Download or read book Roles of Host Gene and Non coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection written by Ralph A. Tripp and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-24 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume discusses the interactions between viruses and their host cells, and explores the roles of host and viral genes and non-coding RNAs in the virus replication cycle. During infection, viruses express a variety of genes, encoding proteins and RNAs that serve to subjugate the cell – by redirecting cellular processes to support viral replication and, at the same time, by mitigating the cellular response to infection. In this book, experts discuss these interactions in depth, and elaborate on our current understanding of virus-cell interactions for a diverse range of viruses, including positive and negative sense RNA viruses, DNA viruses, and a vector-borne virus. The roles of non-coding RNAs are also discussed. While each class of viruses has distinct replication requirements, this volume reveals unique features and commonalities in viral replication cycles. Accordingly, it represents a valuable source of information for researchers and clinicians alike.

Download or read book RNA Viruses written by Decheng Yang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2009 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive book on human/animal gene responses to RNA viral infections, including prevalent, emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses such as HIV, SARS-CoV, West Nile virus, influenza virus and many others. Human gene responses are reviewed by leading virologists worldwide in the following aspects: (i) the altered gene expression profiles at the transcriptional and translational levels detected with cutting-edge technologies such as cDNA microarray and proteomics; (ii) host innate and adapted immune responses to viral replication in target organs; (iii) virus-activated signal transduction pathways in cell survival, apoptosis and autophagosomal pathways; and (iv) the small interfering RNA/microRNA-mediated gene silencing pathway, a recently characterized new host defense mechanism against viral infection.

Download or read book Human Herpesviruses written by Ann Arvin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 1325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.

Download or read book Long Non Coding RNAs and Immunity written by Adam Williams and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-06-29 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We acknowledge the initiation and support of this Research Topic by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). We hereby state publicly that the IUIS has had no editorial input in articles included in this Research Topic, thus ensuring that all aspects of this Research Topic are evaluated objectively, unbiased by any specific policy or opinion of the IUIS.

Download or read book Epigenetic Modifications and Viral Infections written by Silvia Carolina Galvan and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-07-09 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics is defined as the study of modifications of the genome, heritable during cell division that does not involve changes in DNA sequences. Up to date, epigenetic modifications involve at least three general mechanisms regulating gene expression: histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). For the past two decades, an explosion in our interest and understanding of epigenetic mechanisms has been seen. This mainly based on the influence that epigenetic alterations have on an amazing number of biological processes, such as gene expression, imprinting, programmed DNA rearrangements, germ line silencing, developmentally cued stem cell division, and overall chromosomal stability and identity. It has become also evident that the constant exposure of living organisms to environment factors affects their genomes through epigenetic mechanisms. Viruses infecting animal cells are thought to play central roles in shaping the epigenetic scenario of infected cells. In this context it has become obvious that knowing the impact that viral infections have on the epigenetic control of their host cells will certainly lead to a better understanding of the interplay viruses have with animal cells. In fact, DNA viruses use host transcription factors as well as epigenetic regulators in such a way that they affect epigenetic control of gene expression that extends to host gene expression. At the same time, animal cells employ mechanisms controlling transcription factors and epigenetic processes, in order to eliminate viral infections. In summary, epigenetic mechanisms are involved in most virus-cell interactions. We now know that some viruses exhibit epigenetic immune evasion mechanisms to survive and propagate in their host; however, there is still much ambiguity over these epigenetic mechanisms of viral immune evasion, and most of the discovered mechanisms are still incomplete. Other animal viruses associated to cancer often deregulate cellular epigenetic mechanisms, silencing cellular tumor-suppressor genes and/or activating either viral or host cell oncogenes. In addition, in several cancers the down-regulation of tumor suppressor protein-coding genes and ncRNAs with growth inhibitory functions, such as miRNAs, have been closely linked to the presence of cell CpG island promoter hypermethylation. The goal of the aforementioned Research Topic is to bring together the key experimental and theoretical research, linking state-of-the-art knowledge about the epigenetic mechanisms involved in animal virus-cell interactions.

Download or read book Roles of Non coding RNAs in Infectious Diseases written by Guofeng Cheng and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-29 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book RNA binding Proteins Regulate Influenza Virus Infection written by Mitchell Ledwith and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host resources andmacromolecular machinery to selfishly replicate and spread genetic material. This genetic material can exist in multiple forms, with viruses utilizing RNA, DNA, and diverse combinations thereof to stably transmit between hosts. These diverse strategies require diverse replication schemes, e.g., DNA viruses must either encode or co-opt host DNA-dependent DNA polymerases to replicate a genome, and negative sense RNA viruses must encode and package RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in virons in order to replicate an RNA genome in the next host. Regardless of scheme, all viruses converge and are absolutely reliant on RNA, and more specifically the host ability to translate RNA molecules into proteins. Thus, both viruses and hosts have devoted significant coding capital in regulating RNA, with emphasis on the evolutionary struggle that exists at this nexus. The over-arching theme of this thesis is to illuminate how and why influenza viruses co- opt, manipulate, and embrace RNA regulation strategies of human hosts. In the first chapter of this thesis, we profiled the RNA-binding characteristics of IFIT2, a canonically anti-viral and interferon-induced host protein, which influenza virus utilizes in a pro- viral manner. Through genome-wide cross-linking immunopreciptation sequencing (CLIP-seq) experiments, we found that IFIT2 binds mRNAs including those of influenza virus. We validated IFIT2 as an mRNA-binding protein, and found that IFIT2 specifically binds AU-rich regions in human RNAs with a preference for binding the mRNAs of other interferon-induced proteins. To accomplish a broadly anti-viral and selectively pro-viral function, we found that IFIT2 binds mRNAs to enhance their translation. Polysome and ribosome-profiling revealed that IFIT2-bound RNAs are poorly translated in the absence of IFIT2, including influenza virus mRNAs. This links the RNA-binding ability of IFIT2 to a functional role in translation, potentially explaining thexi contradiction between the previously observed anti-viral phenotypic role for IFIT2 and the mechanistically observed pro-viral role for IFIT2 in the context of influenza virus. Altogether, these data describe a new node for the regulation of translation during interferon responses and highlight the regulatory volatility that exists at the mRNA interface during infection. In the second chapter of this thesis, we sought to understand the non-specific RNA-binding capability of the influenza virus nucleoprotein, which binds and protects the negative-sense RNA genome to facilitate gene expression and genome replication. Despite this well-established role, the incongruity of the specificity of NP for the viral genome and known biochemical promiscuity of NP is not reconciled. To address this, we perfomed cross-linking immunoprecipitation sequencing to unbiasedly determine the identity of NP-bound RNAs during infection. NP binds the viral genome and anti-genome, but also engages with a number of discrete classes of host small non-coding RNAs. Many of these RNAs have been shown to be host-derived RIG-I agonists during DNA virus infections, or structurally resemble validated RIG-I agonists. We profiled the RNAs bound by RIG-I during infection with quantitative CLIP-seq and found that host RNAs are bound and sampled by RIG-I, and NP likely interferes with the ability of RIG-I to sample endogenous and exogenous agonists. These data show that NP not only acts as a structural component of the influenza gene expression and replication machinery, but also acts as a viral countermeasure for innate sensing of immunogenic RNAs. As a whole, this thesis describes two dissimilar instances by which influenza manipulates host RNA regulation. While the context of these host protein:viral mRNA and viral protein:host non-coding RNA interactions are different, they collectively suggest that RNA regulation during the host innate response to viral infection is an essential and commonplace strategy, but often leaves the host exposed to quickly adapting viral pathogens.

Download or read book Molecular Biology of the SARS Coronavirus written by Sunil K. Lal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-10 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SARS was the ?rst new plague of the twenty-?rst century. Within months, it spread worldwide from its “birthplace” in Guangdong Province, China, affecting over 8,000 people in 25 countries and territories across ?ve continents. SARS exposed the vulnerability of our modern globalised world to the spread of a new emerging infection. SARS (or a similar new emerging disease) could neither have spread so rapidly nor had such a great global impact even 50 years ago, and arguably, it was itself a product of our global inter-connectedness. Increasing af?uence and a demand for wild-game as exotic food led to the development of large trade of live animal and game animal markets where many species of wild and domestic animals were co-housed, providing the ideal opportunities for inter-species tra- mission of viruses and other microbes. Once such a virus jumped species and attacked humans, the increased human mobility allowed the virus the opportunity for rapid spread. An infected patient from Guangdong who stayed for one day at a hotel in Hong Kong led to the transmission of the disease to 16 other guests who travelled on to seed outbreaks of the disease in Toronto, Singapore, and Vietnam, as well as within Hong Kong itself. The virus exploited the practices used in modern intensive care of patients with severe respiratory disease and the weakness in infection control practices within our health care systems to cause outbreaks within hospitals, further amplifying the spread of the disease. Health-care itself has become a two-edged sword.

Download or read book RNA binding Proteins Regulate Influenza Virus Infection written by Mitchell Ledwith and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on host resources andmacromolecular machinery to selfishly replicate and spread genetic material. This genetic material can exist in multiple forms, with viruses utilizing RNA, DNA, and diverse combinations thereof to stably transmit between hosts. These diverse strategies require diverse replication schemes, e.g., DNA viruses must either encode or co-opt host DNA-dependent DNA polymerases to replicate a genome, and negative sense RNA viruses must encode and package RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in virons in order to replicate an RNA genome in the next host. Regardless of scheme, all viruses converge and are absolutely reliant on RNA, and more specifically the host ability to translate RNA molecules into proteins. Thus, both viruses and hosts have devoted significant coding capital in regulating RNA, with emphasis on the evolutionary struggle that exists at this nexus. The over-arching theme of this thesis is to illuminate how and why influenza viruses co- opt, manipulate, and embrace RNA regulation strategies of human hosts. In the first chapter of this thesis, we profiled the RNA-binding characteristics of IFIT2, a canonically anti-viral and interferon-induced host protein, which influenza virus utilizes in a pro- viral manner. Through genome-wide cross-linking immunopreciptation sequencing (CLIP-seq) experiments, we found that IFIT2 binds mRNAs including those of influenza virus. We validated IFIT2 as an mRNA-binding protein, and found that IFIT2 specifically binds AU-rich regions in human RNAs with a preference for binding the mRNAs of other interferon-induced proteins. To accomplish a broadly anti-viral and selectively pro-viral function, we found that IFIT2 binds mRNAs to enhance their translation. Polysome and ribosome-profiling revealed that IFIT2-bound RNAs are poorly translated in the absence of IFIT2, including influenza virus mRNAs. This links the RNA-binding ability of IFIT2 to a functional role in translation, potentially explaining thexi contradiction between the previously observed anti-viral phenotypic role for IFIT2 and the mechanistically observed pro-viral role for IFIT2 in the context of influenza virus. Altogether, these data describe a new node for the regulation of translation during interferon responses and highlight the regulatory volatility that exists at the mRNA interface during infection. In the second chapter of this thesis, we sought to understand the non-specific RNA-binding capability of the influenza virus nucleoprotein, which binds and protects the negative-sense RNA genome to facilitate gene expression and genome replication. Despite this well-established role, the incongruity of the specificity of NP for the viral genome and known biochemical promiscuity of NP is not reconciled. To address this, we perfomed cross-linking immunoprecipitation sequencing to unbiasedly determine the identity of NP-bound RNAs during infection. NP binds the viral genome and anti-genome, but also engages with a number of discrete classes of host small non-coding RNAs. Many of these RNAs have been shown to be host-derived RIG-I agonists during DNA virus infections, or structurally resemble validated RIG-I agonists. We profiled the RNAs bound by RIG-I during infection with quantitative CLIP-seq and found that host RNAs are bound and sampled by RIG-I, and NP likely interferes with the ability of RIG-I to sample endogenous and exogenous agonists. These data show that NP not only acts as a structural component of the influenza gene expression and replication machinery, but also acts as a viral countermeasure for innate sensing of immunogenic RNAs. As a whole, this thesis describes two dissimilar instances by which influenza manipulates host RNA regulation. While the context of these host protein:viral mRNA and viral protein:host non-coding RNA interactions are different, they collectively suggest that RNA regulation during the host innate response to viral infection is an essential and commonplace strategy, but often leaves the host exposed to quickly adapting viral pathogens.

Download or read book The Epstein Barr Virus written by M. A. Epstein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Epstein-Barr virus was discovered 15 years ago. Since that time an immense body of information has been accumu lated on this agent which has come to assume great signifi cance in many different fields of biological science. Thus, the virus has very special relevance in human medicine and oncology, in tumor virology, in immunology, and in mole cular virology, since it is the cause of infectious mononu cleosis and also the first human cancer virus, etiologically related to endemic Burkitt's lymphoma and probably to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In addition, continuous human lymphoid cell lines initiated and maintained by the transform ing function of the virus genome provide a laboratory tool with wide and ever-growing applications. Innumerable papers on the Epstein-Barr virus have ap peared over recent years and reports of work with this agent now constitute a veritable flood. The present book provides the first and only comprehensive, authoritative over-view of all aspects of the virus by authors who have been the original and major contributors in their particular disciplines. A complete and up-to-date survey of this unique and important agent is thus provided which should be of great interest to experts, teachers, and students engaged in cancer research, virology, immunology, molecular biology, epide miology, and cell culture. Where topics have been dealt with from more than one of these viewpoints, some inevitable overlap and duplication has resulted; although this has been kept to a minimum, it has been retained in some places because of positive usefulness.

Download or read book HIV 1 Latency written by Guido Silvestri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume summarizes recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency, in characterizing residual viral reservoirs, and in developing targeted interventions to reduce HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy. Specific chapters address the molecular mechanisms that govern and regulate HIV-1 transcription and latency; assays and technical approaches to quantify viral reservoirs in humans and animal models; the complex interchange between viral reservoirs and the host immune system; computational strategies to model viral reservoir dynamics; and the development of therapeutic approaches that target viral reservoir cells. With contributions from an interdisciplinary group of investigators that cover a broad spectrum of subjects, from molecular virology to proof-of-principle clinical trials, this book is a valuable resource for basic scientists, translational investigators, infectious-disease physicians, individuals living with HIV/AIDS and the general public.

Download or read book Coronaviruses written by Helena J. Maier and published by Humana. This book was released on 2021-09-08 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed new edition provides a comprehensive collection of protocols applicable to all members of the Coronavirinae sub-family currently and that are also transferrable to other fields of virology. Beginning with a section on detection, discovery, and evolution, the volume continues with coverage of propagation and titration of coronaviruses, genome manipulation, study of virus-host interactions, as well as imaging coronavirus infections. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Coronaviruses: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition serves as a valuable guide to researchers working to identify and control viruses with increased potential to cross the species barrier and to develop the diagnostics, vaccines, and antiviral therapeutics that are required to manage future outbreaks in both humans and animals.

Download or read book Recoding Expansion of Decoding Rules Enriches Gene Expression written by John F. Atkins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-03-10 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The literature on recoding is scattered, so this superb book ?lls a need by prov- ing up-to-date, comprehensive, authoritative reviews of the many kinds of recoding phenomena. Between 1961 and 1966 my colleagues and I deciphered the genetic code in Escherichia coli and showed that the genetic code is the same in E. coli, Xenopus laevis, and guinea pig tissues. These results showed that the code has been c- served during evolution and strongly suggested that the code appeared very early during biological evolution, that all forms of life on earth descended from a c- mon ancestor, and thus that all forms of life on this planet are related to one another. The problem of biological time was solved by encoding information in DNA and retrieving the information for each new generation, for it is easier to make a new organism than it is to repair an aging, malfunctioning one. Subsequently, small modi?cations of the standard genetic code were found in certain organisms and in mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA only encodes about 10–13 proteins, so some modi?cations of the genetic code are tolerated that pr- ably would be lethal if applied to the thousands of kinds of proteins encoded by genomic DNA.

Download or read book RNA RNA Interactions written by Frank J. Schmidt and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2014-10-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume expert researchers in the field detail many of the methods which are now commonly used to study RNA. These methods are presented as a guidebook to scientists who are experienced with RNA research and want to brush up on a new technique. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Thorough and intuitive, RNA-RNA Interactions: Methods and Protocols guides scientists investigating biological systems and studying RNA.

Download or read book Current Topics in Tropical Emerging Diseases and Travel Medicine written by Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-12-19 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropical emerging diseases pose a significant risk for the circulation of old and new pathogens in areas previously unknown, also implying the possibility of new morbidities and mortalities and new consequences for naïve populations. Globalization, migration and travel are key factors for tropical diseases, and represent the need for integration of tropical medicine, travel medicine and epidemiology in the understanding of such complex situations. Neglected tropical diseases such as leprosy or Chagas disease, arboviral diseases, HIV, Ebola, and arenaviral infections are just a few examples. This book tries to update significant epidemiological and clinical research in many aspects with a multinational perspective.

Download or read book Ticks written by Alan S. Bowman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-12-04 with total page 1068 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Widespread and increasing resistance to most available acaracides threatens both global livestock industries and public health. This necessitates better understanding of ticks and the diseases they transmit in the development of new control strategies. Ticks: Biology, Disease and Control is written by an international collection of experts and covers in-depth information on aspects of the biology of the ticks themselves, various veterinary and medical tick-borne pathogens, and aspects of traditional and potential new control methods. A valuable resource for graduate students, academic researchers and professionals, the book covers the whole gamut of ticks and tick-borne diseases from microsatellites to satellite imagery and from exploiting tick saliva for therapeutic drugs to developing drugs to control tick populations. It encompasses the variety of interconnected fields impinging on the economically important and biologically fascinating phenomenon of ticks, the diseases they transmit and methods of their control.

Download or read book Viruses Essential Agents of Life written by Günther Witzany and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-13 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A renaissance of virus research is taking centre stage in biology. Empirical data from the last decade indicate the important roles of viruses, both in the evolution of all life and as symbionts of host organisms. There is increasing evidence that all cellular life is colonized by exogenous and/or endogenous viruses in a non-lytic but persistent lifestyle. Viruses and viral parts form the most numerous genetic matter on this planet.