Download or read book Screening for Hypertension in Children and Adolescents to Prevent Cardiovascular written by Oregon Evidence-based Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center and published by . This book was released on 2014-02-18 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this systematic evidence review is for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) to update its recommendation on screening for high blood pressure in children and adolescents to prevent cardiovascular disease. In 2003, the USPSTF found poor evidence that routine blood pressure measurement accurately identifies children and adolescents at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, and poor evidence to determine whether treatment of elevated blood pressure in children or adolescents decreases the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Recent data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggest that mean blood pressure levels are rising steadily in children, as is the prevalence of childhood hypertension. This may be due to the increase in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among children, which is highly correlated with high blood pressure. Screening of asymptomatic children has the potential to detect hypertension at earlier stages, so that interventions can be initiated which, if effective, could reduce the adverse health effects of childhood hypertension in both childhood and adulthood, including cardiovascular disease and organ damage. This report summarizes recent and older evidence on screening and diagnostic accuracy of screening tests for high blood pressure in children, the effectiveness and harms of treatment for screen-detected, primary childhood hypertension, and the tracking of hypertension from childhood to adulthood.
Download or read book Screening for Hypertension in Children and Adolescents to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease Systematic Review for the U S Preventive Services Task Force written by U. S. Department Human Services and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this systematic evidence review is for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) to update its recommendation on screening for high blood pressure in children and adolescents to prevent cardiovascular disease. In 2003, the USPSTF found poor evidence that routine blood pressure measurement accurately identifies children and adolescents at increased risk for cardiovascular disease, and poor evidence to determine whether treatment of elevated blood pressure in children or adolescents decreases the incidence of cardiovascular disease. As a result, the USPSTF could not determine the balance of benefits and harms of routine screening for high blood pressure in children and adolescents, which resulted in an I recommendation. Recent data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggest that mean blood pressure levels are rising steadily in children, as is the prevalence of childhood hypertension. This may be due to the increase in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among children, which is highly correlated with high blood pressure. Screening of asymptomatic children has the potential to detect hypertension at earlier stages, so that interventions can be initiated which, if effective, could reduce the adverse health effects of childhood hypertension in both childhood and adulthood, including cardiovascular disease and end-organ damage. This report summarizes recent and older evidence on screening and diagnostic accuracy of screening tests for high blood pressure in children, the effectiveness and harms of treatment for screen-detected, primary childhood hypertension, and the tracking of hypertension from childhood to adulthood. Using the methods of the USPSTF and with the input of members of the USPSTF, we developed an analytic framework and key questions to guide our literature search and review. Key Questions include: 1. Is screening for hypertension in children/adolescents effective in delaying the onset of or reducing adverse health outcomes related to hypertension? 2. What is the diagnostic accuracy of screening tests for elevated blood pressure in children/adolescents? 3. What is the association between hypertension in children/adolescents and hypertension and other intermediate outcomes in adults? 4. What are the adverse effects of screening for hypertension in children/adolescents, including labeling and anxiety? 5. What is the effectiveness of drug, nondrug, and combination interventions for treating primary hypertension in children/adolescents? 6. What is the effectiveness of drug, nondrug, and combination interventions initiated for the treatment of primary hypertension in children/adolescents for reducing blood pressure and other intermediate outcomes in adults? 7. What is the effectiveness of drug, nondrug, and combination interventions initiated for the treatment of primary hypertension in children/adolescents for reducing adverse health outcomes in adults related to primary hypertension? 8. What are the adverse effects of drug, nondrug, and combination interventions for treating primary hypertension in children/adolescents?
Download or read book Screening for Hypertension in Children and Adolescents to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease written by Matthew Thompson (Clinical scientist) and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BACKGROUND: Hypertension in children can be associated with adverse health outcomes and may persist into adulthood, where it presents a significant personal and public health burden. Screening asymptomatic children has the potential to detect hypertension at earlier stages, so that interventions can be initiated which, if effective, could reduce the adverse health effects of childhood hypertension in children and adults. PURPOSE: To assess the effects of screening for hypertension in asymptomatic children and adolescents to prevent cardiovascular disease. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (through July 2012) and MEDLINE (1946-July 9, 2012) and manually reviewed reference lists of included studies. Citations were independently reviewed by two investigators, and data extraction performed by one investigator and checked by a second for accuracy. We included studies of screening for hypertension in asymptomatic children and studies of benefits and harms of treatments for children with hypertension. Diagnostic accuracy studies were included if they used a reference standard and allowed calculation of sensitivity and specificity. We excluded studies focusing on secondary hypertension. RESULTS: No studies evaluated the effect of screening asymptomatic children for hypertension on subsequent health outcomes, including onset of hypertension. Two studies that assessed accuracy of screening tests for elevated blood pressure found moderate sensitivities (0.65 and 0.72) and specificities (0.75 and 0.92) and low positive predictive values (0.37, 0.17). The association between elevated blood pressure or hypertension in childhood and hypertension in adulthood was assessed in 10 studies, with most studies finding a small but significant association. Seven fair-quality studies found drug interventions were effective at lowering blood pressure after 4 weeks, based on the proportion achieving normotensive status and/or mean reductions in blood pressure. One trial of a drug combined with lifestyle modifications found lower mean blood pressures at 30 months, and one trial of increased exercise found lower mean blood pressures at 8 months, whereas other lifestyle trials found no differences. Of 13 studies assessing harms of interventions, only one study found that adverse event rates were significantly lower for those in the intervention group; all other studies found no difference in adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Studies are needed to assess whether screening for hypertension in children and adolescents reduces adverse health outcomes or delays the onset of hypertension. Blood pressure screening may be effective at identifying children with hypertension, though evidence is limited and false-positive rates were high. The presence of hypertension in childhood is associated with hypertension in adults, but with limited evidence available for its association with end-organ damage markers in adults. Drug interventions for hypertension may be effective at lowering blood pressure with few serious side effects; however, studies of longer duration are needed to confirm results from short-term studies. Evidence on the effectiveness of childhood combination drug and lifestyle interventions and lifestyle-only interventions is sparse and mixed, with most studies showing no sustained reduction in blood pressure in childhood. Studies are needed to assess whether treating hypertension in childhood affects subsequent intermediate or clinical outcomes in adulthood.
Download or read book Pediatric Hypertension written by Joseph Flynn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-26 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of pediatric hypertension has undergone important changes in the time since the second edition of Pediatric Hypertension published. Much new information on hypertension in the young has become available. Previous chapters have been fully revised and new chapters have been added to cover important topics of recent interest such as consensus recommendations, the prevalence of hypertension in the young due to the obesity epidemic, studies of antihypertensive agents, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Pediatric Hypertension, Third Edition is a comprehensive volume featuring 38 chapters covering the breadth of the current knowledge. It is divided into four sections: Regulation of Blood Pressure in Children; Assessment of Blood Pressure in Children: Measurement, Normative Data, Epidemiology; and Hypertension in Children: Predictors, Risk Factors, and Special Populations; Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Hypertension. Filled with the most up-to-date information, Pediatric Hypertension, Third Edition is an invaluable resource for clinicians and researchers interested in childhood hypertension.
Download or read book Pediatric Hypertension written by Joseph T. Flynn and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-09 with total page 975 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the past 17 years, Pediatric Hypertension has served as the definitive reference text on hypertension in children and adolescents. Each edition has incorporated the latest research on the pathophysiology, clinical significance and management of hypertension in the young, and has incorporated the most current consensus guidelines on diagnosis and management. The years since publication of the fourth edition have seen further advances in the field that merit publication of an updated, expanded text, including: Analysis of the implications of updated hypertension guidelines on identification of youth at highest cardiovascular risk Additional data on the proximate effects of high blood pressure in children in adolescents Further understanding of the links between high blood pressure in youth and surrogate markers of adult cardiovascular disease The fifth edition is a readable, informative text that provides a comprehensive guide to the diagnosis, management and therapy of hypertension in children and adolescents, and presents new data that very clearly indicate that the origins of adult cardiovascular disease are rooted in pediatric hypertension. It will, as a result, be very important for therapeutic decisions and will also be highly relevant for those in internal medicine, who care for the millions of adults who have hypertension, cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. In this sense, the book fulfills the longstanding goal of showing that hypertension that begins in childhood is important to track, diagnose and treat, and that the present understanding of adult hypertension necessitates the study of blood pressure in youth. The fifth edition has a similar structural format to the prior editions and covers all aspects of pediatric hypertension, from basic science research to the most recent clinical information.
Download or read book The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents written by Bonita Falkner and published by . This book was released on 2006-02-01 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fourth report from the Nat. High Blood Pressure Educ. Program (NHBPEP) Working Group on Children & Adolescents. This report updates clinicians on the latest recommendations concerning the diagnosis, evaluation, & treatment of hypertension in children; recommendations are based on English-language, peer-reviewed, scientific evidence (from 1997 to 2004) & the consensus expert opinion of the NHBPEP Working Group. This report includes new data from the 1999-2000 Nat. Health & Nutrition Exam. Survey, as well as revised blood pressure tables that include the 50th, 90th, 95th, & 99th percentiles by sex, age, & height. Charts & tables.
Download or read book Prevention of Atherosclerosis and Hypertension Beginning in Youth written by Lloyd J. Filer and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Screening for Hypertension in Children and Adolescents written by Gerald Gartlehner and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PURPOSE: To review the evidence about screening for high blood pressure in children and adolescents to delay the onset of or reduce adverse health outcomes related to high blood pressure. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, the Cochrane Library, and trial registries through September 3, 2019; bibliographies from retrieved articles, outside experts, and surveillance of the literature through October 6, 2020. STUDY SELECTION: Two investigators independently selected studies using a priori defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. For this update, we included studies of screening for primary and secondary hypertension in asymptomatic children and adolescents. For benefits and harms of treatments or the association between hypertension in children and adolescents and intermediate outcomes in adults, we included participants with primary or secondary hypertension or elevated blood pressure. We selected studies that evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of blood pressure measurements in children and adolescents within primary care settings. We also included epidemiological studies that assessed the association between high blood pressure in children and adolescents and hypertension and other intermediate outcomes in adults. We included intermediate outcomes only if they were closely related to hypertension (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy, urinary albumin excretion, retinal vascular changes, and intima media thickness). For treatment of hypertension, we selected controlled trials of pharmacological agents, lifestyle interventions, or combination treatments. We excluded studies with poor methodological quality and studies conducted in developing countries. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS: One investigator extracted data and a second checked accuracy. Two reviewers independently rated methodological quality for all included studies using predefined criteria. Because data were insufficient for meta-analyses, we qualitatively synthesized findings for each key question. DATA SYNTHESIS: We included 42 studies (43 publications). We did not identify any studies directly evaluating health benefits or harms of screening. We also did not find studies assessing whether effective treatment of abnormal blood pressure during childhood has an impact on hypertension and other intermediate outcomes during adulthood. Furthermore, we did not find any studies that addressed screening for secondary hypertension in asymptomatic children. One fair study (n=247) assessed the diagnostic test accuracy of six office-based blood pressure measurements, 1 to 2 weeks apart, compared with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring as the reference standard. Office-based blood pressure measurements used recommendations of the Fourth Report as thresholds. Using systolic blood pressure (SBP) at the 90th percentile as a cutoff for abnormal blood pressure, the sensitivity of office-based measurements was 81.6 percent (confidence interval [CI] not reported) with a specificity of 70.3 percent (CI not reported). Twenty studies on data from nine national and international cohorts evaluated the association between high blood pressure in childhood and hypertension or other intermediate outcomes during adulthood. Despite substantial heterogeneity, studies consistently reported associations between abnormal blood pressure in childhood and abnormal blood pressure in adulthood. The strength of associations varied across studies (odds ratios [ORs] ranged from 1.1 to 4.5, relative risk [RR] ranged from 1.45 to 3.60, hazard ratios [HRs] ranged from 2.8 to 3.2; duration of followup ranged from 10 to 33 years). Studies also reported associations between abnormal blood pressure during childhood and carotid intima-media thickness (OR: 1.24, 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.37 [mean duration of followup was 25 years]; HRs ranged from 2.03 to 3.07 [duration of followup ranged from 10 to 21 years]; correlation coefficients ranged from 0.04 to 0.16 [duration of followup ranged from 21 to 31 years]), left ventricular hypertrophy (ORs ranged from 1.30 to 1.59, mean duration of followup was 25 years; HRs ranged from 1.92 to 3.41; duration of followup ranged from 10 to 21 years), and microalbuminuria (regression coefficients ranged from 0.016 to 0.315; mean duration of followup was 16.1 years). Twenty randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) and a meta-analysis assessing treatments for hypertension in children and adolescents met inclusion criteria. The majority of studies excluded children with known secondary hypertension. Thirteen fair-quality placebo-controlled RCTs and one meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of various pharmacological treatments. All studies reported greater reductions of SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements in participants who received pharmacological treatments compared with those treated with placebo. The magnitude of reductions, however, varied, and not all differences reached statistical significance. Pooled reductions of SBP were −4.38 mmHg (95% CI, −2.16 to −7.27) for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, −3.07 mmHg (95% CI, −1.44 to −4.99) for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), −3.20 mmHg (95% CI, +2.23 to −8.69) for beta blockers, −3.10 mmHg (95% CI, +0.45 to −6.52) for calcium channel blockers, and −0.12 mmHg (95% CI, +3.46 to −3.69) for mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Followup of studies was limited to 2 to 4 weeks. One fair-quality trial, conducted from 1979 to 1981 in the United States and using a combination of a pharmacological treatment (low-dose propranolol/chlorthalidone) and lifestyle interventions (dietary and exercise modifications for children and parents), reported a statistically significant reduction of SBP (−7.6 mmHg) and DBP (−6.9 mmHg) after 6 months. A DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) −type diet (high in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods) achieved statistically significant reductions in SBP (−2.2 mmHg) and DBP (−2.8 mmHg) in a completers-only analysis of one fair-quality RCT. The effect did not last beyond the intervention period. Two fair-quality RCTs assessing physical exercise reported statistically significant decreases in SBP after 3 and 8 months (−8.3 and −4.9 mmHg, respectively) compared with lifestyle as usual. Only the study lasting 8 months reported a significant decrease in DBP (−3.8 mmHg vs. not reported). Based on evidence from three fair-quality trials, a low-sodium diet and progressive muscle relaxation did not achieve any significant or clinically relevant changes in SBP or DBP. Regarding harms of treatments, six fair-quality RCTs reported similar risks of adverse events between various pharmacological treatments (beta blocker, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme, inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers) and placebo. The duration of trials, however, was limited to 2 to 4 weeks. One fair-quality RCT reported similar risks for adverse events between a combination of pharmacotherapy and lifestyle interventions and a control group without treatment over 6 months. LIMITATIONS: Only English-language studies were included. No direct evidence for the benefits or harms of screening was identified. In addition, the indirect evidence pathway from screening to improvement of health outcomes is scarce, of limited applicability, or entirely missing for some steps of the pathway. The evidence on diagnostic accuracy was limited to one poor quality study. Epidemiological studies determining associations between high blood pressure in childhood and adulthood used various definitions and thresholds; the results were generally consistent in demonstrating an association, although the strength of association varied. Pharmacological treatment studies were limited to durations of 2 to 4 weeks of followup and excluded children with secondary hypertension; no evidence was available for long-term effectiveness. The mean age of children in these studies ranged between 12 and 14 years; the generalizability of results to younger children or children with secondary hypertension is unknown. Studies of treatment were generally too short and underpowered for harm outcomes. We did not assess the comparative effectiveness or harms of treatments. CONCLUSIONS: We identified no direct evidence that compared screening with no screening in asymptomatic children and adolescents. Epidemiological studies indicate an association between hypertension in childhood and adolescence and hypertension in adulthood. Large longitudinal cohort studies also provide evidence that hypertension in adolescents and young adults is associated with end-stage renal disease and mortality from cerebrovascular events during adulthood. The proportion of spontaneous resolution of hypertension in children and the long-term benefits and harms of treatment, however, remain unclear. The evidence is also inconclusive whether the diagnostic accuracy of blood pressure measurements is adequate for screening asymptomatic children and adolescents in primary care. Short-term pharmacological treatments appear effective and safe, but no evidence with a followup of more than 4 weeks is available. No evidence exists to determine whether screening for hypertension is effective in identifying children with secondary hypertension who are asymptomatic. Most treatment studies excluded children with secondary hypertension.
Download or read book Pediatric Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease written by Ronald M. Lauer and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2006 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most epidemiologic studies of risk factors for atherosclerosis have been conducted in adult populations, yet there is now evidence that the vascular disease process begins at a young age. This book reviews recent findings that allow physicians to identify and manage children and adolescents who are at the highest risk for the development of premature cardiovascular disease in later life. It covers cholesterol levels, blood pressure, body size, obesity, coronary artery calcification and carotid artery thickness, and discusses the identification, familial aggregation, tracking and management of each of these risk factors.
Download or read book Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure written by Sergio Giovannetti and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enormous progress has been made in the treatment of chronic renal failure over the last decades. Until the 1950s, chronic renal failure was considered to be an inexorably lethal condition. This is no longer the case. In addition, the disease, severe uremic syndrome, is now extremely rare, if existent at all, in industrialized countries. Physicians of my generation who saw patients hospitalized with hemor raghes, pericarditis, severe anemia, cardiac failure, "malignant hypertension," pruritus, vomiting, generalized edema, and convulsions are particularly grate ful for this progress. I well remember seeing such patients hospitalized in the last days or weeks of their lives and also remember the sense of impotence I suffered for the com plete lack of efficient measures I had at my disposal to manage their condition. Nowadays, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation allow patients with chronic renal failure to survive for very long periods of time in a satisfactory condition. Why then is there still a sense of dissatisfaction and why should we study dietary management? The drawbacks of dialysis and transplantation are the main reasons, but the certainty that dietary therapy is complementary to dialysis and even better than dialysis in certain conditions, is also very important.
Download or read book Hypertension in Children and Adolescents written by Empar Lurbe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-29 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to hypertension in children and adolescents, a clinical issue that – thanks to the strides made in several areas of pathophysiological and clinical research – has received growing interest in cardiovascular medicine over the last several years. Given the increasing prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents, this book represents an important and useful tool to address what has become a significant public health issue. It covers a diverse range of topics, from advances in the definition of hypertension and the identification of new risk factors, to current treatment strategies. The book also presents an overview of the latest findings, including the clinical significance of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) in youth, the importance of out-of-office and central blood pressure measurement, new methods for assessing vascular phenotypes, and clustering of CV risk factors. Gathering contributions by international experts and pursuing a practice-oriented approach, the book offers a valuable tool for cardiologists, pediatricians and nephrologists, as well as general practitioners.
Download or read book A Population Based Policy and Systems Change Approach to Prevent and Control Hypertension written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-08-13 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, affecting nearly one in three Americans. It is prevalent in adults and endemic in the older adult population. Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and disability. Although there is a simple test to diagnose hypertension and relatively inexpensive drugs to treat it, the disease is often undiagnosed and uncontrolled. A Population-Based Policy and Systems Change Approach to the Prevention and Control Hypertension identifies a small set of high-priority areas in which public health officials can focus their efforts to accelerate progress in hypertension reduction and control. It offers several recommendations that embody a population-based approach grounded in the principles of measurement, system change, and accountability. The recommendations are designed to shift current hypertension reduction strategies from an individual-based approach to a population-based approach. They are also designed to improve the quality of care provided to individuals with hypertension and to strengthen the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's leadership in seeking a reduction in the sodium intake in the American diet to meet dietary guidelines. The book is an important resource for federal public health officials and organizations, especially the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as medical professionals and community health workers.
Download or read book Hypertension in Children and Adolescents written by Empar Lurbe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-08-13 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is devoted to hypertension in children and adolescents, a clinical issue that – thanks to the strides made in several areas of pathophysiological and clinical research – has received growing interest in cardiovascular medicine over the last several years. Given the increasing prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents, this book represents an important and useful tool to address what has become a significant public health issue. It covers a diverse range of topics, from advances in the definition of hypertension and the identification of new risk factors, to current treatment strategies. The book also presents an overview of the latest findings, including the clinical significance of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) in youth, the importance of out-of-office and central blood pressure measurement, new methods for assessing vascular phenotypes, and clustering of CV risk factors. Gathering contributions by international experts and pursuing a practice-oriented approach, the book offers a valuable tool for cardiologists, pediatricians and nephrologists, as well as general practitioners.
Download or read book Pediatric Nephrology written by Ellis D. Avner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-08-20 with total page 2059 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is an extensive update of Pediatric Nephrology, which has become the standard reference text in the field. It is global in perspective and reflects the international group of editors, who are well-recognized experts in pediatric nephrology. Within this text, the development of kidney structure and function is followed by detailed and comprehensive chapters on all childhood kidney diseases.
Download or read book WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2020-11-20 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease written by Roya Kelishadi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-07 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides a comprehensive overview on developmental origins of health and disease regarding various factors related to the origins of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) from early life. It offers a summary of the impacts of various factors such as epigenetics; gene-environment interaction; ethnic predisposition to NCDs and their risk factors; prenatal factors; fetal programming; maternal weight status and weight gain during pregnancy; type of feeding during infancy; growth pattern during childhood; obesity; stunting; socioeconomic status; dietary and physical activity habits; as well as environmental factors including air pollution and global climate change on the development and progress of NCDs.
Download or read book Pediatric Heart Failure written by Robert Shaddy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-08-30 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book of its kind, this reference describes current diagnostic and treatment strategies for acute and chronic heart failure in the fetus, neonate, child, and young adult-encompassing every aspect of pediatric heart failure including historical perspectives, the latest technologies in mechanical circulatory support, and recent information on the psychosocial aspects of heart failure in children.