Download or read book Shielding Configuration for High Purity Germanium Detector HPGe written by Fitdriyah Hussain and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Determination of Shielding Configuration for Reduction of Background Radiation Onto High purity Germanium Detector written by Kar Hwa Beh (l) and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Analysis of Environmental Radionuclides written by Pavel P. Povinec and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-07-28 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this book is to present a state of art summary of current knowledge of methods of assessment of radionuclides in the terrestrial and marine environments. It cover the traditional methods of radioactivity measurements such as radiometrics techniques, but also recent developments in the mass spectrometry sector. The book starts with a short preface introducing the subject of the book, summarising content and philosophy of the book, as well as the most important historical achievements. The scientific topics are introduced by description of sampling methods, optimisation of sampling sites and sampling frequency. The recent developments in radiochemical separation methods using chromatography resins for the treatment of actinides, transuranics and other groups of radioelements are also described. No other book is available covering all aspects of environmental radioactivity measurements, although remarkable progress has been made in detection techniques over the last ten years. At present the new methods enable to carry out investigations which were not possible before, either because of lack of sensitivity or because of the fact that they required too large samples.
Download or read book Detection of Special Nuclear Material with High Purity Germanium HPGe and Mercuric Iodide HgI2 Gamma Detectors written by Michael Nelson and published by . This book was released on 2003-03 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) contracted for two gamma radiation detectors: mercuric iodide (HgI2) and electromechanically cooled (EMC) high purity germanium (HPGe) to support arms control inspection efforts. This project investigated whether these detectors could measure the quality and quantity of special nuclear material (SNM), particularly Pu-239 for the treaty verification mission. The project investigated two areas of detector capabilities: 1) HgI2 and HPGe detector performance necessary to characterize the quality of plutonium and the presence of shielding materials and 2) HgI2 and EMC HPGe detector performance degradation by high noise levels and EMC HPGe detector performance degradation caused by electromechanical-cooling. The first area studied the response functions of each of the detectors necessary to meet the detection objectives: measure the Pu-239/Pu 240 ratio to identify weapons grade plutonium and to identify a phony weapon. The second area of detector performance evaluated was the EMC HPGe detector's cooling capabilities and its effect on the performance of the detector. The results show that neither of the detectors was ideally capable of supporting DTRA's requirements. The HgI2 detector did not have sufficient efficiency or resolution to distinguish between Weapon Grade and Reactor Grade Plutonium. The EMC system suffered from grounding problems that degraded the resolution and efficiency. An initial study, evaluating the ability of detectors to determine the presence of a simulated tamper within the SNM physics package, showed great promise for identifying phony weapons.
Download or read book Astroparticle Particle and Space Physics Detectors and Medical Physics Applications written by Michele Barone and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2006 with total page 1164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3D-reconstruction of absorbed dose obtained from gel-dosimeter layers. Accurate determination of radionuclidic purity and half-life reactor produced Lu-177g for metabolic radioimmunotherapy. Spatial linearity improvement for discrete scintillation imagers. High resolution, high sensitivity detectors for molecular imaging of small animals and tumor detection. Strip ionization chamber as beam monitor in the proton therapy eye treatment. Low dose, low energy 3D image guidance during radiotherapy. Alpha cyclotron production studies of the Alpha Emitter [symbol] for High-LET metabolic radiotherapy. Treatment planning with IVIS imaging and Monte Carlo simulation. Monte Carlo simulations of a human phantom radio-pharmacokinetic response on a small field of view scintigraphic device. Applications of the Monte Carlo code GEANT to particle beam therapy. Charge sharing in pixel detectors for spectroscopic imaging. Direct thickness calibration: way to radiographic study of soft tissues. A portable pixel detector operating as an active nuclear emulsion and its application for X-ray and neutron tomography -- Radiation damage. Statistical study of radiation hardness of CMS silicon sensors. SIC PbWO4 crystals for the electromagnetic calorimeter of CMS experiment. MDT chamber ageing test at ENEA casaccia neutron and gamma facilities. Behavior of thin film materials under [symbol] irradiation for astronomical optics. Full characterization of non-uniformly irradiated silicon micro-strip sensors. Beam energy monitor for 4-10 MeV electron accelerators. Optical link of the ATLAS pixel detector. Ion electron emission microscopy for SEE studies. An analysis of the expected degradation of silicon detectors in the future ultra high energy facilities. Investigation of VLSI bipolar transistors irradiated with electrons, ions and neutrons for space application. Radiation-hardness studies of high OH~ content quartz fibres irradiated with 24 GeV protons
Download or read book Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications written by Basim Almayahi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-10-02 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with gamma radiation in many fields, which encompasses diverse factors that affect human and animal life inside an environment. These fields include nuclear and medical physics, industrial processes, environmental sciences, radiation biology, radiation chemistry, radiotherapy, agriculture and forestry, sterilization, the food industry, and so on. The book covers an overview of gamma background radiations and measurements, radioactive decay, radioecological applications in environmental gamma dosimetry, gamma-ray interaction, monocolor gamma, influence of gamma radiation on dynamical mechanical properties, influence of low-dose gamma irradiation treatments on microbial decontamination, gamma-ray ionization enhancement in tissues, gas-filled surge arresters, modeling plastic deformation located in irradiated materials, radiotherapy, application of radiation and genetic engineering techniques, and gamma-ray measurements using unmanned aerial systems. This book is expected to benefit undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, teachers, practitioners, policy makers, and every individual who has a concern for a healthy life.
Download or read book Quantitative X Ray Spectrometry Second Edition written by Ron Jenkins and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1995-04-26 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work covers important aspects of X-ray spectrometry, from basic principles to the selection of instrument parameters and sample preparation. This edition explicates the use of combined X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction data, and features new applications in environmental studies, forensic science, archeometry and the analysis of metals and alloys, minerals and ore, ceramic materials, catalysts and trace metals.;This work is intended for spectroscopists, analytical chemists, materials scientists, experimental physicists, mineralogists, biologists, geologists and graduate-level students in these disciplines.
Download or read book Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis written by Michael F. L'Annunziata and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-03-03 with total page 1110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis: Radiation Physics and Detectors, Volume One, and Radioanalytical Applications, Volume Two, Fourth Edition, is an authoritative reference on the principles, practical techniques and procedures for the accurate measurement of radioactivity - everything from the very low levels encountered in the environment, to higher levels measured in radioisotope research, clinical laboratories, biological sciences, radionuclide standardization, nuclear medicine, nuclear power, and fuel cycle facilities, and in the implementation of nuclear forensic analysis and nuclear safeguards. It includes sample preparation techniques for all types of matrices found in the environment, including soil, water, air, plant matter and animal tissue, and surface swipes.Users will find a detailed discussion of our current understanding of the atomic nucleus, nuclear stability and decay, nuclear radiation, and the interaction of radiation with matter relating to the best methods for radionuclide detection and measurement. - Spans two volumes, Radiation Physics and Detectors and Radioanalytical Applications - Includes a much-expanded treatment of calculations required in the measurement of radionuclide decay, energy of decay, nuclear reactions, radiation attenuation, nuclear recoil, cosmic radiation, and synchrotron radiation - Includes the latest advances in liquid and solid scintillation analysis, alpha- and gamma spectrometry, mass spectrometric analysis, gas ionization and nuclear track analysis, and neutron detection and measurement - Covers high-sample-throughput microplate techniques and multi-detector assay methods
Download or read book Environmental Radiochemical Analysis IV written by Peter Warwick and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2011 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Incidents in the past have made scientists aware of the need for accurate methods of radionuclide analyses in order to estimate the risk to the public from released radioactivity .This book is an authoritative, up-to-date collection of research contributions presented at the 11th International Symposium on Environmental Radiochemical Analysis. Representing the work of leading scientists from across the globe it presents information on analytical radiochemistry, the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment, radioactively contaminated land, fate of radionuclides in natural and engineered environments and behaviour of radionuclides in radioactive wastes. This essential work will be a key reference for graduates and professionals who work across fields involving analytical chemistry, environmental science and technology, and hazards and waste research and disposal.
Download or read book Characterization of Mechanically Cooled High Purity Germanium HPGe Detectors at Elevated Temperatures written by Joseph Benjamin McCabe and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High resolution gamma spectroscopy is a tool used in nuclear security applications due to its achievable energy resolution and associated ability to identify special nuclear material. This identification ability is achieved by identifying the characteristic gamma-rays of a material. The challenges that have confronted industry concerning the use of hand-held high purity germanium (HPGe) in homeland security applications have centered on weight, geometry, and cool-down time. Typical liquid nitrogen cooled detectors ranging in size from 10% to 150% detectors will cool down sufficiently within 2-6 hours of filling. The cool-down time achieved in this research ranges from 45 min on the smallest detector to six hours on the largest 180 cm3 detector; which is consistent with typical hand held HPGe devices. The weight and package geometry for HPGe-based designs is driven by the need to cool the HPGe detector to cryogenic temperatures. This is due to small bandgap (~0.7 eV) of HPGe. Liquid nitrogen or mechanical cooling is required to achieve such temperatures. This dissertation presents work performed to characterize energy resolution performance as a function of temperature in a new mechanically cooled HPGe detector design based upon a split-Stirling cryocooler. This research also quantifies the microphonic noise contribution from this cryocooler. Measurements have been taken on detector sizes ranging from 6.75 cubic centimeters to 180 cubic centimeters. Focus has been placed on determining volume dependence on energy resolution at elevated temperatures. Microphonic noise contribution from the cooler has also been studied over the same temperature range. This energy resolution degradation was most pronounced at low temperatures (
Download or read book Determining Source and Shield scattering Geometry Using Spectra Collected from a Portable High Purity Germanium Detector written by Won S. Kim (MAJ, USA.) and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Nuclear Physics written by Isao Tanihata and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 4180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is a comprehensive, systematic source of modern nuclear physics. It aims to summarize experimental and theoretical discoveries and an understanding of unstable nuclei and their exotic structures, which were opened up by the development of radioactive ion (RI) beam in the late 1980s. The handbook comprises three major parts. In the first part, the experiments and measured facts are well organized and reviewed. The second part summarizes recognized theories to explain the experimental facts introduced in the first part. Reflecting recent synergistic progress involving both experiment and theory, the chapters both parts are mutually related. The last part focuses on cosmo-nuclear physics—one of the mainstream subjects in modern nuclear physics. Those comprehensive topics are presented concisely. Supported by introductory reviews, all chapters are designed to present their topics in a manner accessible to readers at the graduate level. The book therefore serves as a valuable source for beginners as well, helping them to learn modern nuclear physics.
Download or read book Determining Source and Shielding of Suspected Special Nuclear Material Configurations Using a Portable High Purity Gemanium Detector written by Julio Villafuerte (CAPT, USAF.) and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Identification Of Dark Matter The Proceedings Of The Sixth International Workshop written by Minos Axenides and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2007-08-31 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the latest in a prominent biannual series of scientific meetings on the exciting research topics of dark matter and, more recently, of dark energy. It contains a state-of-the-art update on detection efforts by experimental groups around the world trying to pin down exotic new forms of matter under the names of axions, neutralinos, wimps, primordial black holes, q balls, sterile neutrinos, as well as a tantalizing new form of dark energy component called phantom energy and quintessence. The book is self-contained as it also includes general reviews on recent cosmological observations — supernovae measurements, cosmic matter distribution surveys and cosmic radiation anisotropies — introducing even the uninitiated reader to this fascinating frontier of research.
Download or read book Solid State Radiation Detectors written by Salah Awadalla and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrating aspects of engineering, application physics, and medical science, Solid-State Radiation Detectors: Technology and Applications offers a comprehensive review of new and emerging solid-state materials-based technologies for radiation detection. Each chapter is structured to address the current advantages and challenges of each material and technology presented, as well as to discuss novel research and applications. Featuring contributions from leading experts in industry and academia, this authoritative text: Covers modern semiconductors used for radiation monitoring Examines CdZnTe and CdTe technology for imaging applications including three-dimensional capability detectors Highlights interconnect technology for current pixel detectors Describes hybrid pixel detectors and their characterizations Tackles the integrated analog signal processing read-out front ends for particle detectors Considers new organic materials with direct bandgap for direct energy detection Summarizes recent developments involving lanthanum halide and cerium bromide scintillators Analyzes the potential of recent progress in the field of crystallogenesis, quantum dots, and photonics crystals toward a new concept of x- and gamma-ray detectors based on metamaterials Explores position-sensitivity photomultipliers and silicon photomultipliers for scintillation crystals Solid-State Radiation Detectors: Technology and Applications provides a valuable reference for engineers and scientists looking to enhance the performance of radiation detector technology for medical imaging and other applications.
Download or read book Regulatory Guide written by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Standards Development and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 1058 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contents: 1. Power reactors.--2. Research and test reactors.--3. Fuels and materials facilities.--4. Environmental and siting.--5. Materials and plant protection.--6. Products.--7. Transportation.--8. Occupational health.--9. Antitrust reviews.--10. General.
Download or read book Fabrication Process Development for High Purity Germanium Radiation Detectors with Amorphous Semiconductor Contacts written by Quinn Looker and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-purity germanium (HPGe) radiation detectors are well established as a valuable tool in nuclear science, astrophysics, and nuclear security applications. HPGe detectors excel in gamma-ray spectroscopy, offering excellent energy resolution with large detector sizes for high radiation detection efficiency. Although a robust fabrication process has been developed, improvement is needed, especially in developing electrical contact and surface passivation technology for position-sensitive detectors. A systematic study is needed to understand how the detector fabrication process impacts detector performance and reliability. In order to provide position sensitivity, the electrical contacts are segmented to form multiple electrodes. This segmentation creates new challenges in the fabrication process and warrants consideration of additional detector effects related to the segmentation. A key area of development is the creation of the electrical contacts in a way that enables reliable operation, provides low electronic noise, and allows fine segmentation of electrodes, giving position sensitivity for radiation interactions in the detector. Amorphous semiconductor contacts have great potential to facilitate new HPGe detector designs by providing a thin, high-resistivity surface coating that is the basis for electrical contacts that block both electrons and holes and can easily be finely segmented. Additionally, amorphous semiconductor coatings form a suitable passivation layer to protect the HPGe crystal surface from contamination. This versatility allows a simple fabrication process for fully passivated, finely segmented detectors. However, the fabrication process for detectors with amorphous semiconductors is not as highly developed as for conventional technologies. The amorphous semiconductor layer properties can vary widely based on how they are created and these can translate into varying performance of HPGe detectors with these contacts. Some key challenges include minimizing charge injection leakage current, increasing the long-term stability of the contacts, and achieving good charge collection properties in segmented detectors. A systematic study of contact characteristics is presented where amorphous germanium (a-Ge) and amorphous silicon (a-Si) contacts are sputtered with varying sputter gas hydrogen content, sputter gas pressure, and amorphous film thickness. A set of about 45 detectors fabricated from 11 different crystal samples were analyzed for electron barrier height and effective Richardson constant. Most of these detectors were subjected to as many as 10 temperature cycles over a period of up to several months in order to assess their long-term stability. Additionally, 6 double-sided strip detectors were fabricated with a-Ge and a-Si contacts in order to study their inter-electrode charge collection properties. An attempt is made to relate fabrication process parameters such as hydrogen content, sputter pressure, and film thickness to changes observed in detector performance and assess the level of reproducibility using the current methods. Several important results and conclusions were found that enable more reliable and highly performing detectors with amorphous semiconductor contacts. Utilizing the new information should enable consistent production of finely segmented detectors with excellent energy resolution that can be operated reliably for a long period of time. The passivation process could impact planar detectors as well as other designs, such as the p-type point contact detector. It is demonstrated that the long-term stability of amorphous semiconductor contacts is primarily dependent on the time the detector is at room temperature rather than the number of temperature cycles. For a-Ge contacts, higher sputter pressure yields a more stable process that changes little with time, giving a reliable hole-blocking contact. The a-Si contacts form a good electron-blocking contact with decreasing leakage current over time. Both materials, when 7% hydrogen is included in the argon sputter gas, show acceptable levels of inter-electrode charge collection to be useful for strip electrode detectors.
