Download or read book Modern Sanitation written by and published by . This book was released on 1911 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Illustrated World written by and published by . This book was released on 1914 with total page 960 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Engineering Record Building Record and the Sanitary Engineer written by and published by . This book was released on 1901 with total page 658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Report written by New York State Library and published by . This book was released on 1917 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Designing Direct Subsidies for Water and Sanitation Services Panama a Case Study written by Andrés Gómez-Lobo, Jonathan Halpern, Vivien Foster and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1999 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: May 2000 - An alternative to traditional subsidies for water and sanitation services is direct subsidies - funds governments provide to cover part of the water bill for households that meet certain criteria. Issues associated with such a subsidy are analyzed through a case study of Panama. As an alternative to traditional subsidy schemes in utility sectors, direct subsidy programs have several advantages: they are transparent, they are explicit, and they minimize distortions of the behavior of both the utility and the customers. At the same time, defining practical eligibility criteria for direct subsidy schemes is difficult and identifying eligible households may entail substantial administrative costs. Foster, Gomez-Lobo, and Halpern, using a case study from Panama, discuss some of the issues associated with the design of direct subsidy systems for water services. They conclude that: · There is a need to assess - rather than assume - the need for a subsidy. A key test of affordability, and thus of the need for a subsidy, is to compare the cost of the service with some measure of household willingness to pay. · The initial assessment must consider the affordability of connection costs as well as the affordability of the service itself. Connection costs may be prohibitive for poor households with no credit, suggesting a need to focus subsidies on providing access rather than ongoing water consumption. · A key issue in designing a direct subsidy scheme is its targeting properties. Poverty is a complex phenomenon and difficult to measure. Eligibility must therefore be based on easily measurable proxy variables, and good proxies are hard to find. In choosing eligibility criteria for a subsidy, it is essential to verify what proportion of the target group fails to meet the criteria (errors of exclusion) and what proportion of nontarget groups is inadvertently eligible for the benefits (errors of inclusion). · Administrative costs are roughly the same no matter what the level of individual subsidies, so a scheme that pays beneficiaries very little will tend not to be cost-effective. It is important to determine what proportion of total program costs will be absorbed by administrative expenses. · Subsidies should not cover the full cost of the service and should be contingent on beneficiaries paying their share of the bill. Subsidies for consumption above a minimum subsistence level should be avoided. Subsidies should be provided long enough before eligibility is reassessed to avoid poverty trap problems. · The utility or concessionaire can be helpful in identifying eligible candidates because of its superior information on the payment histories of customers. It will also have an incentive to do so, since it has an interest in improving poor payment records. Thought should therefore be given at the design stage to the role of the service provider in the implementation of the subsidy scheme. · The administrative agency's responsibilities, the sources of funding, and the general principles guiding the subsidy system should have a clear legal basis, backed by regulations governing administrative procedures. · To reduce administrative costs and avoid duplication of effort, it would be desirable for a single set of institutional arrangements to be used to determine eligibility for all welfare and subsidy programs in a given jurisdiction, whether subnational or national. This paper - a product of the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to evaluate and disseminate lessons of experience in designing policies to improve the quality and sustainability of infrastructure services and to enhance access of the poor to these basic services. The authors may be contacted at [email protected] or [email protected].

Download or read book Tentative Selection from Best Books written by New York State Library and published by . This book was released on 1912 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York written by New York (State). Legislature. Assembly and published by . This book was released on 1916 with total page 1034 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Engineering Record Building Record and Sanitary Engineer written by and published by . This book was released on 1904 with total page 1242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Municipal Journal and Engineer written by and published by . This book was released on 1907 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Nation written by and published by . This book was released on 1915 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Monthly Bulletin written by Boston Society of Civil Engineers and published by . This book was released on 1910 with total page 1226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

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Download or read book Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene written by Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

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Download or read book Annual Report written by New York State Library and published by . This book was released on 1917 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: