Download or read book Schizophrenia A Consequence of Gene Environment Interactions written by Tim Karl and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-06-06 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Schizophrenia is a multi-factorial disease characterized by a high heritability and environmental risk factors (e.g. stress and cannabis use). In recent years, an increasing number of researchers worldwide have started investigating the ‘two-hit hypothesis’ of schizophrenia predicting that genetic and environmental risk factors interactively cause the development of the disorder. This work is starting to produce valuable new animal models and reveal novel insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Eventually, it might help advance studies of the molecular pathways involved in this mental disorder and propose more specific molecular medicine. However, the complexity of this multi-factorial line of research has also caused difficulties in data interpretation and comparison. Our research topic is intended to cover past and current directions in research dedicated to the understanding and measurement of gene-environment interactions (GxE) in schizophrenia, the neurobiological and behavioural consequences of such interactions as well as the challenges and limitations one encounters when working on complex aetiological systems.

Download or read book Schizophrenia written by Tim Karl and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Gene Environment Interactions in Developmental Psychopathology written by Kenneth A. Dodge and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together foremost experts, this book reviews groundbreaking gene–environment research and explores implications for clinical practice, prevention, and public policy. Presented is cutting-edge work on the interplay of genetic factors and childhood experiences in the development of mental disorders such as depression, conduct disorder, and schizophrenia. Essential topics include what scientists currently know about "susceptibility genes"; the mechanisms by which maltreatment and other stressors interact with biological susceptibilities across development; and factors that make certain children more resilient than others. Future directions for personalizing treatment and prevention efforts, thus making them more effective, are discussed.

Download or read book Studies on the Role of Gene environment Interaction in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia Using a Genetic Animal Model written by Sara Jamali and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "AbstractGenetic factors and early adverse environmental events interact to contribute to thepathogenesis of schizophrenia. Here, we investigated if immune-activation duringdevelopment interacts with a susceptibility gene to produce schizophrenia-relatedphenotypes. We injected mice with a loss of function mutation in dysbindin-1, aschizophrenia-risk gene and controls with either Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C), a viral mimic or saline, at postnatal days (PD)5,6 and 7. At PD60, possible geneenvironment(GxE) interaction was studied using tests of behaviours relevant toschizophrenia as well as examination of postnatal neurogenesis. Our data showed asignificant effect of genotype on spontaneous locomotion as dysbindin-1 homozygousmice displayed increased locomotor activity. Further, we observed a significant effect ofgenotype as a decrease in the number of newborn cells in the glomerular layer of theolfactory bulb (OB). Analyses of the data did not reveal an interactive effect betweendysbindin-1 and Poly I:C exposure as far as spontaneous locomotion, pre-pulse inhibitionof the acoustic startle, novel object recognition memory, elevated plus maze, fearmemory, the number of newborn cells in the dentate gyrus and granular cell layer of theolfactory bulb are concerned. These preliminary results demonstrate lack of an interactiveeffect between this schizophrenia candidate gene and this viral mimic at neonatal periodson selected behavioural and neurobiological measures. Further investigation usingdifferent doses of the immune activator and/or different timing of treatment are needed tofully test GxE hypothesis." --

Download or read book The Recognition and Management of Early Psychosis written by Patrick D. McGorry and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-07-28 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The treatment of early psychosis has been bedevilled by an entrenched pessimism, stemming from the asylum era and the Kraepelinian model of schizophrenia. More recently, however, there has been a surge of interest in preventively oriented treatment of patients showing the first signs of psychotic illness, with the realization that these illnesses are frequently highly responsive to early treatment. This is the first text to focus on the potential of early detection of psychosis, and the practicalities of treatment. Based on the pioneering experience and research of a now well-established prevention and intervention centre, and with contributions from international authorities, the book outlines a framework for intervention, reviews the evidence available to guide clinical practice, and describes models of treatment. Incorporating many personal narratives and case histories, it is strong on theory, sensitive on practical issues, and will challenge, inform and guide clinicians.

Download or read book The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia written by Robin M. Murray and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2009-10-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An international team of leading researchers and clinicians provides the first comprehensive, epidemiological overview of this multi-faceted and still-perplexing disorder. Controversial issues such as the validity of discrete or dimensional classifications of schizophrenia and the continuum between psychosis and 'normality' are explored in depth. Separate chapters are devoted to topics of particular relevance to schizophrenia such as suicide, violence and substance abuse. Finally, new prospects for treatment and prevention are considered.

Download or read book Principles of Psychiatric Genetics written by John I. Nurnberger and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-09-13 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, up-to-date resource providing information about genetic influences on disorders of behavior.

Download or read book Candidate Genes for Psychosis and Their Interaction with Environmental Factors written by Marta de Castro i Català and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Schizophrenia is a severe and complex mental disorder that results in an inability to cope with life's ordinary demands and routines. Normally, it appears in late adolescence, more frequently and developing earlier in males. It seems that disruption of the factors and pathways involved in brain development may cause modifications in neural structure, function or connectivity, leading to a final brain more susceptible to develop psychotic symptoms. The high diversity of symptoms intra- and inter-patient, makes the exploration of the aetiology and biological pathways underlying this illness, as well as its treatment, substantially difficult and suggests that alternative strategies may be more helpful for the study of such disease. Despite the psychotic phenotype has traditionally been thought as a dichotomous entity (i.e. "healthy" and "ill" subjects), evidence shows that psychosis exists as a distribution of symptoms expressed across a continuum ranging from nonclinical, subclinical to clinical manifestations with shared underlying etiological and developmental processes. Schizotypy and psychotic-like experiences are intermediate phenotypes of psychosis that measure the liability for psychosis-proneness. They can be found in healthy people and, although they are non-destabilising in the daily life, represent an increased risk for psychosis and are believed to share risk factors with the illness. The predisposition to develop psychopathology is determined by a complex combination and/or interplay between genetic, environmental, personal and epigenetic factors. The genes responsible for schizophrenia susceptibility have been tried to identify using classic candidate-gene research strategies and, more recently genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but despite interesting genes have been reported, the variance in liability explained by these genes is low. It seems thus, that these approaches are be missing epistatic and gene-environment interactions (GxE), which could explain part of the phenotype. Additionally, the study of intermediate phenotypes related with the disorder, instead of the illness itself, seems to be a good strategy that allows a better definition of the phenotype under study. Environmental factors also play a significant role in the aetiology of the disorder. Exposure to childhood trauma is a robust risk factor for psychosis that has been associated to increased schizotypy and psychotic-like experiences. It seems to affect mental health though alterations in the stress-related systems (i.e. HPA axis), however, not all subjects who experience these adverse events will develop psychosis, pointing out that other factors are modulating this response. Gene-environment interaction may be an important variable explaining the observed differential risk to develop psychosis. In this sense, genetic vulnerability predisposes an individual to the development of psychopathology and, when a level of stressors exceeds this vulnerability threshold, symptoms emerge. In this sense, polymorphic variants in genes involved in stress-response related genes (e.g. FKPB5), as well as those involved in neurodevelopment or neurotransmitter systems (e.g. COMT, BDNF, RGS4, ZNF804A), are interesting candidate genes. According to this, the present thesis aimed to explore the involvement of several schizophrenia candidate gens (i.e. COMT, RGS4 and ZNF804A) on the development of psychosis-related phenotypes in nonclinical samples, as well as the modulating role of some of these genes (i.e. BDNF, FKBP5, COMT) in the association between childhood trauma and psychosis-proneness phenotypes. In line with previous published research, the results of the present thesis showed interesting associations between COMT, RGS4 and ZNF804A genes and the psychosis-proneness phenotype (i.e. schizotypy and/or psychotic-like experiences) in nonclinical subjects, which seem to be sex-specific in some cases. Moreover, BDNF and FKBP5 show a modulating role on the association between childhood trauma and psychopathology in nonclinical subjects. In the case of FKBP5 we found that it modulates this association in relation to depressive-anxious symptoms. This thesis, shows the interest of exploring schizophrenia candidate genes in relation to psychosis-related phenotypes in nonclinical samples to study the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of psychopathology. The findings support the existence of a continuum psychotic phenotype with a multifactorial aetiology involving genes, environment and possibly other factors that are active agents in the formation of an individuals' level of vulnerability. Moreover, they encourage future studies in samples across the psychosis continuum considering the multifactorial nature of the disorder and related traits by implementing the new developed methodologies and considering adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical models, accurate phenotypic and environmental measures and also sexual differences." -- TDX.

Download or read book The Neurobiological Basis of Suicide written by Yogesh Dwivedi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-06-25 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With recent studies using genetic, epigenetic, and other molecular and neurochemical approaches, a new era has begun in understanding pathophysiology of suicide. Emerging evidence suggests that neurobiological factors are not only critical in providing potential risk factors but also provide a promising approach to develop more effective treatment and prevention strategies. The Neurobiological Basis of Suicide discusses the most recent findings in suicide neurobiology. Psychological, psychosocial, and cultural factors are important in determining the risk factors for suicide; however, they offer weak prediction and can be of little clinical use. Interestingly, cognitive characteristics are different among depressed suicidal and depressed nonsuicidal subjects, and could be involved in the development of suicidal behavior. The characterization of the neurobiological basis of suicide is in delineating the risk factors associated with suicide. The Neurobiological Basis of Suicide focuses on how and why these neurobiological factors are crucial in the pathogenic mechanisms of suicidal behavior and how these findings can be transformed into potential therapeutic applications.

Download or read book The Social Determinants of Mental Health written by Michael T. Compton and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Social Determinants of Mental Health aims to fill the gap that exists in the psychiatric, scholarly, and policy-related literature on the social determinants of mental health: those factors stemming from where we learn, play, live, work, and age that impact our overall mental health and well-being. The editors and an impressive roster of chapter authors from diverse scholarly backgrounds provide detailed information on topics such as discrimination and social exclusion; adverse early life experiences; poor education; unemployment, underemployment, and job insecurity; income inequality, poverty, and neighborhood deprivation; food insecurity; poor housing quality and housing instability; adverse features of the built environment; and poor access to mental health care. This thought-provoking book offers many beneficial features for clinicians and public health professionals: Clinical vignettes are included, designed to make the content accessible to readers who are primarily clinicians and also to demonstrate the practical, individual-level applicability of the subject matter for those who typically work at the public health, population, and/or policy level. Policy implications are discussed throughout, designed to make the content accessible to readers who work primarily at the public health or population level and also to demonstrate the policy relevance of the subject matter for those who typically work at the clinical level. All chapters include five to six key points that focus on the most important content, helping to both prepare the reader with a brief overview of the chapter's main points and reinforce the "take-away" messages afterward. In addition to the main body of the book, which focuses on selected individual social determinants of mental health, the volume includes an in-depth overview that summarizes the editors' and their colleagues' conceptualization, as well as a final chapter coauthored by Dr. David Satcher, 16th Surgeon General of the United States, that serves as a "Call to Action," offering specific actions that can be taken by both clinicians and policymakers to address the social determinants of mental health. The editors have succeeded in the difficult task of balancing the individual/clinical/patient perspective and the population/public health/community point of view, while underscoring the need for both groups to work in a unified way to address the inequities in twenty-first century America. The Social Determinants of Mental Health gives readers the tools to understand and act to improve mental health and reduce risk for mental illnesses for individuals and communities. Students preparing for the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) will also benefit from this book, as the MCAT in 2015 will test applicants' knowledge of social determinants of health. The social determinants of mental health are not distinct from the social determinants of physical health, although they deserve special emphasis given the prevalence and burden of poor mental health.

Download or read book Impact of Gene environment Interaction on the Real world Expression of Psychosis Risk written by Paula Cristóbal Narváez and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La investigación en el ámbito de la interacción gen-ambiente, basada en la sinergia de factores genéticos y ambientales, ha tenido una gran relevancia en el campo de la psicosis. El principal objetivo de la tesis fue investigar la interacción entre factores ambientales y de variabilidad genética individual en el fenotipo psicótico usando la técnica Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM). El cuerpo de la tesis incluye cinco capítulos relacionados con temas como: la sinergia entre factores ambientales distales (trauma en la infancia) y factores proximales (estrés momentáneo) en experiencias psicóticas en la vida diaria, la moderación de variantes genéticas en la asociación entre ambos factores, y el análisis de las interacciones gen-ambiente incorporando posibles factores protectores. Específicamente, el Capítulo 1 trata de investigar el impacto de la interacción entre experiencias adversas en la infancia y estrés momentáneo (situacional y social) en las experiencias de tipo psicótico de la vida diaria en una muestra no clínica. Los resultados del estudio indicaron que las adversidades como abuso, negligencia o bullying, caracterizadas por una marcada intencionalidad, fueron asociadas con experiencias de tipo psicótico en la vida diaria. Sin embargo, estas asociaciones no se daban en los casos de adversidades como muertes o eventos traumáticos. Además, a diferencia de los eventos traumáticos, las adversidades de naturaleza interpersonal (como abuso, negligencia, bullying o pérdidas de personas cercanas) aumentaron la reactividad psicótica en respuesta a ambos tipos de estrés. El Capítulo 2 investigó el papel que juegan importantes variantes genéticas, las cuáles están implicadas en sistemas biológicos de regulación del estrés, en interacción con factores ambientales proximales y distales incrementando el riesgo de experiencias psicóticas a lo largo del fenotipo extendido de psicosis, es decir, en participantes de la muestra no clínica y clínica. Los resultados indicaron que los haplotipos de riesgo (FKBP5, RGS4) y el alelo de riesgo del receptor de la oxitocina (OXTR rs2254298) interaccionaron con factores ambientales distales y proximales, respectivamente, incrementando las experiencias de tipo psicótico en la muestra clínica. Los Capítulos 3 y 4 aportan nuevas contribuciones al campo de la investigación gen-ambiente dado que investigan la interacción de variantes genéticas con la acción combinada de ambos factores ambientales. Los resultados indicaron que la interacción del Bullying con el haplotipo de riesgo FKBP5 incrementan las experiencias de tipo psicótico, así como también aumentan la reactividad psicótica y afectiva en respuesta a estrés de tipo social. Similarmente, la exposición a otras adversidades de naturaleza interpersonal en interacción con las variantes COMT (rs4680) and OXTR (53576), también conllevan a un incremento de la reactividad psicótica y afectiva en respuesta a estrés de tipo social. Finalmente, el Capítulo 5 examina si los factores genéticos y ambientales de protección pueden interactuar entre ellos disminuyendo las experiencias de tipo psicótico. Los resultados del estudio revelaron que la interacción entre el haplotipo de protección FKBP5 y las experiencias positivas en la vida diaria tenían un impacto en la disminución de los síntomas en los participantes de la muestra clínica. En resumen, la presente tesis evidencia que la interacción entre ambos factores ambientes y la variabilidad genética individual es importante para identificar posibles factores de riesgo implicados en la expresión de experiencias de tipo psicótico en la vida diaria, y para el descubrimiento de mecanismos subyacentes a lo largo del fenotipo psicótico. Además, el presente trabajo muestra que examinar las diferencias individuales teniendo también en cuenta factores de protección, permite refinar y expandir nuestro conocimiento sobre los procesos de vulnerabilidad y resiliencia implicados en el fenotipo extendido de psicosis. Por último, los hallazgos de la presente tesis pueden tener aplicaciones clínicas sobretodo en el uso de intervenciones ecológicas momentáneas.

Download or read book First Episode Psychosis written by Katherine J. Aitchison and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-02-17 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of this popular handbook has been thoroughly updated to include the latest data concerning treatment of first-episode patients. Drawing from their experience, the authors discuss the presentation and assessment of the first psychotic episode and review the appropriate use of antipsychotic agents and psychosocial approaches in effective management.

Download or read book Schizophrenia written by Steven M. Silverstein and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2013-11-15 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading researchers address conceptual and technical issues in schizophrenia and suggest novel strategies for advancing research and treatment. Despite major advances in methodology and thousands of published studies every year, treatment outcomes in schizophrenia have not improved over the last fifty years. Moreover, we still lack strategies for prevention and we do not yet understand how the interaction of genetic, developmental, and environmental factors contribute to the disorder. In this book, leading researchers consider conceptual and technical obstacles to progress in understanding schizophrenia and suggest novel strategies for advancing research and treatment. The contributors address a wide range of critical issues: the construct of schizophrenia itself; etiology, risk, prediction, and prevention; different methods of modeling the disorder; and treatment development and delivery. They identify crucial gaps in our knowledge and offer creative but feasible suggestions. These strategies include viewing schizophrenia as a heterogeneous group of conditions; adopting specific new approaches to prediction and early intervention; developing better integration of data across genetics, imaging, perception, cognition, phenomenology, and other fields; and moving toward an evidence-based, personalized approach to treatment requiring rational clinical decision-making to reduce functional disability. Contributors Robert Bittner, Robert W. Buchanan, Kristin S. Cadenhead, William T. Carpenter, Jr., Aiden Corvin, Daniel Durstewitz, André A. Fenton, Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval, Jay A. Gingrich, Joshua A. Gordon, Chloe Gott, Peter B. Jones, René S. Kahn, Richard Keefe, Wolfgang Kelsch, James L. Kennedy, Matcheri S. Keshavan, Angus W. MacDonald III, Anil K. Malhotra, John McGrath, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Kevin J. Mitchell, Bita Moghaddam, Vera A. Morgan, Craig Morgan, Kim T. Mueser, Karoly Nikolich, Patricio O'Donnell, Michael O'Donovan, William A. Phillips, Wulf Rössler, Louis Sass, Akira Sawa, Jeremy K. Seamans, Steven M. Silverstein, William Spaulding, Sharmili Sritharan, Heike Tost, Peter Uhlhaas, Aristotle Voineskos, Michèle Wessa, Leanne M. Williams, Ashley Wilson, Til Wykes

Download or read book Handbook of Psychocardiology written by Marlies Alvarenga and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook brings together the full weight of contemporary evidence bearing on what is now commonly termed “psycho-cardiology”. It focuses on the role of psycho-social factors in the genesis and clinical management of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The book constitutes a critically reviewed compendium of current knowledge in the area, coupled with guides to evidence-based best practice in the field of psycho-cardiology. The following categories are covered: Social/demographic risk for CVD, Personality and CVD risk, Stress and CVD risk, Psychopathology (particularly affective disorders) and CVD risk, The psychological management of those with clinical CVD, Psychology in the prevention of CVD. The book integrates the evidence into a compelling argument that clinicians, researchers and those in public health will discount the role of psychological factors in regard to CVD at their own peril. And importantly for clinicians charged with the care of patients with CVD, the book poses the argument that failure to recognize the links between psychological factors and CVD may well be at the considerable peril of those patients under their care.

Download or read book Vulnerability to Psychosis written by Paolo Fusar-Poli and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early clinical intervention in psychosis is now a major objective of mental health services and the development of specialist intervention services has greatly facilitated research on the early phases of this disorder. In this book, contributors provide a review of the neurobiological research in people at high risk of psychosis, focusing on the transition from being at a high risk state to their first episode. Contributors consider unaffected family members and twin studies as well as the individual’s data before and after the onset of the illness. The environmental factors that contribute to a psychotic episode are also examined. Vulnerability to Psychosis presents neurobiological findings in the context of what is now known about the psychopathology and cognitive impairments that are evident in people at high risk of psychosis. It will be essential reading for clinicians working with this client group, and will interest academics looking for state of the art information in this field.

Download or read book Neuroprogression in Psychiatry written by Flávio Kapczinski and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-05 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent studies regarding the neuropathology of specific neurological disorders suggest that both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes may play a role. However, in contrast to the neurodegeneration seen in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, the term "neuroprogression" has been used to describe the neurodevelopmental aspect of pathological brain re-wiring that takes place in the context of severe psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Within psychiatry, patients with severe psychopathology, such as those depressed patients who eventually commit suicide, have been shown to present with increased inflammatory markers in the brain. A similar increase in inflammatory markers is also found in patients with bipolar disorders and schizophrenia. Thus, oxidative stress, inflammation, and changes in growth factors are thought to be the pathways of neuroprogression. Neuroprogression in Psychiatry provides a comprehensive summary of the current developments in the emerging field of neuroprogression. With contributions by leading researchers in the field, this book examines the role of neuroprogression across a wide range of specific psychiatric disorders, with chapters included on major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.

Download or read book Essential Psychiatry written by Robin M. Murray and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-09-18 with total page 1385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a major international textbook for psychiatrists and other professionals working in the field of mental healthcare. With contributions from opinion-leaders from around the globe, this book will appeal to those in training as well as to those further along the career path seeking a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of effective clinical practice backed by research evidence. The book is divided into cohesive sections moving from coverage of the tools and skills of the trade, through descriptions of the major psychiatric disorders and on to consider special topics and issues surrounding service organization. The final important section provides a comprehensive review of treatments covering all of the major modalities. Previously established as the Essentials of Postgraduate Psychiatry, this new and completely revised edition is the only book to provide this depth and breadth of coverage in an accessible, yet authoritative manner.