Download or read book Scientific Criteria Document for Multimedia Standards Development Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAH Part 1 Hazard Identification and Dose response Assessment Report written by Ontario. Ministry of Environment and Energy. Standards Development Branch and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by Huizhong Shen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-26 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of the global health impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air, conducted on the basis of a high-resolution emission inventory, global chemical transport modeling, and probabilistic risk assessment. One of the main strengths of the thesis is the concentration downscaling process, which provides a linkage between emissions and exposure concentrations at a comparatively high resolution. Moreover, by focusing on individual susceptibility, the thesis proposes an instrumental revision of current risk assessment methodology and argues that, if individual susceptibility were not taken into consideration, the overall risk would be underestimated by 55% and the proportion of highly vulnerable populations would be underestimated by more than 90%.
Download or read book Ventilating Cities written by Shinsuke Kato and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-03 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of the world’s population live in environments with artificially weakened wind as buildings in urban areas form wind-breaks and reduce wind speeds. Anthropogenic heat is also generated and during the summer dense urban areas suffer from the urban heat island effect, a known urban climate problem. This book discusses how to evaluate the urban wind environment, including ventilation performance and thermal comfort. This book is organized in two parts; Wind Environment and the Urban Environment and Criteria for Assessing Breeze Environments. It includes chapters on sea breeze in urban areas; thermal adaptation and the effect of wind on thermal comfort; health risk of exposures; pollutant transport in dense urban areas; legal regulations for urban ventilation and new criteria for assessing the local wind environment. Keywords: urban wind environments, urban heat island, urban climate, land use change, thermal comfort, risk assessment, urban air pollution, urban ventilation
Download or read book Environmental Health Perspectives written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 1520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry written by Cecil Leeburn Wilson and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Health Risks of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Long range Transboundary Air Pollution written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development of a Background Document on the Carcinogenicity Mutagenicity and Reproductive Toxicity Including the Related Respective Mode of Action of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Additivity of substances in a mixture with known toxicity and classified for the same endpoint is applied for certain endpoints in the classification criteria of the UN GHS and the EU CLP Regulation. This is applied in cases where data on the mixture itself is not available, and classification is based on the classification of substances. This approach has been explicitly described for acute toxicity, corrosion/irritation to skin, serious eye damage/eye irritation and, under certain conditions, for Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT). This is based on the assumption that all substances exerting this hazardous effect contribute to the overall hazard of the mixture in proportion to their concentration and potency. A mixture is classified as hazardous when the sum of the concentrations of such substances present in the mixture above the specified cut-off value (applying a weighting factor for potency where appropriate) exceeds the applicable concentration limit specified in the regulatory text. For these hazard classes, additivity applies irrespective of the mode of action of the various substances as long as the hazard endpoint is the same for the ingredient substances. Following Article 11(1) of CLP, such an approach is equally applicable for substances containing constituents displaying the above hazard property. It is currently being explored whether the principle of additivity is applicable in certain cases when classifying mixtures (or complex substances) for other hazard endpoints, especially for CMR endpoints where classification is to be based on available information for the substances rather than for the whole mixture. In this context, the objective of this project was to conduct a detailed scientific assessment to provide the information base for the assessment and selection of different options for how the principle of additivity Additivity of substances in a mixture with known toxicity and classified for the same endpoint is applied for certain endpoints in the classification criteria of the UN GHS2 and the EU CLP Regulation. This is applied in cases where data on the mixture itself is not available, and classification is based on the classification of substances. This approach has been explicitly described for acute toxicity, corrosion/irritation to skin, serious eye damage/eye irritation and, under certain conditions, for Specific Target Organ Toxicity (STOT). This is based on the assumption that all substances exerting this hazardous effect contribute to the overall hazard of the mixture in proportion to their concentration and potency. A mixture is classified as hazardous when the sum of the concentrations of such substances present in the mixture above the specified cut-off value (applying a weighting factor for potency where appropriate) exceeds the applicable concentration limit specified in the regulatory text. For these hazard classes, additivity applies irrespective of the mode of action of the various substances as long as the hazard endpoint is the same for the ingredient substances. Following Article 11(1) of CLP, such an approach is equally applicable for substances containing constituents displaying the above hazard property. It is currently being explored whether the principle of additivity is applicable in certain cases when classifying mixtures (or complex substances) for other hazard endpoints, especially for CMR endpoints where classification is to be based on available information for the substances rather than for the whole mixture. In this context, the objective of this project was to conduct a detailed scientific assessment to provide the information base for the assessment and selection of different options for how the principle of additivity could be applied to carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR) PAH constituents of petroleum and coal (PetCo) substances. In order to support the European Commission and the ECHA Risk Assessment Committee (RAC) in the preparation of options for potential PAH additivity, the current study focused on the following activities: - Task 1 - Compile available additional scientific information on the CMR toxicity of PAH constituents of petroleum and coal-derived UVCB (unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products or of biological materials) and multi-constituent substances registered under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation and their modes of action (MoA). - Task 2 - Identify groups of PAHs for which additivity could potentially be applied. PAHs included in the scope of this project have the following characteristics: - PAHs which only contain carbon and hydrogen (homocyclic). Heterocyclic PAHs have not been included. - Unsubstituted and alkylated PAHs with 2-7 rings and, in the case of alkylated PAHs, a maximum chain length of 4 carbons. PAHs substituted with non-alkyl groups have not been included.
Download or read book Research and Development written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Environmental Carcinogens written by G. Grimmer and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-18 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present survey comprises today‘s knowledge of environmental pollution in particular of the atmosphere by PAH and of the biological effects of this class of substance, putting special emphasis on their carcinogenic activity. The research data and conclusions derived therefrom are meant to assist the government of the Federal Republic of Germany in determining an air quality standard.
Download or read book Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHS written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Final Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index written by Lane C. Sander and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NIST Special Publication (SP) 922 is an aid in the identification of the chemical structures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Structure Index consists of two parts: (1) a cross index of named PAHs listed in alphabetical order and (2) chemical structures including ring numbering, name(s), Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry numbers, chemical formulas, molecular weights, and length-to-breadth ratios (L/B) and shape descriptors of PAHs listed in order of increasing molecular weight.
Download or read book Methods to Characterize Ingestion and Inhalation Intake Levels of Airborne Emitted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs written by Agnes B. Lobscheid and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Developmental Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by Britton C. Goodale and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment as components of fossil fuels and by-products of combustion. Defining toxicity mechanisms for this large family of multi-ring structures and substituted derivatives is a substantial challenge. Several PAHs, such as benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), are mutagenic, toxic to wildlife, and classified as probable carcinogens to humans. PAHs are present in the environment both in the gaseous phase as well as associated with particulates, and exposures occur via complex mixtures; combustion emissions contain PAHs along with many other contaminants. Cardiac dysfunction and adverse birth outcomes associated with exposure to airborne PAHs suggest that this family of compounds may have non-mutagenic biological activities that affect human health. Some PAHs exert toxic effects via binding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates transcription of many downstream target genes, including cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes. Unlike planar halogenated hydrocarbons, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), PAHs are readily metabolized by CYP1A, CYP1B1 and other enzymes, which create reactive intermediates and/or facilitate excretion. Mechanisms of PAH toxicity therefore include canonical AHR signaling, induction of oxidative stress, and other lesser-understood activities that do not require the AHR. We employed zebrafish as a model to rapidly assess developmental toxicity, global transcriptional responses and AHR activation in embryos exposed to parent and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs). Using comparative analysis of mRNA expression profiles from microarrays with embryos exposed to benz(a)anthracene (BAA), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and pyrene (PYR), we identified expression biomarkers and disrupted biological processes that precede developmental abnormalities. These transcriptional responses were associated with PAH body burdens in the embryos detected by GC-MS. We found that uptake data were essential for discerning molecular pathways from dose-related differences, and identified two primary toxicity profiles. While BAA disrupted transcripts involved in vasculogenesis, DBT and PYR misregulated ion homeostasis and muscle-related genes. NfKB signaling was predicted to be involved in both responses, but canonical AHR signaling was only activated by BAA. In order to study the role of the AHR in mediating toxicity of PAHs, we developed an AHR2 mutant zebrafish line, which has a mutation in the transactivation domain of AHR2. We used AHR agonists TCDD and leflunomide as toxicological probes to characterize AHR activity in the mutant line, and determined that the mutants were functionally null. Finally, we used AHR2 deficient zebrafish embryos to investigate mechanisms by which two four-ring OPAHs induced developmental effects. 1,9 benz-10-anthrone (BEZO) and benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (7,12-B[a]AQ) both caused malformations in developing embryos, but they differentially induced CYP1A expression. Despite this difference, the toxicity produced from both compounds was AHR2-dependent. We used mRNA-seq to compare the transcriptional profiles of BEZO and 7,12-B[a]AQ, and identified transcriptional networks that will be investigated further to determine how ligands differentially modulate AHR activity. We also discovered novel transcripts that are potentially important mediators of AHR toxic effects. Comparison across all five parent and OPAHs highlighted clusters of genes that, surprisingly, were similarly expressed in response to the OPAHs, DBT and PYR. These commonly-regulated transcripts may be important to consider when investigating toxicity of PAH mixtures. Together, these studies show that PAHs act via different transcriptional mechanisms, but can be categorized based on transcriptional profiles and differential AHR activation. The clusters of transcripts identified may be involved in common pathways; further investigation of transcription factors and coactivators that interact with mixexpressed genes is a promising area of research for elucidating diverse functions of the AHR.
Download or read book Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Work Atmospheres written by Alf Bjorseth and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-13 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the sources, distribution, analytical methods, and monitoring of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the occupational environment. It is hoped that this book will make a contribution to understanding the formation and determination of PAH in work atmosphere and that it will make a particular contribution to occupational health projects. Much of the information given in this book has been generating in studies carried out in cooperation with the Norwegian aluminium industry.
