Download or read book Sex Role Discrimination and Preference in Preschool Aged Children written by Alan Iwao Sugawara and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The two major purposes of this study were: (1) to test the assumption that the IT Scale for Children (standard-ITSC) can be used as a measure of both appropriate sex role discrimination and sex role preference with preschool aged children, and (2) to extend previous studies in these areas by analyzing the relationship between sex role discrimination and preference, and a variety of variables shown to be important in understanding sex role development in, young children. These variables included such characteristics as sex, age, IQ, ' preschool program involvement and sibling status. In attempting to test the assumption regarding the adequacy of the standard-ITSC as a measure of both appropriate sex role discrimination and sex role perference, all subjects were administered the ITSC three times; once using the standard-ITSC with the sex of the IT figure not designated, once using a modified-ITSC with the IT figure replaced by a clear drawing of a little boy, and once using a modified- ITSC with the IT figure replaced by a clear drawing of a little girl. The subjects of the present study were 38 children attending two preschool programs established by the Department of Family Life at Oregon State University. Essentially, subjects in these two preschool programs represented matched pairs based on the variables of age, sex, ordinal position, age of parents, length of parents' marriage, number of children in the family, religion and socioeconomic status of the family. The instruments used to collect the data for the present study included the standard-ITSC and a modified-ITSC which was specifically designed for this study. The standard -'ITSC was used as a measure of sex role preference, while the modified-ITSC was used as a measure of sex role discrimination. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was used to estimate the subjects' IQ scores. The analysis of variance approach was used to test three null hypotheses concerning the subjects' own sex role discrimination, opposite sex role discrimination and sex role preference scores. The paired-difference test was used to test two additional null hypotheses related to comparisons of the subjects' sex role discrimination and sex role preference scores. The test of Hypothesis I, dealing with own sex role discrimination scores, revealed .a significant interaction effect for sex X preschool program, and indicated that subjects with same-sex teachers were slightly better than subjects with opposite-sex teachers, in their ability to make own sex role discriminations. The findings associated with the tests of opposite sex role discrimination scores indicated that: (1) whether the subjects were grouped by sex or sex x age, girls were significantly better than boys in their ability to make opposite sex role discriminations, (2) while older girls were better than younger girls in their opposite sex role discrimination scores, the reverse was true for boys, and (3) older and younger girls differed in their ability to make opposite sex role discriminations to a greater degree than did older and younger boys. The test of Hypothesis III, dealing with sex role preference scores, was perhaps the most productive of those in this group, in that three of the four main effects yielded significance, as did three of the sex interaction effects. Tests of the main effects indicated that boys, older subjects, and subjects with male teachers had significantly more appropriate sex role preference scores than did their opposite in these groupings. In addition, the significant interaction terms suggest the following: (1) whether the subjects were grouped by sex X age, IQ or preschool program, boys tended to have more appropriate sex role preference scores than girls, (2) while older boys tended to have more appropriate sex role preference scores than younger boys, this was not noticeable for girls, (3) while average girls tended to have more appropriate sex role preference scores than rapid girls, there was only a minor difference between rapid and average boys, and (4) while boys with same-sex teachers had more appropriate sex role preference scores than boys with opposite-sex teachers, girls with same- or opposite-sex teachers did not differ appreciably from each other. Results of the paired-difference test as applied to the two additional hypotheses in this study indicated that whether the subjects were grouped by sex, age, IQ, preschool program or sibling status: (1) replacing the IT figure with a clear drawing of a boy in testing, resulted in significantly higher, more masculine mean scores, and (2) replacing the IT figure with a clear drawing of a girl in testing, resulted in significantly lower, more feminine mean scores. It was concluded that collectively these findings did little to resolve the controversy concerning the use of the standard-ITSC as a measure of both sex role discrimination and preference with preschool aged children. It appears that the findings could be used with equal facility to support and to question this assumption. Attempts were made to relate all specific findings to both theoretical positions and existing research findings in the area of sex role discrimination and preference in preschool aged children. Because of the complexity of the data and the analysis, definitive conclusions regarding the implications of the findings were not possible. In general, however, the results support the multi-dimensional nature of sex role development in young children and strongly document the need for future researchers to include additional child and environmental variables in their studies. Possible interpretations of the findings and trends in the data were discussed, and sections dealing with limitations of the study and suggestions for future research were presented.

Download or read book Sex Role Discrimination Preference and Confirmation in Preschool Aged Children written by Craig S. Edelbrock and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gender Development written by Susan Golombok and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-01-28 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender Development is the first book to examine gender from a truly developmental perspective and fills a real need for a textbook and source book for college and graduate students, parents, teachers, researchers, and counsellors. It examines the processes involved in the development of gender, addressing such sensitive and complex questions as what causes males and females to be different and why they behave in different ways. The authors provide an up-to-date, integrative review of theory and research, tracing gender development from the moment of conception through adulthood and emphasising the complex interaction of biology, socialisation, and cognition. The topics covered include hormonal influences, moral development, play and friendships, experiences at school and work, and psychopathology.

Download or read book Resources in Women s Educational Equity written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Literature cited in AGRICOLA, Dissertations abstracts international, ERIC, ABI/INFORM, MEDLARS, NTIS, Psychological abstracts, and Sociological abstracts. Selection focuses on education, legal aspects, career aspects, sex differences, lifestyle, and health. Common format (bibliographical information, descriptors, and abstracts) and ERIC subject terms used throughout. Contains order information. Subject, author indexes.

Download or read book Sex role Discrimination and the It Scale for Children written by Jean Waggoner and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gender Roles written by Carole A. Beere and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 1990-03-20 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beere has produced a new edition of her Women and Women's Issues: A Handbook of Tests and Measurements. Based largely on a search of the PsychLIT and ERIC databases from January 1978 to December 1988, the volume includes information on 211 tests and measures pertaining to gender roles and attitudes towards gender. . . . Particularly useful are chapter reviews of the literature in which the author reviews the quality of available research. Recommended for college and university libraries. Choice This handbook stems, in part, from the author's previously published Women and Women's Issues. Realizing that a book published in 1979 could no longer provide researchers with the up-to-date information they require regarding measures to use in research, Beere set out to revise and update her work. In the process, she soon discovered that the measures identified through her search of the literature produced since her first book was published far exceeds the number that can be realistically described in a single handbook. Thus, she has undertaken a two-volume guide, the first of which, Gender Roles, describes only those measures pertaining to gender roles and attitudes toward gender-related issues. Gender roles are broadly defined to include adults' and children's gender roles, gender stereotypes, marital roles, parental roles, employee roles, and multiple roles. A total of 211 measures are included. In addition to 67 scales still in use that were described in her earlier book, Beere includes scales that are relevant, have evidence of their reliability and/or validity, and are used in more than one published article or ERIC document. If a scale does not satisfy these criteria, but its development is the focus of an article or ERIC document, it is included, as are scales that are unusual or pertain to a topic that would otherwise receive inadequate coverage in this handbook. The scale descriptions follow a standard format that includes the following information: title; author or authors as listed in the earliest publication mentioning the scale; earliest date that the scale is mentioned in a publication; profile of variable being measured; type of instrument; description; sample items; previous and appropriate subjects; scoring information; a description of the development of the measure; information regarding reliability and validity; and a listing of published studies that use the measure. This important new handbook promises to make several important contributions to gender-related research. It will make it easier for researchers to locate quality instruments appropriate for their research, discourage the proliferation of substandard or redundant measures, set some minimal standards for measures used in gender role research, and encourage more research regarding gender roles. All social science libraries will want to find a place for it in their reference collections.

Download or read book Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes written by John P. Robinson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 769 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes: Volume 1 in Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes Series provides a comprehensive guide to the most promising and useful measures of important social science concepts. This book is divided into 12 chapters and begins with a description of the Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes Project's background and the major criteria for scale construction. The subsequent chapters review measures of "response set"; the scales dealing with the most general affective states, including life satisfaction and happiness; and the measured of self-esteem. These topics are followed by discussions of measures of social anxiety, which is conceived a major inhibitor of social interaction, as well as the negative states of depression and loneliness. Other chapters examine the separate dimensions of alienation, the predictive value of interpersonal trust and attitudes in studies of occupational choice and racial attitude change, and the attitude scales related to locus of control. The final chapters look into the measures related to authoritarianism, androgyny, and values. This book is of great value to social and political scientists, psychologists, nurses, social workers, non-academic professionals, and students.

Download or read book Comparison of Preschool aged Children s Sex role Preferences Related to Cultural and Parental Stereotypes written by Marilyn Kidder and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary purpose of this study was to explore preschool aged children's sex-role preferences as they relate to both cultural and parental stereotypes of sex roles. Forty-seven children of preschool age and their parents acted as subjects for this study. All children were enrolled in preschool programs established by the Family Life Department at Oregon State University. These children ranged in age from 3 years-3 months to 5 years-3 months. The IT Scale for Children (ITSC) was used to measure children's sex-role preferences, and parental stereotypes of sex roles were obtained by asking parents to judge each item found in the ITSC according to their own personal standards of masculinity and femininity. Cultural stereotypes of sex roles were determined by using Brown's exclusively masculine and exclusively feminine descriptions of items in the ITSC. The binomial method, paired difference t-test and descriptive statistics were used when appropriate, to test the hypotheses generated in this study. Findings revealed significant disagreements between parents' and Brown's cultural stereotypes of sex roles on a majority (86.1 %) of the items found in the ITSC (p

Download or read book Intergroup Attitudes and Relations in Childhood Through Adulthood written by Sheri R. Levy and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2008-02-15 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume captures an exciting new trend in research on intergroup attitudes and relations, which concerns how individuals make judgments, and interact with individuals from different group categories, broadly defined in terms of gender, race, age, culture, religion, sexual orientation, and body type. This new approach is an integrative perspective, one which draws on theory and research in the areas of developmental and social psychology. Throughout human history, intergroup conflict has often served as the basis for societal conflict, strife, and tension. Over the past several decades, individual and group mobility has enabled individuals to interact with a wider range of people from different backgrounds than ever before. On the one hand, this level of societal heterogeneity contributes to intergroup conflict. On the other hand, the experience of such heterogeneity has also reduced stereotypes, and increased an understanding of others' perspectives and experiences. Where does it begin? When do children acquire stereotypes about the other? What are the sources of influence, and how does change come about? To provide a deeper understanding of the origins, stability, and reduction of intergroup conflict, scholars in this volume report on current, cutting edge theory and new research findings. Progress in the area of intergroup attitudes relies on continued advances in both the understanding of the origins and the trajectory of intergroup conflict and harmony (as historically studied by developmental psychologists) and the understanding of contexts and conditions that contribute to positive and negative intergroup attitudes and relations (as historically studied by social psychologists). Recent social and developmental psychology research clarifies the multifaceted nature of prejudice and the need for an interdisciplinary approach to addressing prejudice. The recent blossoming of research on the integration of developmental and social psychology represented in this volume will appeal to scholars and students in the areas of developmental psychology, social psychology, cognitive psychology, education, social neuroscience, law, business, and political science.

Download or read book Intelligence Creativity and Sex role Preference Among Preschool aged Children written by Nancy Sanger Frost and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study explored the relationship between sex, age, intelligence, creativity and sex-role preference among preschool-aged children. Thirty-nine Caucasian children, 18 boys and 21 girls, ranging in ages from three years-five months to five years-two months acted as subjects for this study, All subjects came from intact families, predominantly of the middle- and upper-socioeconomic classes as determined by Hollingshead's Two Factor Index of Social Position. The instruments used to collect the data for this study included: Brown's It Scale for Children to assess the subjects' sex-role preferences; Dunn's Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test to estimate the subjects' intelligence; and Ward's Alternative Uses and Pattern Meanings Tests to assess the subjects' creativity, Four null hypotheses were generated and the analysis of variance approach was used to test these hypotheses, F-values were generated for tests of the main effects of sex, age, intelligence and creativity and their interaction effects. The 01 level of significance was used as the criterion for statistical significance. Findings obtained are summarized below. There was a significant difference between the sex-role preference scores of boys and girls (F = 11. 7457, p

Download or read book Resources in Women s Educational Equity Special Issue written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Catalog of Copyright Entries Third Series written by Library of Congress. Copyright Office and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 1680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The record of each copyright registration listed in the Catalog includes a description of the work copyrighted and data relating to the copyright claim (the name of the copyright claimant as given in the application for registration, the copyright date, the copyright registration number, etc.).

Download or read book Facing Social Class written by Susan T. Fiske and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2012-03-05 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many Americans, holding fast to the American Dream and the promise of equal opportunity, claim that social class doesn't matter. Yet the ways we talk and dress, our interactions with authority figures, the degree of trust we place in strangers, our religious beliefs, our achievements, our senses of morality and of ourselves—all are marked by social class, a powerful factor affecting every domain of life. In Facing Social Class, social psychologists Susan Fiske and Hazel Rose Markus, and a team of sociologists, anthropologists, linguists, and legal scholars, examine the many ways we communicate our class position to others and how social class shapes our daily, face-to-face interactions—from casual exchanges to interactions at school, work, and home. Facing Social Class exposes the contradiction between the American ideal of equal opportunity and the harsh reality of growing inequality, and it shows how this tension is reflected in cultural ideas and values, institutional practices, everyday social interactions, and psychological tendencies. Contributor Joan Williams examines cultural differences between middle- and working-class people and shows how the cultural gap between social class groups can influence everything from voting practices and political beliefs to work habits, home life, and social behaviors. In a similar vein, Annette Lareau and Jessica McCrory Calarco analyze the cultural advantages or disadvantages exhibited by different classes in institutional settings, such as those between parents and teachers. They find that middle-class parents are better able to advocate effectively for their children in school than are working-class parents, who are less likely to challenge a teacher's authority. Michael Kraus, Michelle Rheinschmidt, and Paul Piff explore the subtle ways we signal class status in social situations. Conversational style and how close one person stands to another, for example, can influence the balance of power in a business interaction. Diana Sanchez and Julie Garcia even demonstrate that markers of low socioeconomic status such as incarceration or unemployment can influence whether individuals are categorized as white or black—a finding that underscores how race and class may work in tandem to shape advantage or disadvantage in social interactions. The United States has one of the highest levels of income inequality and one of the lowest levels of social mobility among industrialized nations, yet many Americans continue to buy into the myth that theirs is a classless society. Facing Social Class faces the reality of how social class operates in our daily lives, why it is so pervasive, and what can be done to alleviate its effects.

Download or read book Sex role Preference in Preschool Children from Five Subcultures of the United States written by Asha K. Joshi and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Pupils Attitudes to Equality Between the Sexes written by Lena-Pia Lindholm and published by Liberlaromedel. This book was released on 1980 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Relationship Between Understanding that Gender is Unchangeable and the Development of Sex typed Preferences in Preschool aged Children written by Brenda L. Kenyon and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Catalog of Copyright Entries Third Series written by Library of Congress. Copyright Office and published by Copyright Office, Library of Congress. This book was released on 1973 with total page 1040 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: