Download or read book Selective Protein Synthesis During Vaccinia Virus induced Host Shutoff written by Pragyesh Dhungel and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During infection, poxvirus makes host cells conducive for viral replication by causing host shutoff that is marked by global inhibition of host protein synthesis. Host shutoff facilitates the reallocation of cellular resources for viral replication and evasion of host antiviral immune responses. However, it poses a challenge for continuous synthesis of crucial cellular proteins and viral proteins that are important for viral replication. It is unclear whether and how viral and specific cellular proteins are selectively synthesized during poxvirus-induced host shutoff. In this dissertation, we elucidated that vaccinia virus boosts viral post-replicative protein synthesis by using the 5'-poly(A) leader at the 5'-UTR. Vaccinia virus has evolutionarily optimized the length of the poly(A) leader, and uninterrupted poly(A) leader is required for promoting poxvirus protein production. During vaccinia virus-induced shutoff, poly(A) leader stipulates viral post-replicative mRNAs an adaptive mechanism to translate efficiently. The poly(A) leader translation was not mediated by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) mode, albeit poly(A) leader mediates cap-independent mode of translation. Through further investigation, we uncovered a cellular RNA-binding protein La-Related Protein 4 (LARP4) that was repurposed to augment vaccinia virus post-replicative mRNA translation. During VACV infection, LARP4 is enriched in the virus factory where VACV post-replicative mRNAs are translated. A decrease of LARP4 protein level reduces VACV replication, blocks post-replicative protein synthesis, and decreases 5'-poly(A) leader mediated translational advantage. Further studies showed that LARP4 is vital for the cap-independent mode of translation from poly(A) leader. We also showed that infection of vaccinia virus, the prototypic poxvirus, induced selective synthesis of cellular proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Using simultaneous RNA-seq and ribosome profiling, we determined the mRNAs encoding proteins for oxidative phosphorylation complexes had increased relative translation efficiency. Indeed, vaccinia virus infection increased the activity of oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation function suppressed vaccinia virus replication significantly. Moreover, the mRNAs of oxidative phosphorylation have short 5'-UTRs with a less complex secondary structure that could confer oxidative phosphorylation mRNAs a translational advantage in vaccinia virus-infected cells during host shutoff. Together, these studies advanced our understanding of how vaccinia virus selectively synthesizes viral and cellular proteins for efficient viral replication during host shutoff. The findings may facilitate the development of novel anti-poxvirus strategies and the improvement of poxviruses as vaccine vectors and anti-cancer agents.
Download or read book A Possible Mechanism of Vaccinia Virus induced Shut off of Host Protein Synthesis written by Mei-Jhy Su and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Selective Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Vaccinia Virus written by Chunxia Lu and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Human Herpesviruses written by Ann Arvin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 1325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.
Download or read book Translational Regulation of Gene Expression 2 written by J. Ilan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, which results from the dramatic increase in interest in the control mechanism employed in gene expression and the importance of the regulated proteins, presents new information not covered in Translational Regulation of Gene Expression, which was published in 1987. It is not a revision of the earlier book but, rather, an extension of that volume witl, special emphasis on mecha nIsm. As the reader will discover, there is enormous diversity in the systems employing genes for translational regulation in order to regulate the appearance of the final product-the protein. Thus, we find that important proteins such as protooncogenes, growth factors, stress proteins, cytokines, lymphokines, iron storage and iron-uptake proteins, and a panorama of prokaryotic proteins, as well as eukaryotic viral proteins, are translationally regulated. Since for some gene products the degree of control is greater by a few orders of magnitude than their transcription, we can state that for these genes, at least, the expression is translationall y controlled. Translational regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes has emerged in the last few years as a major research field. The present book describes mechanisms of translational regulation in bacteria, yeast, and eukaryotic viruses, as well as in eukaryotic genes. In this book we try to provide in-depth coverage by including important examples from each group rather than systematically including all additional systems not described in the previous volume.
Download or read book Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Heat Shock Proteins in Infectious Disease written by A. Graham Pockley and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-10 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Heat Shock Proteins in Infectious Disease provides the most current review of the literature relating to the role and influence of heat shock (stress) proteins on the establishment, progression and resolution of infectious disease. Written by leaders in the field of heat shock proteins (HSP) and their biological and immunological properties, the contributors provide a fascinating insight into the complex relationship between, and the involvement of prokaryotic and eukaryotic HSP in disease states. It has been known for some considerable time that heat shock proteins from prokaryotic organisms are immunodominant molecules that are intimately involved in the induction of potential protective inflammatory responses, and this aspect of HSP biology is updated herein. In addition to regulating heat shock protein gene expression, the transcription factor HSF1 also appears to play an important role in regulating immune responses to infection. Heat shock proteins are now known to influence infectious disease processes in a number of diverse ways: they are involved in the propagation of prions, the replication and morphogenesis of viruses, and the resistance of parasites to chemotherapy. These proteins also appear to be important mediators of bacteria-host interactions and inflammation, the latter via interactions with cell surface molecules and structures such as Toll-like receptors and lipid rafts. Heat shock proteins can be expressed on the surface of infected cells, and this is likely to provide a target for the innate immune response. Elevated levels of circulating HSP are present in infectious diseases and these proteins might therefore regulate inflammatory responses to pathogenic challenge on a systemic basis. Heat shock proteins are also implicated in the impact of genital tract infections on the reproductive outcome, as well as in the local and systemic consequences of periodontal disease. Fever-range temperatures can induce the expression of heat shock proteins, and the final chapter in the book examines the influence of fever-range hyperthermia on a variety of cells and the organization of plasma membranes. This book is an essential read for graduates and postgraduates in Biology, pro- and eukaryotic Biochemistry, Immunology, Microbiology, Inflammatory and Infectious Disease, and Pathology.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mechanisms Of Viral Toxicity In Animal Cells written by Luis Carrasco and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-18 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present book is intended to give an account of the state of the art on how animal viruses induce cytotoxic effects in cells.
Download or read book Principles of Virology Volume 1 written by Jane Flint and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-11-03 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Virology, the leading virology textbook in use, is an extremely valuable and highly informative presentation of virology at the interface of modern cell biology and immunology. This text utilizes a uniquely rational approach by highlighting common principles and processes across all viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to illustrate the breadth of viral complexity, students are able to under-stand viral reproduction and pathogenesis and are equipped with the necessary tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses. This fifth edition was updated to keep pace with the ever-changing field of virology. In addition to the beloved full-color illustrations, video interviews with leading scientists, movies, and links to exciting blogposts on relevant topics, this edition includes study questions and active learning puzzles in each chapter, as well as short descriptions regarding the key messages of references of special interest. Volume I: Molecular Biology focuses on the molecular processes of viral reproduction, from entry through release. Volume II: Pathogenesis and Control addresses the interplay between viruses and their host organisms, on both the micro- and macroscale, including chapters on public health, the immune response, vaccines and other antiviral strategies, viral evolution, and a brand new chapter on the therapeutic uses of viruses. These two volumes can be used for separate courses or together in a single course. Each includes a unique appendix, glossary, and links to internet resources. Principles of Virology, Fifth Edition, is ideal for teaching the strategies by which all viruses reproduce, spread within a host, and are maintained within populations. This edition carefully reflects the results of extensive vetting and feedback received from course instructors and students, making this renowned textbook even more appropriate for undergraduate and graduate courses in virology, microbiology, and infectious diseases.
Download or read book Viral Cytopathology written by Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 547 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming and numbering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new-truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, bio chemical cytology, and high resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of 19 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective, and to develop an invaluable reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered any where, but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts.
Download or read book Ranaviruses written by Matthew J. Gray and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-01 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book on ranaviruses. Ranaviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that cause hemorrhagic disease in amphibians, reptiles, and fish. They have caused mass die-offs of ectothermic vertebrates in wild and captive populations around the globe. There is evidence that this pathogen is emerging and responsible for population declines in certain locations. Considering that amphibians and freshwater turtles are suitable hosts and the most imperiled vertebrate taxa in the world, ranaviruses can have significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem function. Additionally, many fish that are raised in aquaculture facilities and traded internationally are suitable hosts; thus, the potential economic impact of ranaviruses is significant. Ranaviruses also serve as a model for replication and gene function of large double-stranded DNA viruses. There is an urgent need to assemble the contemporary information on ranaviruses and provide guidance on how to assess their threats in populations. Through the Global Ranavirus Consortium, 24 experts from six countries were organize to write this volume, the first book on ranaviruses. The book begins with a discussion on the global extent of ranaviruses, case histories of infection and disease in ectothermic vertebrates, and current phylogeny. Basic principles of ranavirus ecology and evolution are covered next, with a focus on host-pathogen interactions and how the virus emerges in its environment. There are two chapters that will discuss the molecular biology of ranaviruses, host response to infection, and the genes responsible for immune system evasion. One chapter establishes standards for testing for infection and diagnosing ranaviral disease. The book ends by providing guidance on how to design ranavirus surveillance studies and analyze data to determine risk, and discussing the role of the Global Ranavirus Consortium in organizing research and outreach activities.
Download or read book Principles of Virology written by Jane Flint and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-08-07 with total page 1136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Virology, the leading virology textbook in use, is an extremely valuable and highly informative presentation of virology at the interface of modern cell biology and immunology. This text utilizes a uniquely rational approach by highlighting common principles and processes across all viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to illustrate the breadth of viral complexity, students are able to understand viral reproduction and pathogenesis and are equipped with the necessary tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses. This fifth edition was updated to keep pace with the ever-changing field of virology. In addition to the beloved full-color illustrations, video interviews with leading scientists, movies, and links to exciting blogposts on relevant topics, this edition includes study questions and active learning puzzles in each chapter, as well as short descriptions regarding the key messages of references of special interest. Volume I: Molecular Biology focuses on the molecular processes of viral reproduction, from entry through release. Volume II: Pathogenesis and Control addresses the interplay between viruses and their host organisms, on both the micro- and macroscale, including chapters on public health, the immune response, vaccines and other antiviral strategies, viral evolution, and a brand new chapter on the therapeutic uses of viruses. These two volumes can be used for separate courses or together in a single course. Each includes a unique appendix, glossary, and links to internet resources. Principles of Virology, Fifth Edition, is ideal for teaching the strategies by which all viruses reproduce, spread within a host, and are maintained within populations. This edition carefully reflects the results of extensive vetting and feedback received from course instructors and students, making this renowned textbook even more appropriate for undergraduate and graduate courses in virology, microbiology, and infectious diseases.
Download or read book Principles of Virology Volume 1 written by S. Jane Flint and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-08-03 with total page 1477 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Principles of Virology is the leading virology textbook because it does more than collect and present facts about individual viruses. Instead, it facilitates an understanding of basic virology by examining the shared processes and capabilities of viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to present the complexity and diversity of a myriad of viruses, this rational approach enables students to understand how reproduction is accomplished by known viruses and provides the tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses. This fully updated edition represents the rapidly changing field of virology. A major new feature is the inclusion of 26 video interviews with leading scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of virology. Applicable courses: undergraduate courses in virology and microbiology as well as graduate courses in virology and infectious diseases.
Download or read book Recombinant Poxviruses written by Matthew M. Binns and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1992-05-27 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recombinant Poxviruses provides a comprehensive examination of poxviruses with an emphasis on the potential of these viruses as new vaccines. The book considers a wide range of issues involved in producing new genetically engineered live vaccines, such as efficacy, safety, stability, cost, host range, immune response, immunization route, use of multivalent vaccines, and need for revaccination. The opening chapter describes the origin of vaccinia virus, its use to eradicate smallpox, and the pathogenesis of poxvirus infections. Subsequent chapters examine the molecular biology of poxviruses, methods of constructing vaccinia virus recombinants, and applications; the use and immune responses induced by poxvirus recombinants as live vaccines; and the important issues of the safety and immunogenicity of vaccinia virus. The book's final two chapters report the progress that has been made developing avipoxviruses and parapoxviruses as candidate recombinant vaccines. Recombinant Poxviruses will be a welcome addition to the bookshelves of virologists, microbiologists, infectious disease specialists, and veterinarians.
Download or read book Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America written by National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 832 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Protein Biosynthesis in Eukaryotes written by R. Perez-Bercoff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-09 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modes and Mechanisms of Microbial Growth Inhibitors written by Fred E. Hahn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is not certain that the editors of Antibiotics I (1967), Drs. GOTTLffiB and SHAW, fully realized that they were laying the foundation for an entire series of which we present here Vol. VI. For some time to come, this will be the last volume of the Antibiotics series. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, the discovery of medicinally useful antibiotics has leveled off, because the number of microbiological products with antimicrobial properties is not infinite. In 1972 some 2500 antibiotic substances were known, of which approximately one per cent are clinically useful. Further search for antibiotics has led to increasing frequency of rediscoveries and drasti cally decreasing frequency of discoveries of new antibiotics. As the search for antibiotics with a standard methodology in conventional ecological niches has exhausted itself, there is a paucity of new and interesting substances on which to undertake modes/mechanisms of action studies. Secondly, the mechanism of action field has come of age and its results are now academic knowledge. This also holds true for synthetic chemothera peutic drugs and becomes the case rapidly for toxic substances with anti-eukar yotic action. The study of mechanisms of action was undertaken for two reasons: one was the basic scientific desire to know how antimicrobial substances inter fered with microbial biochemistry; the second one was the hope that such infor mation would be useful in the premeditated design of synthetic antimicrobials.
