Download or read book Sensitivity of Simulated Tropospheric Ozone in the Mid Atlantic Region in June 2016 Using the WRF Chem Model written by Andrew Thomas and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerical predictions of tropospheric ozone, a secondary pollutant harmful to human health, contain large sources of uncertainty. Various studies have been conducted on the influence of meteorological initial and boundary conditions, PBL scheme, and emissions inventory, but there is no published comparative study. To address this need, we ran seven simulations of WRF-Chem, a regional online atmospheric chemistry model, with different emissions inventories, PBL parameterizations, and emissions inventories over the eastern United States within the Mid-Atlantic region. The simulations were run for June 2016, which had multiple occurrences of high mixing ratios of observed ozone within the Mid-Atlantic region, particularly along the urbanized Interstate-95 Corridor. Special attention was paid to the 20% of days with the highest observed ozone. Our analysis of the average standard deviation of 8-hour average ozone showed that ground-level ozone was most sensitive to the uncertainty in the initial and boundary conditions, with peaks in average standard deviation of 6 to 7 ppbv, while the emissions inventory uncertainty was of secondary importance with peaks in the average standard deviation of 4 to 5 ppbv. We compared the temporal average of the ensemble members and showed that the emissions inventory has the greatest influence on the average ozone mixing ratio. The ERA-interim generated more ozone than the other initial and boundary conditions ensembles, with ground-level peaks of 70 to 75 ppbv 8-hour averaged ozone. In comparison to the emissions inventory and the meteorological initial and boundary conditions, tropospheric ozone was less sensitive to the PBL scheme. The modeled sensitivity was enhanced aloft over Interstate 95, a source of ozone precursor emissions from mobile sources. Based on our data, we estimated that updating the emissions inventory yields an average decrease of 0.6 ppbv yr-1 in the mean absolute error, and an average decrease of 0.8 ppbv yr-1 in mean daily eight-hour ozone. There are many avenues for further research, including expanding the ensemble size. Our results suggest that the choice of initial and boundary conditions may affect other air quality studies.
Download or read book Automated Surface Observing System written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States written by US Global Change Research Program and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 999 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As global climate change proliferates, so too do the health risks associated with the changing world around us. Called for in the President’s Climate Action Plan and put together by experts from eight different Federal agencies, The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health: A Scientific Assessment is a comprehensive report on these evolving health risks, including: Temperature-related death and illness Air quality deterioration Impacts of extreme events on human health Vector-borne diseases Climate impacts on water-related Illness Food safety, nutrition, and distribution Mental health and well-being This report summarizes scientific data in a concise and accessible fashion for the general public, providing executive summaries, key takeaways, and full-color diagrams and charts. Learn what health risks face you and your family as a result of global climate change and start preparing now with The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health.
Download or read book Integrated Systems of Meso Meteorological and Chemical Transport Models written by Alexander Baklanov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-01-03 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, as the outcome of the COST-728/NetFAM workshop, focuses on the following main topics: 1) on-line coupled meteorology-chemistry modelling with two-way feedbacks, 2) off-line coupled modelling and interfaces, 3) validation and case studies including air quality related episodes, and 4) integration of atmospheric chemical transport (ACT) models with numerical weather prediction (NWP). This book is one of the first attempts to give an overall look on such integrated meso-meteorology and chemistry modelling approach. It reviews the current situation with the on-line and off-line coupling of mesoscale meteorological and ACT models worldwide as well as discusses advantages and shortcomings, best practices, and gives recommendations for on-line and off-line coupling of NWP and ACT models, implementation strategy for different feedback mechanisms, direct and indirect effects of aerosols and advanced interfaces between both types of models. The book is oriented towards numerical weather prediction and air quality modelling communities.
Download or read book Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region written by R. Krishnan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-12 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book discusses the impact of human-induced global climate change on the regional climate and monsoons of the Indian subcontinent, adjoining Indian Ocean and the Himalayas. It documents the regional climate change projections based on the climate models used in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and climate change modeling studies using the IITM Earth System Model (ESM) and CORDEX South Asia datasets. The IPCC assessment reports, published every 6–7 years, constitute important reference materials for major policy decisions on climate change, adaptation, and mitigation. While the IPCC assessment reports largely provide a global perspective on climate change, the focus on regional climate change aspects is considerably limited. The effects of climate change over the Indian subcontinent involve complex physical processes on different space and time scales, especially given that the mean climate of this region is generally shaped by the Indian monsoon and the unique high-elevation geographical features such as the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Tibetan Plateau and the adjoining Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal. This book also presents policy relevant information based on robust scientific analysis and assessments of the observed and projected future climate change over the Indian region.
Download or read book Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XIX written by Carlos Borrego and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-07-09 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1969, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established the C- mittee on Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS). The subject of air pollution was from the start one of the priority problems under study within the framework of various pilot studies undertaken by this committee. The organization of a periodic conference dealing with air pollution modelling and its application has become one of the main activities within the pilot study relating to air pollution. The first five international conferences were organized by the United States as the pilot country, the second five by the Federal Republic of Germany, the third five by Belgium, the fourth four by The Netherlands, the next five by Denmark and the last five by Portugal. This volume contains the abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 29th NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application, held in Aveiro, Portugal, during September 24–28, 2007. This ITM was organized by the University of Aveiro, Portugal (Pilot Country and Host Organization). The key topics distinguished at this ITM included: Local and urban scale modelling; Regional and intercontinental modelling; Data assimilation and air quality forecasting; Model assessment and verification; Aerosols in the atmosphere; Interactions between climate change and air quality; Air quality and human health.
Download or read book The Response of the Equatorial Tropospheric Ozone to the Madden Julian Oscillation in TES Satellite Observations and CAM chem Model Simulation written by Wenxiu Sun and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant form of the atmospheric intra-seasonal oscillation, manifested by slow eastward movement (about 5 m/s) of tropical deep convection. This study investigates the MJO s impact on equatorial tropospheric ozone (10N-10S) in satellite observations and chemical transport model (CTM) simulations. For the satellite observations, we analyze the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) level-2 ozone profile data for the period of Jan 2004 to Jun 2009. For the CTM simulations, we run the Community Atmosphere Model with chemistry (CAM-chem) driven by the GOES-5 analyzed meteorological fields for the same data period as the TES measurements. Our analysis indicates that the behavior of the Total Tropospheric Column (TTC) ozone at the intraseasonal time scale is different from that of the total column ozone, with the signal in the equatorial region comparable with that in the subtropics. The model simulated and satellite measured ozone anomalies agree in their general pattern and amplitude when examined in the vertical cross section (the average spatial correlation coefficient among the 8 phases is 0.63), with an eastward propagation signature at a similar phase speed as the convective anomalies (5 m/s). The model ozone anomalies on the intraseasonal time scale are about five times larger when lightning emissions of NOx are included in the simulation than when they are not. Nevertheless, large-scale advection is the primary driving force for the ozone anomalies associated with the MJO. The variability related to the MJO for ozone reaches up to 47% of the total variability (ranging from daily to interannual), indicating the MJO should be accounted for in simulating ozone perturbations in the tropics.
Download or read book Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator MOVES written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Laboratory Studies of the Sensitivity of Tropospheric Ozone to the Chemistry of Sea Salt Aerosol Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both the chemistry and radiation balance of the troposphere are largely determined by ozone. Not only does ozone react directly with unsaturated organics, but it also photolyzes at wavelengths below 320 nm to form electronically excited O(1D) atoms; these react, m in part, with water to generate hydroxyl radicals (OH), the {open_quotes}universal atmospheric oxidant{close_quotes} believed to drive the chemistry of both remote and polluted atmospheres. Since ozone is a greenhouse gas and absorbs m in the 300 nm region, it also impacts tropospheric radiation both m in the infrared and the UV. As a result, understanding the factors controlling tropospheric ozone levels is critical to our understanding of a variety of issues in global chemistry and climate change.
Download or read book Google Earth Engine Applications written by Lalit Kumar and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-23 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a rapidly changing world, there is an ever-increasing need to monitor the Earth’s resources and manage it sustainably for future generations. Earth observation from satellites is critical to provide information required for informed and timely decision making in this regard. Satellite-based earth observation has advanced rapidly over the last 50 years, and there is a plethora of satellite sensors imaging the Earth at finer spatial and spectral resolutions as well as high temporal resolutions. The amount of data available for any single location on the Earth is now at the petabyte-scale. An ever-increasing capacity and computing power is needed to handle such large datasets. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a cloud-based computing platform that was established by Google to support such data processing. This facility allows for the storage, processing and analysis of spatial data using centralized high-power computing resources, allowing scientists, researchers, hobbyists and anyone else interested in such fields to mine this data and understand the changes occurring on the Earth’s surface. This book presents research that applies the Google Earth Engine in mining, storing, retrieving and processing spatial data for a variety of applications that include vegetation monitoring, cropland mapping, ecosystem assessment, and gross primary productivity, among others. Datasets used range from coarse spatial resolution data, such as MODIS, to medium resolution datasets (Worldview -2), and the studies cover the entire globe at varying spatial and temporal scales.
Download or read book Mixed Phase Clouds written by Constantin Andronache and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling presents advanced research topics on mixed-phase clouds. As the societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, there is a continuous need to refine atmospheric observations, techniques and numerical models. Understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital for current applications, such as prediction and prevention of aircraft icing, weather modification, and the assessment of the effects of cloud phase partition in climate models. This book provides the essential information needed to address these problems with a focus on current observations, simulations and applications. Provides in-depth knowledge and simulation of mixed-phase clouds over many regions of Earth, explaining their role in weather and climate Features current research examples and case studies, including those on advanced research methods from authors with experience in both academia and the industry Discusses the latest advances in this subject area, providing the reader with access to best practices for remote sensing and numerical modeling
Download or read book Impacts of Global Change on Tropospheric Ozone and Mercury written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Global change including changes in anthropogenic emissions, climate, land use and land cover have been imposing significant perturbations to atmospheric chemistry and air quality. In this work, we use a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to investigate the impacts of global change on two important air pollutants that have caused local, regional and global concerns: ozone and mercury. Ozone is a criteria air pollutant in the surface air. Tropospheric ozone is also a major greenhouse gas and has important implications for tropospheric chemistry. Mercury pollution poses risks to humans and wildlife, especially when it is converted to methylmercury in the aquatic system and bioaccumulate in the food chain. The stratospheric ozone level is predicted to recover towards its pre-1980 levels with the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments and adjustments. Our global model simulations show that the expected stratospheric ozone recovery would significantly decreases the photolysis rates for tropospheric ozone with the surface O3 photolysis rates being reduced by up to 22%. The photolysis rates for tropospheric NO2 show much weaker sensitivity to the changes in stratospheric ozone. In addition, the stratospheric ozone recovery causes strong seasonal variation and general increases in surface ozone, particularly over some ocean areas where surface ozone could increase by up to 5%. The lifetime of tropospheric ozone is augmented by stratospheric ozone recovery, which in turn enhances the intercontinental transport of ozone. We examine the impacts of changes in climate and land use and land cover on atmospheric mercury by coupling the GEOS-Chem model with a general circulation model (GISS GCM3) and a global dynamic vegetation model (LPJ). The land use and land cover change causes an increase in the annual mean Hg(0) dry deposition flux over the majority of the continental regions as a result of increasing leaf area index. Climate change drives the surface Hg(0) concentration to increase globally primarily due to suppressed tropospheric mercury oxidation and increased in-cloud mercury reduction and subsequent increase in Hg(0) dry deposition flux. Furthermore, the change in future precipitation greatly affects the mercury wet deposition flux with increases occurring over most continental regions and decreases over most of the mid-latitude and tropic oceans. Both changes in climate and land use and land cover would potentially drive more gross mercury deposition towards the terrestrial system and less to the ocean system. The growing concerns of elevated methyl mercury contamination have made it important to improve the understanding of the source-receptor relationship of mercury deposition, especially in the context of global change. We investigate the source-receptor relationship of atmospheric mercury deposition among several regions induced by changes in anthropogenic emissions, climate, land use and land cover, using the GEOS-Chem model driven by GISS ModelE2 meteorology. We examine the relative contribution to the total deposition in receptor regions from various sources (e.g. domestic vs foreign anthropogenic emission sources). Changes in 2050 land use and cover, and climate have more impacts on the directional changes of atmospheric mercury while changes in 2050 anthropogenic emissions show more uniformed distributions of changes in atmospheric mercury flux. In the Great Lakes region, the average gross deposition flux attributed from total anthropogenic emissions in the Great Lakes region show little change in 2050 climate but with increase in the lower part of the Great Lakes region near the point sources and decrease in the upper part. Changes in 2050 anthropogenic emissions under B1 scenario and land use and land cover drive the average gross deposition flux to decrease by 2 and 1.5 ug/m2/yr relevant to present-day, respectively.
Download or read book The Impact of Desert Dust Across the Mediterranean written by Stefano Guerzoni and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1996-11-30 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The atmosphere is an important pathway for the transport of continentally-derived material to the oceans. In this respect the Mediterranean Sea is of special importance because its atmosphere receives inputs of anthropogenic aerosols from the north and desert- derived Saharan dusts from the south. The dusts, much of which is transported in the form of seasonal `pulses', have important effects on climate, marine chemistry and sedimentation in the Mediterranean Sea. This volume brings together reviews and specific-topic papers on the following aspects of Saharan dust transport to the Mediterranean Sea: (i) the modelling of Saharan dust transport, (ii) the chemistry and mineralogy of the dusts and their effect on precipitation, (iii) the contribution of the dusts to marine sedimentation, (iv) the aerobiology of the dusts, and (v) climatic implications of Saharan dust transport. The volume is aimed at students and researchers with an interest in the climate, biogeochemistry and geology of the Mediterranean Sea.
Download or read book Fire Phenomena and the Earth System written by Claire M. Belcher and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-08 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fire plays a key role in Earth system processes. Wildfires influence the carbon cycle and the nutrient balance of our planet, and may even play a role in regulating the oxygen content of our atmosphere. The evolutionary history of plants has been intimately tied to fire and this in part explains the distribution of our ecosystems and their ability to withstand the effects of natural fires today. Fire Phenomena and the Earth System brings together the various subdisciplines within fire science to provide a synthesis of our understanding of the role of wildfire in the Earth system. The book shows how knowledge of fire phenomena and the nature of combustion of natural fuels can be used to understand modern wildfires, interpret fire events in the geological record and to understand the role of fire in a variety of Earth system processes. By bringing together chapters written by leading international researchers from a range of geological, environmental, chemical and engineering disciplines, the book will stimulate the exchange of ideas and knowledge across these subject areas. Fire Phenomena and the Earth System provides a truly interdisciplinary guide that can inform us about Earth’s past, present and beyond. Readership: Advanced students and researchers across a wide range of earth, environmental and life sciences, including biogeochemistry, paleoclimatology, atmospheric science, palaeontology and paleoecology, combustion science, ecology and forestry.
Download or read book The GOES R Series written by Steven J. Goodman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-10-05 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The GOES-R Series: A New Generation of Geostationary Environmental Satellites introduces the reader to the most significant advance in weather technology in a generation. The world’s new constellation of geostationary operational environmental satellites (GOES) are in the midst of a drastic revolution with their greatly improved capabilities that provide orders of magnitude improvements in spatial, temporal and spectral resolution. Never before have routine observations been possible over such a wide area. Imagine satellite images over the full disk every 10 or 15 minutes and monitoring of severe storms, cyclones, fires and volcanic eruptions on the scale of minutes. Introduces the GOES-R Series, with chapters on each of its new products Provides an overview of how to read new satellite images Includes full-color images and online animations that demonstrate the power of this new technology
Download or read book Flexible Global Ocean Atmosphere Land System Model written by Tianjun Zhou and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-19 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coupled climate system models are of central importance for climate studies. A new model known as FGOALS ( the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model), has been developed by the Sate Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (LASG/IAP, CAS), a first-tier national geophysical laboratory. It serves as a powerful tool, both for deepening our understanding of fundamental mechanisms of the climate system and for making decadal prediction and scenario projections of future climate change. "Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model: A Modeling Tool for the Climate Change Research Community” is the first book to offer systematic evaluations of this model’s performance. It is comprehensive in scope, covering both developmental and application-oriented aspects of this climate system model. It also provides an outlook of future development of FGOALS and offers an overview of how to employ the model. It represents a valuable reference work for researchers and professionals working within the related areas of climate variability and change. Prof. Tianjun Zhou, Yongqiang Yu, Yimin Liu and Bin Wang work at LASG, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
