Download or read book Shifting Frontiers of Theobroma Cacao written by Samuel Ohikhena Agele and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2024-01-24 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a sacred tree and noble resource from South America. The Mayans and other early civilizations in Central America used cacao beans as tokens, which were subsequently transported to Europe to nurture monarchies and elites. Based on the discovery of cacao’s commercial potential and attributes, new cocoa plantations were established in other parts of the world, including Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. Thus, cocoa has become an important cash crop in Africa, Central and South America, and Asia, where it is a major foreign exchange earner, industrial raw material, support for livelihood, and ecosystem services provision. Based on its global importance, there has been an increased need for the expansion of cultivation to meet the rising demand for cacao beans. Global environmental change, including climate change, variability, and weather extremes, has established new environmental boundaries with implications for area suitability for cocoa production and sustainability. Efforts to unlock the potentials of the established environmental boundaries may be built on the development and adoption of agrotechnological practices and integration of climate resilience for harnessing opportunities and potentials of the new environment, and thus, extension of the frontiers of cacao cultivation to meet the increasing global demand for cocoa beans. This book, “Shifting Frontiers of Theobroma Cacao - Opportunities and Challenges for Production” presents a comprehensive perspective of the interactions of changing environmental conditions, cocoa production, and sustainability. The book illuminates the challenges climate change presents for cocoa production and sustainability. It provides insights into the need for cocoa actors within the cocoa sector to strengthen climate mitigation and resilience building and to come to grips with the realities, magnitude, and inevitable persistence of climate challenges to cocoa production and sustainability.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Geography written by Barney Warf and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2010-09-21 with total page 3560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simply stated, geography studies the locations of things and the explanations that underlie spatial distributions. Profound forces at work throughout the world have made geographical knowledge increasingly important for understanding numerous human dilemmas and our capacities to address them. With more than 1,200 entries, the Encyclopedia of Geography reflects how the growth of geography has propelled a demand for intermediaries between the abstract language of academia and the ordinary language of everyday life. The six volumes of this encyclopedia encapsulate a diverse array of topics to offer a comprehensive and useful summary of the state of the discipline in the early 21st century. Key Features Gives a concise historical sketch of geography's long, rich, and fascinating history, including human geography, physical geography, and GIS Provides succinct summaries of trends such as globalization, environmental destruction, new geospatial technologies, and cyberspace Decomposes geography into the six broad subject areas: physical geography; human geography; nature and society; methods, models, and GIS; history of geography; and geographer biographies, geographic organizations, and important social movements Provides hundreds of color illustrations and images that lend depth and realism to the text Includes a special map section Key Themes Physical Geography Human Geography Nature and Society Methods, Models, and GIS People, Organizations, and Movements History of Geography This encyclopedia strategically reflects the enormous diversity of the discipline, the multiple meanings of space itself, and the diverse views of geographers. It brings together the diversity of geographical knowledge, making it an invaluable resource for any academic library.
Download or read book Theobroma Cacao written by Peter Aikpokpodion and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-11-06 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Almost five million tonnes of cocoa produced annually drives the US$100 billion global chocolate industry. To sustain the industry, cacao planting materials (seeds and clones) have been successfully moved from the Amazon forests in America to the humid tropical forests of Africa, Asia, and Australia. In more than 150 years of commercial cacao cultivation, smallholder farmers that supply the bulk of cocoa beans still face several production constraints that impede their efficiency. Scientific technologies have therefore been deployed to remove these constraints by ensuring a continuous supply of good quality cocoa beans to meet growing global demand. This book provides insight into these scientific advances to address these current and emerging problems and to assure the sustainability of the global cocoa industry.
Download or read book Frontiers of Sulfur Metabolism in Plant Growth Development and Stress Response written by Stanislav Kopriva and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-09-07 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Growing plants have a constitutive demand for sulfur to synthesize proteins, sulfolipids and other essential sulfur containing molecules for growth and development. The uptake and subsequent distribution of sulfate is regulated in response to demand and environmental cues. The importance of sulfate for plant growth and vigor and hence crop yield and nutritional quality for human and animal diets has been clearly recognized. The acquisition of sulfur by plants, however, has become an increasingly important concern for the agriculture due to the decreasing S-emissions from industrial sources and the consequent limitation of inputs from atmospheric deposition. Molecular characterization involving transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in major crops revealed that sulfate uptake, distribution and assimilation are finely regulated depending on sulfur status and demand, and that these regulatory networks are integrated with cell cycle, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, hormonal signaling, uptake and assimilation of other nutrients, etc., to enable plant growth, development, and reproduction even under different biotic and abiotic stresses. This knowledge can be used to underpin approaches to enhance plant growth and nutritional quality of major food crops around the world. Although considerable progress has been made regarding the central role of sulfur metabolism in plant growth, development and stress response, several frontiers need to be explored to reveal the mechanisms of the cross-talk between sulfur metabolism and these processes. In this research topic the knowledge on plant sulfur metabolism is reviewed and updated. Focus is put not only on molecular mechanisms of control of sulfur metabolism but also on its integration with other vital metabolic events. The topic covers 4 major areas of sulfur research: sulfate uptake, assimilation and metabolism, regulation, and role in stress response. We hope that the topic will promote interaction between researchers with different expertise and thus contribute to a more integrative approach to study sulfur metabolism in plants.
Download or read book Theobroma Cacao Or Cocoa written by Herbert Wright and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2022-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Download or read book The Future of Shifting Cultivation in Africa and the Task of Universities written by Arthur Hugh Bunting and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 1984 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sponsored by FAO and the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Download or read book Cocoa Or Theobroma Cacao written by Herbert Wright and published by Daya Books. This book was released on 1999 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essentially A Tropical Cultivation And Comparatively An Old One Cacao Is A Forest Plant, Capable Of Being Cultivated In Association With Other Tree Forms, Especially Those Belonging To The Leguminosae And Numerous Rubber Producing Types. Of Considerable Reference Value To Researchers, Scientists As Well As Growers, This Compendium Of Information On Cacao Spreads Itself From The History And Cultivation Practices To The Control And Management Of The Serious Diseases Of The Cacao Plants. Enriched With Tables Of Scientific Data And A Number Of Illustrations, The Text Describes The Botanical Characteristics Of Cacao Plants, Physical And Chemical Characteristics Of Cacao Soils, Chemistry Of The Cacao Tree, And The Principles And Practices Involved In Plantation, Harvesting, Fermenting Washing And Polishing Of Cacao. Available Information On Cacao Manuring And Yields And Uses Of Cacao Has Also Been Compiled. Contents: Chapter 1: Notes On The History Of Cacao, Chapter 2: Climatic Conditions In Some Cacao-Growing Countries, Chapter 3: The Botanical Characters Of Cacao Plants, Chapter 4: Varieties Of Cacao And Seed Selection, Chapter 5: The Periodicities Of Parts Of The Cacao Tree, Chapter 6: The Cultivation Of Cacao Trees, Chapter 7: Cultivation Of Cacao With Other Products, Chapter 8: General Operations On A Cacao Plantation, Chapter 9: The Harvesting And Fermenting Of Cacao, Chapter 10: Washing, Curing And Polishing Of Cacao, Chapter 11: Physical And Chemical Characters Of Cacao Soils, Chapter 12: The Chemistry Of The Cacao Tree, Chapter 13: Cacao Manures And Manuring, Chapter 14: Yields Of Cacao, Chapter 15: Diseases Of Cacao Plants, Chapter 16: Exports, Imports And Uses Of Cacao.
Download or read book The New Frontier written by Kojo Amanor and published by Zed Books. This book was released on 1994 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rehabilitation of those regions of the Tropics where monocropping has destroyed both local self-sufficiency and biologically rich and stable environments is fundamental to the success of any strategy for sustainable development. Dr Amanor draws on his study to suggest policies based on regeneration of the local economy, diversification of agricultural products and markets, community participation in drawing up environmental agendas and utilization of local farmers' knowledge.
Download or read book Amazonia Agriculture and Land Use Research written by Susanna B. Hecht and published by CIAT. This book was released on 1982 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Trillion Dollar Shift written by Marga Hoek and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past 30 years, the world has seen great social improvements. Technology has been developing at an enormous pace and is helping to solve our most pressing social and environmental challenges. Yet, despite this success, our current model of development is still deeply problematic. Natural disasters triggered by climate change have doubled since the 1980s, violence and armed conflict now cost more than 13 percent of GDP, social inequality and youth unemployment is worsening around the world, and climate change threatens the global population with tremendous environmental as well as social problems. Using the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals as a framework, this book sets out how business and capital now have a real opportunity to help resolve these problems. With clear and plentiful examples and cases of how businesses are making a difference, relevant facts and figures to support the cases, and inspiring and instructional information on how businesses can create sustainable value, this highly readable book is a must-read for businesses (large and small) that wish to genuinely support the delivery of the SDGs. The Paris Climate Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) drive change and offer a narrative and an opportunity to all to speak in one language on sustainability. They provide us with a clear set of targets for 2030. Through following the SDGs, opportunities abound for business and capital to unlock markets which offer endless potential for profit while at the same time working towards the Sustainable Development Goals. This book illustrates for business how to make the much-needed Trillion Dollar Shift.
Download or read book Nelson s Perpetual Loose leaf Encyclopaedia written by and published by . This book was released on 1920 with total page 916 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cacao Diseases written by Bryan A. Bailey and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-22 with total page 633 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the current state of knowledge concerning cacao pathogens and methods for their management. Topics discussed include the history, biology and genetic diversity of Moniliophthora species (which cause witches’ broom and frosty pod rot) and Phytophthora species (which cause black pod rot) that cause diseases resulting in major losses to cacao production. Emerging pathogens such as Cacao swollen shoot virus and Ceratobasidium theobromae (which causes vascular streak dieback) are also discussed in detail, along with many pathogens of significant local concern. Most of these pathogens represent major risks to global cacao production should they expand into new areas, breaking out of their current limited distributions. By considering cacao diseases as a group, similarities in the available tools and techniques used in their management become apparent, as do their limitations. Gaps in our current knowledge of cacao pathogens and the management of the diseases they cause are detailed, and suggestions for future research directions are provided. This insight allows readers to consider cacao disease threats from a more comprehensive, global perspective and paves the way for an improved synergy of efforts between the various research programs, agencies, and industries, both private and public, with vested interests in cacao production, and cacao farmers.
Download or read book Slash and Burn Agriculture written by Cheryl Palm and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2005-08-17 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Caused in part by the slash-and-burn practices of both large- and small-scale farmers, the environmental implications of tropical deforestation remain a worldwide concern. Yet the small-scale farmers who use slash-and-burn agriculture depend on it to produce food and make a living for their families. With contributions from scientists, economists, ecologists, and anthropologists, this book provides an overall analysis of the environmental, economic, and social reasons for why slash and burn is so common and presents alternatives to this destructive practice.
Download or read book The Economics of Chocolate written by Mara P. Squicciarini and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-01-21 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, written by global experts, provides a comprehensive and topical analysis on the economics of chocolate. While the main approach is economic analysis, there are important contributions from other disciplines, including psychology, history, government, nutrition, and geography. The chapters are organized around several themes, including the history of cocoa and chocolate — from cocoa drinks in the Maya empire to the growing sales of Belgian chocolates in China; how governments have used cocoa and chocolate as a source of tax revenue and have regulated chocolate (and defined it by law) to protect consumers' health from fraud and industries from competition; how the poor cocoa producers in developing countries are linked through trade and multinational companies with rich consumers in industrialized countries; and how the rise of consumption in emerging markets (China, India, and Africa) is causing a major boom in global demand and prices, and a potential shortage of the world's chocolate.
Download or read book Cocoa Cycles written by François Ruf and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 1995-06-30 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cyclical boom-to-recession nature of the economics of cocoa supply is a major problem for the international cocoa industry - and especially for countries whose economies depend on cocoa exports. Only through an understanding of the dynamics of cocoa cycles can policy decisions be made through the various phases of supply cycles. Based on a major international cocoa conference, this book presents seventeen edited papers from leading experts, making a major contribution to that understanding. It explains the powerful economic, social and political factors which impact on the cocoa economy. It shows the laws of cocoa supply are closely linked to environmental, ecological and institutional factors.
Download or read book Conservation and restoration of the tropical landscape Governance and multidisciplinary approaches written by Iskandar Z. Siregar and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-07-26 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Scarcity and Frontiers written by Edward B. Barbier and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-12-23 with total page 767 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout much of history, a critical driving force behind global economic development has been the response of society to the scarcity of key natural resources. Increasing scarcity raises the cost of exploiting existing natural resources and creates incentives in all economies to innovate and conserve more of these resources. However, economies have also responded to increasing scarcity by obtaining and developing more of these resources. Since the agricultural transition over 12,000 years ago, this exploitation of new 'frontiers' has often proved to be a pivotal human response to natural resource scarcity. This book provides a fascinating account of the contribution that natural resource exploitation has made to economic development in key eras of world history. This not only fills an important gap in the literature on economic history but also shows how we can draw lessons from these past epochs for attaining sustainable economic development in the world today.
