Download or read book Scale Closure in Upper Ocean Optical Properties written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been supported in par by: a NASA Earth System Science Fellowship to R. Green, ONR grants NOOOI4-95-1-0333 and NOOOI4-96-1-0965 to H. Sosik and R. Olson, and the Education Office.

Download or read book Scale Closure in Upper Ocean Optical Properties written by Rebecca Erin Green and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) The role of seawater constituents in determining remote sensing reflectance, Rrs, was determined using radiative transfer theory. Seasonal differences in the spectral shape of Rrs were contributed to approximately equally by eukaryotic phytoplankton absorption, dissolved absorption, and non-phytoplankton bb. A higher inverse wavelength dependence of non-phytoplankton bb in the summer was caused by the contribution of small detritus, in contrast to larger minerals in the spring. Measurements of bb and Rrs were compared to values from bio-optical models based on chlorophyll concentration. Differences in measured and modeled bb and Rrs were caused by higher dissolved absorption and higher backscattering efficiencies and scattering by non-phytoplankton than were assumed by the model.

Download or read book Closure in Optical Oceanography written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are interested in studying the inherent optical properties (lOP) from a theoretical as well as an experimental perspective. Radiative transfer theories linking the apparent optical properties (AOP) to the lOP will be further developed and tested. The lOP form the link between the biogeochemical nature of the suspended and dissolved materials and radiative transfer. This link must be investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The ultimate goal of this program is to be able to predict radiative transfer in the oceans given the biogeochemical nature of the suspended and dissolved materials and their distribution. Real progress in Optical Oceanography requires the ability to verify models in a variety of optical water types. We therefore directed our efforts during this grant towards optical closure. Optical closure is the simultaneous verification of optical relationships and optical instrumentation. The end result will be knowledge of the accuracy with which inherent and apparent optical properties can be measured, and the testing of a number of fundamental optical relationships, including solutions to the equation of radiative transfer and the relationship of particulate properties and inherent optical properties via Mie theory for three-layered particles.

Download or read book Physical Optics of Ocean Water written by K.S. Shifrin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1998-02-18 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Inherent Optical Properties of the Oceans written by Andrew Heath Barnard and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Precise in situ measurement of the spectral absorption and scattering coefficients in several regions has revealed patterns in the distribution of the inherent optical properties on spatial scales that were previously unobtainable. The precision of the measurements was found to be consistent and unbiased across a variety of oceanic regimes and are therefore useful for studies of radiative transfer. The spectral information obtained during this research was used to define fundamental relationships between the inherent optical properties and the apparent optical properties of the ocean. A multiple band ratio algorithm based on the relationship between the absorption coefficient and the remote sensing reflectance was developed to provide a means to test the optical measurements for closure. A large database of synoptic measurements of the spectral absorption coefficient and the remote sensing reflectance was tested for closure using this algorithm and it was found that radiative transfer works to within instrument accuracy. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that inversion to obtain the absorption coefficient is possible using this algorithm providing that the spectral dependence of the absorption coefficient can be accurately modeled. A model based on the horizontal variability in the vertical structure of the backscattering to absorption ratio was developed to predict the amplitude of an internal wave using the spatial information in the remote sensing reflectance. The results from a combined aircraft and in situ measurement experiment showed that the predicted amplitudes of the internal wave were comparable to the depth fluctuations of the thermocline observed in the in situ temperature profiles. In an effort to aid primary productivity experiments, an empirical model to predict the photosynthetically available radiation light levels from the absorption coefficient profiles at 490 nm was developed based on in situ data collected in the Gulf of California. The model was able to predict the depth of the one percent light level with a standard error of 4 m. This model provides a method to estimate the daytime light levels from nighttime absorption coefficient measurements at 490 nm.

Download or read book Modeling of Ocean Optical Properties written by Janet E. Shields and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Optical Properties of Ocean Waters written by Niels Kristian Højerslev and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Closure Between Apparent and Inherent Optical Properties of the Ocean with Applications to the Determination of Spectral Bottom Reflectance written by James Edward Ivey and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: This study focuses on comparing six different marine optical models, field measurements, and laboratory measurements. Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) of the water column depend only on the constituents within the water, not on the ambient light field. Apparent Optical Properties (AOPs) depend both on IOPs and the geometric underwater light field resulting from solar irradiance. Absorption (a) and scattering (b) are IOPs. Scattering can be partitioned into backscattering (b[subscript b]). Remote Sensing Reflectance (R[subscript rs]), the ratio of radiant light leaving the water to the light entering the water surface plane (E[subscript d]), is an AOP. R[subscript rs] is proportional to b[subscript b]/(a + b[subscript b]). Using this relationship, R[subscript rs] is inverted to determine both absorption and backscattering. The constituents contributing to both absorption and backscattering can then be further deconvolved using modeling techniques. The in situ instruments usually have a fixed path length while AOP measurement path length depends on the penetration and/or return of downwelling solar irradiance. As a consequence, AOP measurements use a longer path length than in situ instruments. If the path length of a direct IOP measurement instrument is too short, there may not be sufficient signal to determine a change in value. While the AOP inversions require more empirical assumptions to determine IOP values than in situ instruments, they provide a higher signal to noise ratio in clearer waters. This study defines closure as the statistical agreement between instruments and methods in order to determine the same optical property. No method is considered absolute truth. An R[subscript rs] inversion algorithm was best under most of the test stations for measuring IOP values. One exception was when bottom reflectance was significant, an inversion of diffuse attenuation (the change in the natural log of E[subscript d] over depth) was better for determining absorption and a field instrument was better for determining backscattering. The relationships between AOPs and IOPs provide estimates of unmeasured optical properties. A method was developed to determine the spectral reflectance of the bottom using IOP estimates and R[subscript rs].

Download or read book Sea Water Optical Properties and Their Effect on Upper Ocean Thermal Structure and Sound Velocity Predictions written by J.R. Martin and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Lambert Beer Law in Ocean Waters Optical Properties of Water and of Dissolved Suspended Material Optical Energy Budgets written by Robert H. Stavn and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of the Lambert-Beer law in ocean optics is critically examined. The Lambert-Beer law and the three-parameter model of the submarine light field are used to construct an optical energy budget for any hydrosol. It is further applied to the analytical exponential decay coefficient of the light field and used to estimate the optical properties and effects of the dissolved/suspended component in upper ocean layers. The concepts of the empirical exponential decay coefficient (diffuse attenuation coefficient) of the light field and a constant exponential decay coefficient for molecular water are analyzed quantitatively. A constant exponential decay coefficient for water is rejected. The analytical exponential decay coefficient is used to analyze optical gradients in ocean waters. Keywords: Underwater light; Sea water transmissivity; Suspended sediments; Dissolved materials; Reprints. (edc).

Download or read book Response of Particulate Optical Properties to Coastal Mixing Processes written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our long-term goals are to develop a better understanding of the relationships between upper ocean optical properties and particulate and dissolved seawater constituents, and to determine how these relationships are influenced by physical processes. Specific long term objectives include both predicting and modeling optical variability relevant for biological processes, such as phytoplankton photosynthesis, and retrieval of information about the biomass and activity of plankton from optical measurements.

Download or read book Mark recapture Statistics and Demographic Analysis written by Masami Fujiwara and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) Using the estimated transition probabilities, I constructed a population projection matrix, which was used for further demographic analyses. I found that the population was slowly increasing in 1980, but it started to decline slowly around 1992. I show that (1) this change was caused by increased mortality of females that have just given birth, (2) protecting two females a year from the deaths is enough to prevent the declining trend, and (3) demographic stochasticity is a more important factor influencing their long-term viability than environmental stochasticity.

Download or read book Environmental Optics Abstract Book written by United States. Office of Naval Research. Ocean, Atmosphere and Space Modeling & Prediction Division and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Marine Resources Experiment Program MAREX written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ocean Optics Protocols for Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Validation written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Light Scattering by Particles in Water written by Miroslaw Jonasz and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-08-29 with total page 715 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Light scattering-based methods are used to characterize small particles suspended in water in a wide range of disciplines ranging from oceanography, through medicine, to industry. The scope and accuracy of these methods steadily increases with the progress in light scattering research. This book focuses on the theoretical and experimental foundations of the study and modeling of light scattering by particles in water and critically evaluates the key constraints of light scattering models. It begins with a brief review of the relevant theoretical fundamentals of the interaction of light with condensed matter, followed by an extended discussion of the basic optical properties of pure water and seawater and the physical principles that explain them. The book continues with a discussion of key optical features of the pure water/seawater and the most common components of natural waters. In order to clarify and put in focus some of the basic physical principles and most important features of the experimental data on light scattering by particles in water, the authors employ simple models. The book concludes with extensive critical reviews of the experimental constraints of light scattering models: results of measurements of light scattering and of the key properties of the particles: size distribution, refractive index (composition), structure, and shape. These reviews guide the reader through literature scattered among more than 210 scientific journals and periodicals which represent a wide range of disciplines. A special emphasis is put on the methods of measuring both light scattering and the relevant properties of the particles, because principles of these methods may affect interpretation and applicability of the results. The book includes extensive guides to literature on light scattering data and instrumentation design, as well as on the data for size distributions, refractive indices, and shapes typical of particles in natural waters. It also features a comprehensive index, numerous cross-references, and a reference list with over 1370 entries. An errata sheet for this work can be found at: http://www.tpdsci.com/Ref/Jonasz_M_2007_LightScatE.php *Extensive reference section provides handy compilations of knowledge on the designs of light scattering meters, sources of experimental data, and more *Worked exercises and examples throughout

Download or read book Elements of Physical Oceanography written by John H. Steele and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-12-16 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elements of Physical Oceanography is a derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2nd Edition and serves as an important reference on current physical oceanography knowledge and expertise in one convenient and accessible source. Its selection of articles—all written by experts in their field—focuses on ocean physics, air-sea transfers, waves, mixing, ice, and the processes of transfer of properties such as heat, salinity, momentum and dissolved gases, within and into the ocean. Elements of Physical Oceanography serves as an ideal reference for topical research. References related articles in physical oceanography to facilitate further research Richly illustrated with figures and tables that aid in understanding key concepts Includes an introductory overview and then explores each topic in detail, making it useful to experts and graduate-level researchers Topical arrangement makes it the perfect desk reference