Download or read book Sentencing Reform in the United States written by Sandra Shane-DuBow and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sentencing Reform Impacts written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sentencing Reform Impacts written by Michael H. Tonry and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Simple Theory Hard Reality written by Tamasak Wicharaya and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 1995-01-01 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book evaluates the impact of tough sentencing reforms on the courts, prisons, and crime. It also unpacks the resulting policy implications.
Download or read book The Impact of Sentencing Reform written by John D. Hewitt and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Guidelines Manual written by United States Sentencing Commission and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sentencing Reform in Overcrowded Times written by Michael Tonry and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1997-04-24 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sentencing and corrections issues are much the same in every Western nation. Increasingly, countries are importing policies and practices that have succeeded elsewhere. In that spirit, this volume brings together articles on sentencing reform in the United States, other English-speaking countries, and Western Europe, all written by leading national and international authorities on sentencing and punishment policy, practices, and institutions. Timely and readable, many of these essays provide brief yet detailed sentencing policy histories for countries and states. Others offer concise overviews of research on racial disparities, public opinion, and evaluation of the effects of new policies. Together, they illustrate the radical, precipitate, and hyperpoliticized nature of American sentencing reform in the last twenty-five years. Sentencing Reform in Overcrowded Times: A Comparative Perspective fills a major gap in the academic and policy literatures on this subject, and will be essential reading for students, scholars, and practitioners.
Download or read book The Failed Promise of Sentencing Reform written by Michael O'Hear and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite 15 years of reform efforts, the incarceration rate in the United States remains unprecedentedly high. This book provides the first comprehensive survey of these reforms and explains why they have proven to be ineffective. After many decades of stability, the imprisonment rate in the United States quintupled between 1973 and 2003. Since then, nearly all states have adopted multiple reforms intended to reduce imprisonment, but the U.S. imprisonment rate has only decreased by a paltry 2 percent. Why have American sentencing reforms since 2000 been largely ineffective? Are tough mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent drug offenders the primary reason our prisons are always full? This book offers a fascinating assessment of the wave of sentencing reforms adopted by dozens of states as well as changes at the federal level since 2000, identifying common themes among seemingly disparate changes in sentencing policy and highlighting recent reform efforts that have been more successful and may point the way forward for the nation as a whole. In The Failed Promise of Sentencing Reform, Michael O'Hear exposes the myths that American prison sentencing reforms enacted in the 21st century have failed to have the expected effect because U.S. prisons are filled to capacity with nonviolent drug offenders as a result of the "war on drugs" or because of new laws that took away the discretion of judges and corrections officials. O'Hear then makes a convincing case for the real reasons sentencing reforms have come up short: because they exclude violent and sexual offenders, and because they rely on the discretion of officials who still have every incentive to be highly risk-averse. He also highlights how overlooking the well-being of offenders and their families in our consideration of sentencing reform has undermined efforts to effect real change.
Download or read book Criminal Justice Policy in the United States written by Tamasak Witayapanyanon and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Growth of Incarceration in the United States written by Committee on Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-12-31 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After decades of stability from the 1920s to the early 1970s, the rate of imprisonment in the United States has increased fivefold during the last four decades. The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons. The U.S. rate of incarceration, with nearly 1 out of every 100 adults in prison or jail, is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in Western Europe and other democracies. The U.S. prison population is largely drawn from the most disadvantaged part of the nation's population: mostly men under age 40, disproportionately minority, and poorly educated. Prisoners often carry additional deficits of drug and alcohol addictions, mental and physical illnesses, and lack of work preparation or experience. The growth of incarceration in the United States during four decades has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S. society. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines research and analysis of the dramatic rise of incarceration rates and its affects. This study makes the case that the United States has gone far past the point where the numbers of people in prison can be justified by social benefits and has reached a level where these high rates of incarceration themselves constitute a source of injustice and social harm. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States examines policy changes that created an increasingly punitive political climate and offers specific policy advice in sentencing policy, prison policy, and social policy. The report also identifies important research questions that must be answered to provide a firmer basis for policy. This report is a call for change in the way society views criminals, punishment, and prison. This landmark study assesses the evidence and its implications for public policy to inform an extensive and thoughtful public debate about and reconsideration of policies.
Download or read book Impact of Sentencing Reforms on Prison Population written by Yan Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research on Sentencing written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1983-02-01 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Reform Effects written by Emmanuelle Klossou and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sentencing reform has guided criminal justice processing in federal courts since the passage of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 (hereafter, SRA 1984). Despite changes in case law and legislation, the academic and political community has been seeking to understand the persistence of unwarranted disparities, based on extra-legal factors, in the sentencing of federal offenders. Although reform resulted in safeguards against unwarranted disparities through federal sentencing guidelines, the empirical literature continues to find that offenders with similar case characteristics receive different sentences based on personal factors like gender, race, age, and other such factors. The theoretical literature of Max Weber offers some perspective. An application of Weber’s bureaucratization theory suggests that the introduction of determinate sentencing via the SRA 1984, following a period of indeterminate sentencing that was based on individualized justice, precludes the State from effectively achieving equal justice in criminal justice processing. The persistence of unwarranted disparities based on extra-legal factors is the result of a not-so-seamless transition from substantive rationalization of law (indeterminate sentencing) to legal rationalization of law (determinate sentencing). Even as governments created and implemented new rules for equal justice via case law and legislation substantive rationalization of law would persist because administrators of justice would continue to rely on personal (extra-legal) factors in decision-making. The current study examined the relationship between sentence outcomes and reform, and sought to examine the mechanisms through which unwarranted disparities based on extra-legal factors persisted. Findings reveal that extra-legal factors condition sentence outcomes, despite periods of reform meant to reduce disparities. In addition, the current study found that as new rules via case law and legislation are implemented, the hydraulic effect of discretionary power may occur between criminal justice agents for certain offenses, and that substantive rationalization of law persists in decision-making in federal courts.
Download or read book Oregon s Measure 11 Sentencing Reform written by Nancy Merritt and published by RAND Corporation. This book was released on 2004 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1994, Oregon voters passed Measure 11, a measure that imposed long mandatory prison terms for 16 designated violent and sex-related offenses, prohibited "earned time," and provided for mandatory waiver of youthful offenders to adult court. This measure stood in sharp contrast to sentencing practices at the time, overlaying the state's existing sentencing guidelines system for selected offenses, increasing the length of prison terms imposed, and reducing judicial discretion at the sentencing phase. Proponents of the measure felt that it would improve public safety by both deterring future criminal behavior and increasing the length of time that serious felons spend in prison. Opponents, on the other hand, believed that the measure would adversely affect criminal justice system operations and reduce system integrity. In 1998, the Oregon Criminal Justice Commission (OCJC) received funding from the National Institute of Justice to study the implementation and outcomes of Measure 11 across the state as a whole, and within three counties: Multnomah, Lane, and Marion. This study, conducted by RAND under subcontract to the OCJC, draws upon a number of state level databases and interviews with state and county stake-holders to answer key questions about how the measure was developed, its relationship to the existing sentencing practices in the state, impacts on the types of sentences imposed, admissions to prison, and sentence lengths imposed, as well as how sentencing practices changed for both adults and youths. Our original proposal included an analysis of prosecutorial decisions. Though extensive efforts were made to obtain county prosecutor data during the study time frame, these data were not available. Further, preliminary analyses showed the statewide Oregon Judicial Information Network (OJIN) data to be unsuitable for this type of analysis.
Download or read book The Federal Sentencing Guidelines written by United States Sentencing Commission and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impact of the Sentencing Reform Act written by Washington (State). Legislature. Legislative Budget Committee and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Prisoners of Politics written by Rachel Elise Barkow and published by Belknap Press. This book was released on 2019-03-04 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A CounterPunch Best Book of the Year A Lone Star Policy Institute Recommended Book “If you care, as I do, about disrupting the perverse politics of criminal justice, there is no better place to start than Prisoners of Politics.” —James Forman, Jr., author of Locking Up Our Own The United States has the highest rate of incarceration in the world. The social consequences of this fact—recycling people who commit crimes through an overwhelmed system and creating a growing class of permanently criminalized citizens—are devastating. A leading criminal justice reformer who has successfully rewritten sentencing guidelines, Rachel Barkow argues that we would be safer, and have fewer people in prison, if we relied more on expertise and evidence and worried less about being “tough on crime.” A groundbreaking work that is transforming our national conversation on crime and punishment, Prisoners of Politics shows how problematic it is to base criminal justice policy on the whims of the electorate and argues for an overdue shift that could upend our prison problem and make America a more equitable society. “A critically important exploration of the political dynamics that have made us one of the most punitive societies in human history. A must-read by one of our most thoughtful scholars of crime and punishment.” —Bryan Stevenson, author of Just Mercy “Barkow’s analysis suggests that it is not enough to slash police budgets if we want to ensure lasting reform. We also need to find ways to insulate the process from political winds.” —David Cole, New York Review of Books “A cogent and provocative argument about how to achieve true institutional reform and fix our broken system.” —Emily Bazelon, author of Charged
