards to an insensitive high explosive (IHE) charge do not always confine themselves to a single stimulus. In the study reported here, we have investigated the response of the LLNL explosive LX-17 (92.5%/7.5% TATB/Kel-F 800) to shock when the explosive is at an elevated temperature. The motivation for the work was to learn the extent to which the shock initiation threshold and critical initiation area of LX-17 are lowered by exposure to elevated temperature.
Download or read book Shock Compression of Condensed Matter 2003 written by Michael D. Furnish and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two volumes contain 350 papers presented at the 13th Biennial International Conference of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter (Portland, Oregon, July 2003). One of the three plenary lectures was given by James Asay (Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State U., Pullman, Washington) on wave structure studies in condensed matter physics. The papers in v.1 address nonenergetic materials; energetic materials; phase transitions; the modeling, simulation, theory, and molecular dynamics modeling of nonreactive and reactive materials; spall, fracture, and fragmentation; constitutive and microstructural properties of metals; mechanical properties of polymers and composites; and mechanical properties of ceramics, glasses, ionic solids, and liquids. The largest number of papers in v.2 are under the headings mechanical properties of reactive materials; detonation and burn phenomena; explosive and initiation studies; experimental techniques; and geophysics, structures, and medical applications. The contributors represent 14 countries, where they work in state and private industry and academic settings. Indexed by both author and subject. Annotation :2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).
Download or read book A Literature Review of Shock Sensitivity Changes of TATB Due to Thermal Cycling written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insensitive high explosives (IHEs) based on 1,3,5-triamino 2,4,6-trinitro-benzene (TATB) are the IHEs of choice for use in nuclear warheads over conventional high explosives when safety is the only consideration, because they are very insensitive to thermal or mechanical initiation stimuli. It is this inherent insensitivity to high temperatures, shock, and impact, which provides detonation design challenges when designing TATB explosive systems while at the same time providing a significant level of protection against accidental initiation. Although classified as IHE, over the past few years the focus on explosive safety has demonstrated that the shock sensitivity of TATB is influenced with respect to temperature. A number of studies have been performed on TATB and TATB formulations, plastic bonded explosives (PBX) 9502, and LX-17-01 (LX-17), which demonstrates the increase in shock sensitivity of the explosive after it has been preheated or thermally cycled over various temperature ranges. Many studies suggest the change in sensitivity is partly due to the decomposition rates of the temperature elevated TATB. Others point to the coefficient of thermal expansion, the crystalline structures of TATB and/or the combination of all factors, which create voids which can become active hot spots. During thermal cycling, TATB is known to undergo an irreversible increase in specific volume called ratchet growth. This increase in specific volume correlates to a decrease in density. This decrease in density and increase in volume, demonstrate the creations of additional void spaces which could serve as potential new initiation hot spots thus, increasing the overall sensitivity of the HE. This literature review evaluates the published works to understand why the shock sensitivity of TATB-based plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) changes with temperature.
Download or read book Energetic Materials written by Ulrich Teipel and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 2005 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incorporation of particular components with specialized properties allows one to tailor the end product's properties. For instance, the sensitivity, burning behavior, thermal or mechanical properties or stability of energetic materials can be affected and even controllably varied through incorporation of such ingredients. This book examines particle technologies as applied to energetic materials such as propellants and explosives, thus filling a void in the literature on this subject. Following an introduction covering general features of energetic materials, the first section of this book describes methods of manufacturing particulate energetic materials, including size reduction, crystallization, atomization, particle formation using supercritical fluids and microencapsulation, agglomeration phenomena, special considerations in mixing explosive particles and the production of nanoparticles. The second section discusses the characterization of particulate materials. Techniques and methods such as particle size analysis, morphology elucidation and the determination of chemical and thermal properties are presented. The wettability of powders and rheological behavior of suspensions and solids are also considered. Furthermore, methods of determining the performance of particular energetic materials are described. Each chapter deals with fundamentals and application possibilities of the various methods presented, with particular emphasis on issues applicable to particulate energetic materials. The book is thus equally relevant for chemists, physicists, material scientists, chemical and mechanical engineers and anyone interested or engaged in particle processing and characterization technologies.
Download or read book High Temperature Phenomena in Shock Waves written by Raymond Brun and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-24 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The high temperatures generated in gases by shock waves give rise to physical and chemical phenomena such as molecular vibrational excitation, dissociation, ionization, chemical reactions and inherently related radiation. In continuum regime, these processes start from the wave front, so that generally the gaseous media behind shock waves may be in a thermodynamic and chemical non-equilibrium state. This book presents the state of knowledge of these phenomena. Thus, the thermodynamic properties of high temperature gases, including the plasma state are described, as well as the kinetics of the various chemical phenomena cited above. Numerous results of measurement and computation of vibrational relaxation times, dissociation and reaction rate constants are given, and various ionization and radiative mechanisms and processes are presented. The coupling between these different phenomena is taken into account as well as their interaction with the flow-field. Particular points such as the case of rarefied flows and the inside of the shock wave itself are also examined. Examples of specific non-equilibrium flows are given, generally corresponding to those encountered during spatial missions or in shock tube experiments.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Shock Compression of Condensed Matter 1997 written by S. C. Schmidt and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 1058 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Presents 236 papers from the July/August, 1997 conference. Included are sections on equations of state; phase transitions; mechanical properties of reactive and nonreactive materials; material properties and synthesis; optical, electrical, and laser studies; hypervelocity phenomenology; and impact and penetration mechanics. Attention is focused on the strain and failure behavior, the weak impulse initiation, and the safety aspects of explosives. Developments in measurement techniques, particularly those employing fast optical methods, are also discussed. The CD-ROM contains the contents of the text. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book High Energy Materials written by Jai Prakash Agrawal and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-11-20 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authored by an insider with over 40 years of high energy materials (HEMs) experience in academia, industry and defense organizations, this handbook and ready reference covers all important HEMs from the 1950s to the present with their respective properties and intended purposes. Written at an attainable level for professionals, engineers and technicians alike, the book provides a comprehensive view of the current status and suggests further directions for research and development. An introductory chapter on the chemical and thermodynamic basics allows the reader to become acquainted with the fundamental features of explosives, before moving on to the important safety aspects in processing, handling, transportation and storage of high energy materials. With its collation of results and formulation strategies hitherto scattered in the literature, this should be on the shelf of every HEM researcher and developer.
Download or read book Detonator Cable Initiation System Safety Investigation written by J. Osher and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library Vol 5 written by Blaine Asay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-16 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Los Alamos National Laboratory is an incredible place. It was conceived and born amidst the most desperate of circumstances. It attracted some of the most brilliant minds, the most innovative entrepreneurs, and the most c- ative tinkerers of that generation. Out of that milieu emerged physics and engineering that beforehand was either unimagined, or thought to be f- tasy. One of the ?elds essentially invented during those years was the science of precision high explosives. Before 1942, explosives were used in munitions and commercial pursuits that demanded proper chemistry and con?nement for the necessary e?ect, but little else. The needs and requirements of the Manhattan project were of a much more precise and speci?c nature. Spatial and temporal speci?cations were reduced from centimeters and milliseconds to micrometers and nanoseconds. New theory and computational tools were required along with a raft of new experimental techniques and novel ways of interpreting the results. Over the next 40 years, the emphasis was on higher energy in smaller packages, more precise initiation schemes, better and safer formulations, and greater accuracy in forecasting performance. Researchers from many institutions began working in the emerging and expanding ?eld. In the midst of all of the work and progress in precision initiation and scienti?c study, in the early 1960s, papers began to appear detailing the ?rst quantitative studies of the transition from de?agration to detonation (DDT), ?rst in cast, then in pressed explosives, and ?nally in propellants.
Download or read book Shock Compression of Condensed Matter 1995 written by S. C. Schmidt and published by Springer. This book was released on 1996 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on shock compression of condensed matter.
Download or read book Proceedings written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 830 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemistry of Explosives written by Jacqueline Akhavan and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2022-03-07 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This concise, easy-to-read book outlines the basic principles needed to understand the chemical mechanisms of explosion. Written for students with no previous knowledge of explosives but some understanding of chemical reactions in mind, it takes the reader through the history of explosives and introduces the concepts of high explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics. Covering combustion, deflagration, and detonation; ignition, initiation, and thermal decomposition; thermochemistry, thermodynamics and kinetics, the text includes detailed formulations and reactions presented with thermochemical calculations to aid understanding. This edition includes environmental legislation and its impact on explosives, together with a section on safety hazard tests. It also contains the latest developments in synthesis and manufacturing of explosives. Covering all aspects of the properties of explosives, The Chemistry of Explosives is a unique text which introduces difficult subjects in a readable manner. Ideal for A-level students and new graduates with no previous knowledge of explosive materials, it will also be useful to anyone needing succinct information on the subject, such as the more experienced chemist in the explosives sector.
Download or read book Physics of Shock Waves and High temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena written by I︠A︡kov Borisovich Zelʹdovich and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
