Download or read book Safety in Tritium Handling Technology written by F. Mannone and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of tritium as a basic fuel material in a thermonuclear fusion reactor raises particular safety issues due to the combined effects of its physico chemical properties and radioactive nature. Furthermore the possibility of attaining further significant progresses in developing and demonstrating the feasibility of tritium burning devices relies on the handling of tritium macroquantities, say ten grammes, in a safe and reliable manner. It is also undoubted that, apart from technological constraints, any validation and exploitation of thermonuclear fusion as a source of energy will be strongly conditioned by the application of stringent operational and environmental safety criteria as it derives from norms of the modern legislation and public acceptance considerations. Even if the safe handling of tritium has already been demonstrated to be feasible on a full fuel cycle scale, it is unanimously recognized that further efforts are still to be concentrated on the improvement of current concepts and development of advanced technologies. Some of the areas requiring substantial additional efforts are plasma exhaust fuel c1ean-up, tritium pellet injection, processing of inert carrier gas, development of large free-oil pumps,tritlUm process analytics, development of large detritiation systems, beryllium-tritium interaction studies, tritium hold-up studies in getter beds, adsorbers and structural materials, tritium recovery from first wall, structural and breeder materials for minimizing tritiated waste arising,tritium storage technology, tritiated waste disposal technolo~y, methodology for routine tritium accountancy,etc . . Most of them are intrinsically related to the safety requirement of tritium technology.
Download or read book Tritium Handling Safety and Operating Experience at the Tritium Systems Test Assembly written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA) at Los Alamos National Laboratory is a facility designed to develop and demonstrate, in full scale, technologies necessary for safe and efficient operation of tokamak fusion reactors. TSTA currently consists of systems for pumping DT gas mixtures; for removing impurities; for separating the isotopes of hydrogen; for storage of hydrogen isotopes; for gas analysis; and for assuring safety by the necessary control, monitoring, and detritiation of effluent gaseous streams. TSTA also has several small scale experiments to develop and test new equipment and processes necessary for fusion reactors. Tritium was introduced into TSTA in June 1984. Current inventory is approximately 100 grams. Approximately 109 Curies of tritium have been processed in closed loop operation at TSTA. Total tritium releases from the facility stack have been less than 75 Curies. Total operating personnel exposures are less than 500 person-mrem. Exposures to the general public from TSTA tritium releases are extremely small (less than 10−2 mrem). Total tritium buried as waste is less than 36,000 Curies. In this paper, data on component reliability, failure types and rates, and waste quantities are presented. Operational experience under normal, abnormal, and emergency conditions is presented. The DOE requirements for the operation of a tritium facility like TSTA include personnel training, emergency preparedness, radiation protection, safety analysis, and preoperational appraisals. 4 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.
Download or read book Safe Handling of Tritium written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication contains information on the dosimetry and monitoring of tritium, the use of protective clothing for work with tritium, safe practices in tritium handling laboratories and details of tritium compatible materials. The information has been compiled from experience in the various applications of tritium and should represent valuable source material to all users of tritium, including those involved in fusion R&D.
Download or read book Five Years of Tritium Handling Experience at the Tritium Systems Test Assembly written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA) at Los Alamos National Laboratory is a facility designed to develop and demonstrate, in full scale, technologies necessary for safe and efficient operation of tritium systems required for tokamak fusion reactors. TSTA currently consists of systems for evacuating reactor exhaust gas with compound cryopumps; for removing impurities from plasma exhaust gas and recovering the chemically-combined tritium; for separating the isotopes of hydrogen; for transfer pumping; or storage of hydrogen isotopes; for gas analysis; and for assuring safety by the necessary control, monitoring, and tritium removal from effluent streams. TSTA also has several small scale experiments to develop and test new equipment and processes necessary for fusion reactors. In this paper, data on component reliability, failure types and rates, and waste quantities are presented. TSTA has developed a Quality Assurance program for preparing and controlling the documentation of the procedures required for the design, purchase, and operation of the tritium systems. Operational experience under normal, abnormal, and emergency conditions is presented. One unique aspect of operations at TSTA is that the design personnel for the TSTA systems are also part of the operating personnel. This has allowed for the relatively smooth transition from design to operations. TSTA has been operated initially as a research facility. As the system is better defined, operations are proceeding toward production modes. The DOE requirements for the operation of a tritium facility like TSTA include personnel training, emergency preparedness, radiation protection, safety analysis, and preoperational appraisals. The integration of these requirements into TSTA operations is discussed. 4 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.
Download or read book An Introduction to Tritium Handling and Technology written by Princeton University. Plasma Physics Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book An Introduction to Tritium Handling and Storage Facilities written by J Paul Guyer and published by . This book was released on 2020-10-31 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introductory technical guidance for architectural, civil, mechanical and electrical engineers interested in tritium handling and storage facilities. Here is what is discussed:1. INTRODUCTION2. SOURCES OF TRITIUM3. THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF TRITIUM4. THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF TRITIUM5. THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TRITIUM6. MODELING THE BEHAVIOR OF TRITIUM7. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRITIUM TECHNOLOGY8. CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS VS. CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS9. TRITIUM REMOVAL SYSTEMS.
Download or read book An Introduction to Tritium Handling and Storage Facilities written by J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A. and published by Guyer Partners. This book was released on 2020-10-31 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introductory technical guidance for architectural, civil, mechanical and electrical engineers interested in tritium handling and storage facilities. Here is what is discussed: 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SOURCES OF TRITIUM 3. THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF TRITIUM 4. THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF TRITIUM 5. THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TRITIUM 6. MODELING THE BEHAVIOR OF TRITIUM 7. THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRITIUM TECHNOLOGY 8. CONFINEMENT SYSTEMS VS. CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS 9. TRITIUM REMOVAL SYSTEMS.
Download or read book Tritium Fuel of Fusion Reactors written by Tetsuo Tanabe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on tritium as a fuel for fusion reactors and a next-generation energy source. Following an introduction of tritium as a hydrogen radioisotope, important issues involved in establishing safe and economical tritium fuel cycles including breeding for a fusion reactor are summarized; these include the handling of large amounts of tritium: confinement, leakage, contamination, permeation, regulation and tritium accountancy, and impacts on surrounding areas. Targeting and encouraging the students and technicians who will design and operate fusion reactors in the near future, this book offers a valuable resource on tritium science and technology.
Download or read book Tritium Handling written by and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Included are 157 references to reports, journals, and other literature related to the problems and techniques of tritium handling. The subject scope embraces analytical and monitoring procedures and instruments, physiological effects, and safety measures and standards.
Download or read book Tritium Technologies for Thermonuclear Fusion Reactors written by Alexander Perevezentsev and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-06-02 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tritium Technologies for Thermonuclear Fusion Reactors summarizes the most recent research and practice in tritium technologies for the processing of hydrogen isotopes in fuel cycles. Authors Dr. Perevezentsev and Professor Rozenkevich combine their wealth of first-hand experience to present this comprehensive guide which promotes the best radiation protection practices and a more sustainable way to produce power in a thermonuclear reactor plant. Applicable to both magnetic and inertial confinements of plasma, this book covers tritium processing systems, tritium recovery from the plasma chamber, and various safety systems devoted to lessening the impact on the public and environment. The readers are also led through various modeling techniques, such as the separation of hydrogen isotopes, and the detritiation of liquid and gaseous streams in dynamic and steady state operation modes. This book is a practical guide which includes various case studies and examples which will help solidify the reader’s learning. It combines the latest research of tritium technologies with applications for fusion nuclear reactors, and includes solutions and directions for the resolution of various common challenges faced. Engineers, researchers, and students of tritium technologies, fusion energy, and nuclear power generation will gain a detailed and integrated understanding of how tritium can be used within a nuclear setting, for cleaner and more efficient power generation. Guides the reader through problem solving via step-by-step processes and models Includes case studies and examples throughout, from two of the most recognized experts in the field with firsthand knowledge of the subject Presents a comprehensive, practical reference on the tritium fuel cycle for fusion reactors
Download or read book Tritium Technology and Safety at JET written by A. C. (and others). Bell and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book DOE Handbook written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The DOE Handbook was developed as an educational supplement and reference for operations and maintenance personnel. Most of the tritium publications are written from a radiological protection perspective. This handbook provides more extensive guidance and advice on the null range of tritium operations. This handbook can be used by personnel involved in the full range of tritium handling from receipt to ultimate disposal. Compliance issues are addressed at each stage of handling. This handbook can also be used as a reference for those individuals involved in real time determination of bounding doses resulting from inadvertent tritium releases. This handbook provides useful information for establishing processes and procedures for the receipt, storage, assay, handling, packaging, and shipping of tritium and tritiated wastes. It includes discussions and advice on compliance-based issues and adds insight to those areas that currently possess unclear DOE guidance.
Download or read book Tritium Technology Review written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The methods used in recovering, containing and controlling tritium in fusion reactor systems are the subject of the paper. Safety, cost, and breeding needs for tritium control are outlined.
Download or read book Tritium Processing at the Savannah River Site SRS written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tritium handling equipment and methods at the Savannah River Site Tritium Facilities have been continually improved since tritium processing operations began in 1955. Several new technologies were introduced into the Tritium Facilities in the 1980's. One of these is the use of fluidless, mechanical pumps (Normetex and Metal Bellows) to replace mercury pumps. A second is the use of metal hydride technology to store, purify, isotopically separate, pump, and compress hydrogen isotopes. Metal hydrides, such as La-Ni-Al alloys and Pd loaded on kieselguhr, offer significant flexibility and size advantages compared with conventional tritium handling technology, such as gas tanks, thermal diffusion columns, and mechanical compressors. Metal hydrides have been used in the Tritium Facilities since 1984 with the most important application of this technology being planned for the Replacement Tritium Facility, a $140 million facility scheduled for completion in 1990 and startup in 1991. 11 refs., 9 figs.
Download or read book Preliminary Analysis of the Safety and Environmental Impact of the Tritium Systems Test Assembly written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA) is a facility dedicated to the development of technologies associated with the D-T fuel cycle of future fusion reactors while demonstrating that TSTA can be operated safely with no significant losses to the environment. During the initial design stage of TSTA, a safety analysis was performed which investigated the effects of major subsystem component failure, the meteorology and seismicity of the site and their possible effect on the facility, and accident scenarios which result in tritium releases. Major releases of tritium to the environment are considered highly improbable since they require a compound failure of primary and secondary containment, along with either a breach of the building or a failure of the Emergency Tritium Cleanup system. Accidental releases caused by natural phenomena (earthquake, tornado, etc.) are considered highly improbable (
Download or read book Tritium Related Safety Considerations for Mirror Upgrades written by and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the primary objectives of the MFTF-B upgrades is to demonstrate the technology of tritium breeding in a reactor-like configuration. This requires use and processing of tritium, involving an inventory of several hundred grams at the plant. This paper reviews the results of a preliminary assessment of the radiation hazard associated with the handling of tritium. The radiation dose consequences due to tritium release from normal operation and due to postulated accidents on plant personnel and the public were assessed. Maximum credible (probability 10−3, but 10−7/yr) accidental releases were estimated to be 10 gm in the reactor building and 100 gm in the tritium-processing building. Higher probability (> 10−3/yr) accidents or component failures would result in much smaller releases. In the reactor building, the most severe accident would result from the rupture of a plasma exhaust duct from the end cell or the tritium feed pipe to the neutral beam injector, accompanied by a fire. In the tritium processing building, the most severe accident would be the rupture of the Isotope Separation System (ISS) distillation columns and vacuum jackets accompanied by a fire.
Download or read book Programmes sur Anna El Tour artiste lyrique written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
