Download or read book Rolling Bearing Life Models and Steel Internal Cleanliness written by J. Beswick and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most widely used steel grade for rolling bearings is based on a steel composition first used almost a hundred years ago, the so-called lC-1.5Cr steel. This steel is used either in a selective surface induction hardened condition or in a through hardened heat treated condition, both yielding exceptional structural and contact fatigue properties. The Lundberg and Palmgren rolling bearing life prediction model, published in 1947, was the first analytical approach to bearing performance prediction, subsequently becoming a widely accepted basis for rolling bearing life calculations. At that time the fatigue life of rolling bearings was dominated by the classical sub-surface initiated failure mode. This mode results from the accumulation of micro-plastic strain at the depth of maximum Hertzian stress and is accelerated by the stress concentrations occurring at the micro internal defects. In common with all fatigue processes, rolling bearing failure is a statistical process: the failures of bearings with high inclusion content tested at high stress levels belong to the well-known family of "Weibull" distributions. Steady improvements in bearing steel cleanliness due, amongst other things, to the introduction of secondary metallurgy steel making techniques, have resulted in a significantly increased rolling bearing life and load carrying capacity. In recognition of this, in 1985 Ioannides and Harris introduced a new fatigue life model for rolling bearings, comprising a more widely applicable approach to the modelling of bearing life based on the relevant failure mode. Subsequently this has been extended to include effects of hardness and of micro-inclusion distributions in state-of-the-art clean bearing steel.
Download or read book Advances in the Production and Use of Steel with Improved Internal Cleanliness written by John K. Mahaney and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1999 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the May 1998 symposium on steel, stainless steel, and related alloys. Emphasizing the effect on the products rather than manufacturing methods, seven papers show that the level of inclusion identification and control through processing improvements is greatly dependent upon the sector
Download or read book Bearing Steel Technology written by John M. Beswick and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2007 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Rolling Bearing Material Quality Fatigue Testing Material Quality Life Factors written by H. Krock and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rolling contact fatigue testing of low oxygen, high quality, rolling bearing steels is a major challenge to steel makers, bearing producers and end users. Material specimen based rolling contact fatigue tests were used for a number of years, mainly as acceptance tests. Often in this type of test, the applied contact stress exceeds the stress normally found in rolling bearing applications and also exceeds the limit stress for rapid cyclic micro-plastic groove formation in the rolling contact. For these reasons the established methods have limited ability to discriminate material quality effects in modern high cleanliness rolling bearing materials. Furthermore, the results of tests based on a material specimen are difficult to translate into life calculation factors for the bearings. In this paper a novel test method is presented and used to determine the effect of steel internal cleanliness on the performance of rolling bearings. To achieve this result considerable care is required in the preparation of the test elements, the selection of the specific test conditions and in the analysis of the results. This work also led to an ability to determine the dependence of steel quality on the steel making processes. Material cleanliness is characterized using the statistics of extreme values of the micro-inclusion size population allowing the steel cleanliness quality rating to be related directly to the fatigue performance of rolling bearings through the introduction of a material cleanliness factor ?. The expected bearing life performance for materials with different inclusion size ratings can thus be calculated. Results correlate well with measurements demonstrating that the quality rating of the material can now be reliably included in standard bearing life calculations.
Download or read book From Cleanliness to Rolling Fatigue Life of Bearings A New Approach written by G. Baudry and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the main causes of in-service spalling of bearing steels is fatigue crack initiation from non-metallic inclusions. At the present time, while the relationship between endurance and cleanliness of bearing steels is obvious, no quantitative relationship between them has been established. The aim of this paper is to present a new quantitative method which predicts the rolling fatigue life distribution of bearings. This approach is based on a model of fatigue crack initiation in the vicinity of an inclusion in the steel matrix and on a simple fatigue crack propagation relationship. This basic model is used in a statistical approach to describe the scatter of fatigue lives using the distribution of inclusions in the Hertzian zone. The fairly good agreement with fatigue results shows that this approach constitutes a real future tool for predicting the influence of the main material parameters on the fatigue life distribution of bearings.
Download or read book Rolling element Bearing Life from 400 to 600 F written by Erwin V. Zaretsky and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Rolling Bearings Handbook and Troubleshooting Guide written by Raymond A. Guyer, Jr. and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1996-10-15 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook shows how to prevent bearing failure, how to avoid replacement and down-time costs, and how to solve bearing failure problems quickly when they do occur - avoiding delayed orders and lost business. No other handbook covers such a wide range of bearing types and seals, shafts and housing, materials and manufacture. There is no other troubleshooting guide to help technicians and mechanics monitor, mount and dismount, and lubricate correctly. Rolling Bearings Handbook and Troubleshooting Guide puts the right maintenance and diagnostic procedures at your fingertips.
Download or read book Rolling Bearing Life Prediction Theory and Application written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-05-23 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A tutorial is presented outlining the evolution, theory, and application of rolling-element bearing life prediction from that of A. Palmgren, 1924; W. Weibull, 1939; G. Lundberg and A. Palmgren, 1947 and 1952; E. Ioannides and T. Harris, 1985; and E. Zaretsky, 1987. Comparisons are made between these life models. The Ioannides-Harris model without a fatigue limit is identical to the Lundberg-Palmgren model. The Weibull model is similar to that of Zaretsky if the exponents are chosen to be identical. Both the load-life and Hertz stress-life relations of Weibull, Lundberg and Palmgren, and Ioannides and Harris reflect a strong dependence on the Weibull slope. The Zaretsky model decouples the dependence of the critical shear stress-life relation from the Weibull slope. This results in a nominal variation of the Hertz stress-life exponent. For 9th- and 8th-power Hertz stress-life exponents for ball and roller bearings, respectively, the Lundberg-Palmgren model best predicts life. However, for 12th- and 10th-power relations reflected by modern bearing steels, the Zaretsky model based on the Weibull equation is superior. Under the range of stresses examined, the use of a fatigue limit would suggest that (for most operating conditions under which a rolling-element bearing will operate) the bearing will not fail from classical rolling-element fatigue. Realistically, this is not the case. The use of a fatigue limit will significantly overpredict life over a range of normal operating Hertz stresses. (The use of ISO 281:2007 with a fatigue limit in these calculations would result in a bearing life approaching infinity.) Since the predicted lives of rolling-element bearings are high, the problem can become one of undersizing a bearing for a particular application. Rules had been developed to distinguish and compare predicted lives with those actually obtained. Based upon field and test results of 51 ball and roller bearing sets, 98 percent of these bearing sets had acceptable l
Download or read book Bearing Steel Technologies written by John M. Beswick and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Get 28 peer-reviewed papers on the latest advancements in rolling bearing steel technologies. This book features extensive research from the world's leading bearing steel technology practitioners, including steelmakers, semi-finished and finished bearing steel component producers, rolling bearing producers, development institutes, and academics. Topics include: advances in bearing steel "clean steel" steelmaking and processing; advances in rolling contact modelling, functional life prediction rolling contact testing; steel alloy - heat treatments relationships; new steel technologies for high demanding rolling bearing applications; improved methodologies for bearing steels quality assurance; advances in non-metallic inclusion knowledge. These papers were presented at a November 2016 symposium sponsored by ASTM International Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys.
Download or read book Life Ratings for Modern Rolling Bearings written by Roger Barnsby and published by American Society of Mechanical Engineers. This book was released on 2003 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a calculation method for applying the life rating procedure for ball and roller bearings. This guide includes both surface and subsurface failure modes and the effects on bearing life of material, residual stress, lubrication and contamination in addition to applied loading.
Download or read book Steel Cleanliness and Bearing Life written by Werner Trojahn and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well established that the life of a bearing depends on the microscopic cleanliness of the component in service. In recent years, the rating of microscopic cleanliness by the numerical-based extreme value analysis was introduced to characterize the complete heat, to test and finalize conclusions on the performance of bearings made from this heat. Naturally, the experience with this method and the connection to bearing life is very limited. Therefore, a test program was set up to test the applicability of this method by investigation of 100Cr6/SAE52100--heats from different suppliers. In this investigation program, different quality levels were rated against the extreme value analysis. Each inclusion type was rated separately. In a next step, over rolling tests were done under full lubrication with contact pressures between 2200 and 4800 MPa to evaluate a possible connection between the extreme values or other cleanliness features and bearing life as a function of load. This paper reports the results of this test program.
Download or read book Bearing Steels written by J. J. C. Hoo and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1998 with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proceedings of a November 1996 conference in New Orleans, update previous information and present new materials and processing relating to steel for the anti-friction bearing industry. Among other subjects, they cover steel cleanliness and measuring methods, bearing fatigue life, advanced steel
Download or read book Essential Concepts of Bearing Technology written by Tedric A. Harris and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-10-09 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of the fifth edition of the classic Rolling Bearing Analysis, this book builds a basic understanding of the fundamentals underlying the use, design, and performance of rolling bearings. It serves as a stand-alone introduction cutting across the array of disciplines necessary to evaluate and comprehend the performance and behavior of all types of rolling bearings. The authors derive the mathematics and theories underlying catalog values given by manufacturers and lead you from the various types of bearings through bearing geometry, applied loading, internal load distribution, deformation, functional performance, and structural materials. It makes an ideal introductory textbook as well as a practical field reference for professionals.
Download or read book Rolling Contact Fatigue Testing Bearing Life Prediction and Steel Properties written by Thore B. Lund and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Few rolling bearing users realize that the fundamentals of bearing life predictions are based on experimental data derived under conditions very different from the ones generally used in RCF testing today. The basic life formulas derived in the 1940s largely were based on tests run on steel with very different characteristics than the materials used to produce bearing components today. Still, the fundamental life calculations are based on the (C/P)n concept, which was experimentally derived by Lundberg and Palmgren (Lundberg, G. and Palmgren, A., "Dynamic Capacity of Rolling Bearings," Acta Polytech. Scand., Mech. Eng. Ser., Volume 1, No. 3, 1947), even if the basic equation has been expanded and adjusted to reflect the lives recorded for modern bearings and to incorporate the concept of a fatigue limit (Ioannides, E., Bergling, G., and Gabelli, A., "An Analytical Formulation for the Life of Rolling Bearings," Acta Polytech. Scand., Mech. Eng. Ser., Volume 137, 1999, pp. 9-12, 21-24). In an attempt to better understand the premature and unpredictable failures that sometimes occur in certain industrial applications today, the test procedures used by Lundberg and Palmgren have been revisited, and data have been derived that might contribute to an understanding of the short lives sometimes experienced in certain industrial bearing applications. Based on this test procedure, a better understanding of the development of micro-crack associated plastic deformations at non-metallic inclusions also has been gained. The propensity of different non-metallic inclusions to drive the formation and growth of micro-cracks has been studied in detail, and this knowledge has been used to develop steel that is less prone to butterfly development and micro-crack growth under very high contact stress conditions. Today's bearing life prediction models presume that the Palmgren-Miner rule of accumulated damage is globally applicable. Experimental data questioning this assumption are presented.
Download or read book Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology written by Robert W. Bruce and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-07-06 with total page 1173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publication of the best-selling first edition, the growing price and environmental cost of energy have increased the significance of tribology. Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology, Volume II: Theory and Design, Second Edition demonstrates how the principles of tribology can address cost savings, energy conservation, and environmental protection. This second edition provides a thorough treatment of established knowledge and practices, along with detailed references for further study. Written by the foremost experts in the field, the book is divided into four sections. The first reviews the basic principles of tribology, wear mechanisms, and modes of lubrication. The second section covers the full range of lubricants/coolants, including mineral oil, synthetic fluids, and water-based fluids. In the third section, the contributors describe many wear- and friction-reducing materials and treatments, which are currently the fastest growing areas of tribology, with announcements of new coatings, better performance, and new vendors being made every month. The final section presents components, equipment, and designs commonly found in tribological systems. It also examines specific industrial areas and their processes. Sponsored by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, this handbook incorporates up-to-date, peer-reviewed information for tackling tribological problems and improving lubricants and tribological systems. The book shows how the proper use of generally accepted tribological practices can save money, conserve energy, and protect the environment.
Download or read book Effect of Steel Manufacturing Processes on the Quality of Bearing Steels written by J. J. C. Hoo and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1988 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Evolution of Rolling Bearing Life Models written by T. E. Tallian and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
