Download or read book SARS CoV 2 Infection and Transmission in School Settings During the Second COVID 19 Wave a Cross sectional Study Berlin Germany November 2020 written by Stefanie Theuring and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: School attendance during the COVID-19 pandemic is intensely debated. Aim: In November 2020, we assessed SARS-CoV-2 infections and seroreactivity in 24 randomly selected school classes and connected households in Berlin, Germany. Methods: We collected oro-nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples, examining SARS-CoV-2 infection and IgG antibodies by RT-PCR and ELISA. Household members self-swabbed. We assessed individual and institutional prevention measures. Classes with SARS-CoV-2 infection and connected households were retested after 1 week. Results: We examined 1,119 participants, including 177 primary and 175 secondary school students, 142 staff and 625 household members. SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in eight classes, affecting each 1-2 individuals. Infection prevalence was 2.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-5.0; 9/338), 1.4% (95% CI: 0.2-5.1; 2/140), and 2.3% (95% CI: 1.3-3.8; 14/611) among students, staff and household members. Six of nine infected students were asymptomatic at testing. We detected IgG antibodies in 2.0% (95%CI: 0.8-4.1; 7/347), 1.4% (95% CI: 0.2-5.0; 2/141) and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.6-2.7; 8/576). Prevalence increased with inconsistent facemask-use in school, walking to school, and case-contacts outside school. For three of nine households with infection(s), origin in school seemed possible. After 1 week, no school-related secondary infections appeared in affected classes; the attack rate in connected households was 1.1%. Conclusion: School attendance under rigorously implemented preventive measures seems reasonable. Balancing risks and benefits of school closures need to consider possible spill-over infection into households. Deeper insight is required into the infection risks due to being a schoolchild vs attending school.

Download or read book SARS CoV 2 Infection and Transmission in School Settings During the Second Wave in Berlin Germany a Cross sectional Study written by Stefanie Theuring and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Impact of SARS CoV 2 and COVID 19 Pandemic in Pediatrics written by Hulya Bukulmez and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-01-03 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Insights in Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 Surveillance Prevention and Treatment written by Marc Jean Struelens and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-10 with total page 863 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book SARS CoV 2 Infection and Transmission in Educational Settings written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Current Topics in SARS CoV 2 COVID 19 written by and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2023-03-29 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has probably been the most important disease to emerge in the 21st century. This viral zoonotic disease has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but with a higher impact in low- and middle-income countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Up to December 4, 2022, more than 645,195,564 cases had been reported globally, with 6,640,845 deaths, and more than 13,054,668,703 doses of a vaccine had been given. Research has been of the utmost importance in the COVID-19 crisis: a great deal of knowledge was gathered between December 2019 and December 2022. Appropriate evidence-based management and the development of safe and effective vaccines have been key to controlling the virus. This book presents a selection of the last two years’ learning from research and clinical practice concerning SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.

Download or read book SARS CoV 2 Virology epidemiology diagnosis pathogenesis and control written by Severino Jefferson Ribeiro Da Silva and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-04-22 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Monitoring the SARS CoV 2 Pandemic Prevalence of Antibodies in a Large Repetitive Cross sectional Study of Blood Donors in Germany Results from the SeBluCo Study 2020 2022 written by Ruth Offergeld and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance is important to adapt infection control measures and estimate the degree of underreporting. Blood donor samples can be used as a proxy for the healthy adult population. In a repeated cross-sectional study from April 2020 to April 2021, September 2021, and April/May 2022, 13 blood establishments collected 134,510 anonymised specimens from blood donors in 28 study regions across Germany. These were tested for antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and nucleocapsid, including neutralising capacity. Seroprevalence was adjusted for test performance and sampling and weighted for demographic differences between the sample and the general population. Seroprevalence estimates were compared to notified COVID-19 cases. The overall adjusted SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence remained below 2% until December 2020 and increased to 18.1% in April 2021, 89.4% in September 2021, and to 100% in April/May 2022. Neutralising capacity was found in 74% of all positive specimens until April 2021 and in 98% in April/May 2022. Our serosurveillance allowed for repeated estimations of underreporting from the early stage of the pandemic onwards. Underreporting ranged between factors 5.1 and 1.1 in the first two waves of the pandemic and remained well below 2 afterwards, indicating an adequate test strategy and notification system in Germany

Download or read book Trends in the Numbers of SARS CoV 2 Infections Among Students a Prospective Cohort Study Comparing Students in Sports Boarding Schools with Students in Day Schools During Early COVID 19 Pandemic written by Friedrich Barsch and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Introduction: During the first months of the COVID pandemic it emerged that facilities where people gather or live together in cohorts, such as nursing homes or schools, were particularly at high risk for becoming hotspots of virus transmission. German political and health institutions responded with far-reaching interventions and preventive strategies to protect the population from infection with SARS-CoV-2. In this context, it remains unclear whether boarding schools for sports particularly pose a risk of infection to their residents. Methods: In a single-center prospective cohort study, numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections of students in sports boarding schools (n = 11) vs. students attending regular day schools (n = 22) in the region Freiburg/Hochschwarzwald in Germany were investigated over a period from October 2020 to January 2021 via regular virus and antibody screening (German Clinical Trials Register; Study ID: DRKS00021909). In addition, individual and behavioral risk factors for infection were stratified via questionnaire, which provide an indication of cohort specific risk factors for infection and the success of the implementation of hygiene concepts, as well as other infection prevention strategies, within the respective facilities. Results: Regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection numbers, the screening detected no significant group difference between sports boarding schools vs. day schools. Discussion: The study results provide indications that sports boarding schools did not pose an increased risk of infection, assuming that the facilities prevent virus transmissions with appropriate preventive strategies and hygiene measures. In future pandemic scenarios larger-scale and multicenter studies are necessary to achieve more comprehensive epidemiological data in this field

Download or read book SARS CoV2 COVID 19 Pandemic Control and Prevention written by Laurens Holmes, Jr. and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-09-29 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive text to provide not only a detailed explanation of how the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) virus is spread within human populations, but also an epidemiological analysis and interpretation of viral pandemics to enable better measures for prevention and control. Providing an introduction to the physiology of both the human immune system and the SARS-CoV2 virus, specifically the virus’s replicative potential and our own vulnerability, the book offers an in-depth understanding of how the pandemic evolved. It also highlights the aberrant epigenomic mechanistic process in pathogenic microbe’s replication and survival, implying gene and environment interaction that affected different populations. Citing a range of environmental conditions, from structural and systemic racism to malnutrition and low-socioeconomic status, the book examines how these factors exacerbated existing health disparities, resulting in a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality on certain social groups. Also providing invaluable guidance on how future iterations of this pandemic may be better prevented and controlled, this will be a defining book for students, researchers and professionals within Public Health and Clinical Medicine to better understand the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) virus, and how to protect the most vulnerable social groups.

Download or read book SARS CoV 2 and Coronacrisis written by Fr archpriest Evgeny I. Legach and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-28 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is useful for administrators of different levels involved in counteracting COVID-19, surveillance professionals, clinicians, researchers specializing in epidemiology, microbiology, and infectious diseases, and politicians / legislators engaged in public health sector. We use an innovative approach of combining both epidemiological and sociological analyses, as the very problem is mainly an issue of correct governance. A team of authors from Europe, Russia and China summarizes their experience and knowledge useful for containing SARS-CoV-2 and overcoming social and managerial consequences of the pandemic. The editors are sure that sharing our different experience would help to elaborate necessary strategies, protocols, and principles that may be effectively applied in the future to avoid dramatic consequences of not only COVID-19 but also any possible epidemiological hazards for people and medicine.

Download or read book Characterization of SARS CoV 2 Introduction and Spread in Southern Wisconsin written by Gage Kahl Moreno and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) took the world by storm in early 2020, amassing over 153 million confirmed cases as of May 5, 2021. Whole-genome sequencing of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases has been used to infer patterns of viral transmission, identify putative introductions of the virus, and provide surveillance on established transmission chains. Aside from tracking the spread of SARS-CoV-2, sequencing data can provide insights into the efficacy of mitigation efforts and forecast the future trajectory of local outbreaks. In this dissertation I focus on exploring the factors that influenced SARS-CoV-2 introduction and spread in southern Wisconsin. Chapter 1 reviews the current state of the pandemic and takes a deeper look into what is known about SARS-CoV-2 replication, the factors that influence SARS-CoV-2 spread, and the preventative measure that can be implemented to slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In chapter 2, I describe our work characterizing the initial introduction and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Dane and Milwaukee counties. These counties are the two most populous counties in southern Wisconsin, separated by only ~100km. Dane County had the 12th confirmed SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, but this did not lead to descendant cryptic spread, posited as the cause of many local outbreaks early in the pandemic. Instead, the Dane County outbreak was seeded by multiple later introductions, followed by limited community spread. In contrast, relatively few introductions in Milwaukee County led to extensive community spread. We characterized the efficacy of Wisconsin's "Safer at Home" order and found that viral spread decreased by at least 40% in both Dane and Milwaukee counties. This suggested that, at least early in the pandemic, patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission varied substantially even in nearby communities. In chapter 3, I describe our work tracing patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread in the context of hospitals and clinics. Despite the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and other strategies to decrease risk of infection, front-line healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk for infection with SARS-CoV-2 compared to the general population. Using a computational contact tracing tool, informal interviews, and genomic sequencing of HCWs and patient contacts, we evaluate the efficacy of current PPE protocols and other preventative measures put in place at a major academic biomedical institution in the American Upper Midwest. We found that the majority of HCWs evaluated, had viral sequences that could be traced to the outside community, suggesting that PPE protocols and preventative measures in place were effective at suppressing viral spread within the institution evaluated here. In chapter 4, I describe our work characterizing an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in two residence halls on the University of Wisconsin-Madison's campus. Universities represent high-risk settings for COVID-19 outbreaks, as they combine congregate living situations with high levels of social activity, and a young population that is unlikely to experience severe disease. The University of Wisconsin - Madison had an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 during Fall 2020 resulting in which 3,485 students tested positive during August - October 2020. This rapid uptick in cases led the university to quarantine two residence halls to contain further SARS-CoV-2 spread. We combine genomic sequencing from these two residence halls, and with 5% of community sequences from Dane County to reveal limited downstream transmission from the residence hall virus-es. Our results suggest that containment strategies including large-scale quarantines in congregate living situations (such as in dorms) and suspension of on-campus activities may be effective when experiencing large-scale outbreaks, when implemented rapidly and effectively. In chapter 5, I describe our epidemiological investigation into two intercollegiate outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 despite having mandatory daily antigen testing. High frequen-cy, rapid turnaround SARS-CoV-2 testing continues to be proposed as a way of efficiently identifying and mitigating transmission in congregate settings. Despite implementation of daily antigen testing using Quidel's Sofia SARS Antigen Fluorescent Immunoassay (FIA), a university's athletics program experienced two SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, one within a team, and one between another intercollegiate program. Sequencing revealed that each outbreak could be traced to a single cluster, indicating that there was transmission between individuals despite testing negative. These findings suggest that antigen testing alone, even when mandated and directly observed, may not be sufficient as an intervention to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in congregate settings, and highlights the importance of supplementing serial antigen testing with appropriate mitigation strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in congregate settings. Taken together, this work expands researchers' ability to understand the factors that influence SARS-CoV-2 spread, but also has informed the efficacy of a variety of different prevention measures taken during the pandemic. Our work characterizing transmission dynamics that occurred early in the pandemic enables researchers, and public health officials, to better understand how viral spread is initiated and differs between closely related communities. Additionally, our work investigating SARS-CoV-2 transmission in hospitals, and universities has highlighted strengths and weaknesses of SARS-CoV-2 prevention measures and enabled public health officials to strengthen their recommendations for slowing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Altogether, this work lays the groundwork for using genomic surveillance to better understand transmission dynamics in specific outbreak settings, and in the general population.

Download or read book Impact of public health and social measures for COVID 19 control on infectious disease epidemiology written by Sukhyun Ryu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-05-10 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have had a global impact, leading to a set of public health and social measures (PHSMs). These measures—such as hand hygiene, mask wearing, and social distancing—have affected people’s behavior and thus led to change in the transmission of infectious diseases. Studies of the impact of the opportunistic implementation of PHSMs on infectious diseases including respiratory virus infections during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been reported. For example, seasonal influenza epidemics, sexual transmitted infections, and pediatric infectious diseases decreased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Download or read book Emerging SARS COV 2 variants Genomic variations transmission pathogenesis clinical impact and interventions volume II written by Pragya Dhruv Yadav and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-07-20 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Host Pathogen Interactions and Cellular Signaling written by Vikas Sood and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-07 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Personal Protective Measures and Settings on the Risk of SARS CoV 2 Community Transmission written by Aina Huguet Torres and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, nurses of primary health care has been an important role in Spain. Even so, the data obtained in the tracing have been scarcely used to investigate the possible mechanisms of transmission. Few studies focused on community transmission, evaluating the effectiveness of individual protective measures and exposure environment.Objective: The main aim of the study was to evaluate the association between individual protective measures and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the community and to compare secondary attack rates in different exposure settings.Methods: A case-control study from contact tracing of SARS-CoV-2 index patients. COVID-19 contact tracing was led by nurses at the COVID-19 Coordinating Centre in Majorca (Spain). During the systematic tracing, additional information for this study was collected from the index patient (social-demographic variables, symptoms, the number of close contacts). And also the following variables from their close contacts: contact place, ventilation characteristics mask-wearing, type of mask, duration of contact, shortest distance, case-contact relationship, household members, and handwashing, the test result for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic. Close contacts with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 were classified as 'cases' and those negative as 'controls'.Results: A total of 1,778 close contacts from 463 index patients were identified. No significant differences were observed between the sexes but between age groups. Overall Secondary Attack Rate (SAR) was 24.0% (95% CI: 22.0%-26.0%), 36.9% (95% CI: 33.2% -40.6%) in closed spaces without ventilation and 50.7% (95% CI: 45.6% -55.8%) in exposure time >24 hours. A total of 49.2% of infections occurred among household members. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that open-air setting (OR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.27-0.71), exposure for less than 1 hour (OR 0.19, 95% CI: 0.11-0.32), and wearing a mask (OR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28-0.85) had a protective effect transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the community.Conclusions: Ventilation of the space, mask-wearing and shorter exposure time were associated with a lower risk of transmission in the community. The data obtained allowed an assessment of community transmission mechanisms and could have helped to improve and streamline tracing by identifying close contacts at higher risk.

Download or read book An Update on SARS CoV 2 Damage response Framework Potential Therapeutic Avenues and the Impact of Nanotechnology on COVID 19 Therapy written by Pankaj Kumar Singh and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2022-08-31 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This update on SARS-CoV-2 focuses on basic knowledge about the virus and COVID-19 treatment. Chapters present basic information about the disease and its treatment. The virology, epidemiology, etiology, and damage response framework of SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed in detail. The book also covers recent topics of interest to pharmacology scholars such as the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV2, nanotechnology, repurposed drug treatments, COVID-19 vaccines, and phytomedicine for COVID-19 therapeutics. Readers in pharmacology, virology and medicine will find the book a simple, yet informative update on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 treatment.